메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 50, Issue 3, 2017, Pages

International ERS/ESICM/ESCMID/ALAT guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia

(16)  Torres, Antoni a   Niederman, Michael S b   Chastre, Jean c   Ewig, Santiago d   Fernandez Vandellos, Patricia e   Hanberger, Hakan f   Kollef, Marin g   Bassi, Gianluigi Li a   Luna, Carlos M h   Martin Loeches, Ignacio i,j   Paiva, J Artur k   Read, Robert C l   Rigau, David m   Timsit, Jean François n   Welte, Tobias o   Wunderink, Richard p  


Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; AMINOGLYCOSIDE; ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BETA LACTAM; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CEFEPIME; CEFOTAXIME; CEFTAZIDIME; CEFTRIAXONE; CHLORHEXIDINE; COPEPTIN; ERTAPENEM; GENTAMICIN; IMIPENEM; LEVOFLOXACIN; MEROPENEM; MONOCARBOXYLATE TRANSPORTER 8; MOXIFLOXACIN; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; PIPERACILLIN; QUINOLONE DERIVATIVE; TAZOBACTAM; TOBRAMYCIN;

EID: 85030025862     PISSN: 09031936     EISSN: 13993003     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00582-2017     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (876)

References (133)
  • 1
    • 13644269309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia
    • American Thoracic Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America
    • American Thoracic Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171: 388-416.
    • (2005) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.171 , pp. 388-416
  • 2
    • 80051867770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of ventilator-associated respiratory infections (VARI): Microbiologic clues for tracheobronchitis (VAT) and pneumonia (VAP)
    • Craven DE, Hudcova J, Lei Y. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated respiratory infections (VARI): Microbiologic clues for tracheobronchitis (VAT) and pneumonia (VAP). Clin Chest Med 2011; 32: 547-557.
    • (2011) Clin Chest Med , vol.32 , pp. 547-557
    • De, C.1    Hudcova, J.2    Lei, Y.3
  • 3
    • 84861570184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 36 countries, for 2004-2009
    • Rosenthal VD, Bijie H, Maki DG, et al. International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 36 countries, for 2004-2009. Am J Infect Control 2012; 40: 396-407.
    • (2012) Am J Infect Control , vol.40 , pp. 396-407
    • Rosenthal, V.D.1    Bijie, H.2    Maki, D.G.3
  • 4
    • 77049099152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary for 2003-2008, issued June 2009
    • Rosenthal VD, Maki DG, Jamulitrat S, et al. International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary for 2003-2008, issued June 2009. Am J Infect Control 2010; 38: 95-104.
    • (2010) Am J Infect Control , vol.38 , pp. 95-104
    • Rosenthal, V.D.1    Maki, D.G.2    Jamulitrat, S.3
  • 5
    • 0032531113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients
    • Cook DJ, Walter SD, Cook RJ, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129: 433-440.
    • (1998) Ann Intern Med , vol.129 , pp. 433-440
    • Cook, D.J.1    Walter, S.D.2    Cook, R.J.3
  • 6
    • 0036924301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and outcomes of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a large US database
    • Rello J, Ollendorf DA, Oster G, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a large US database. Chest 2002; 122: 2115-2121.
    • (2002) Chest , vol.122 , pp. 2115-2121
    • Rello, J.1    Ollendorf, D.A.2    Oster, G.3
  • 7
    • 84908066607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone for prevention of hospital-acquired pneumonia in patients with severe brain injury (Corti-TC): A double blind multicenter phase 3, randomised placebo-controlled trial
    • Asehnoune K, Seguin P, Allary J, et al. Hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone for prevention of hospital-acquired pneumonia in patients with severe brain injury (Corti-TC): A double blind multicenter phase 3, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2014; 2: 706-716.
    • (2014) Lancet Respir Med , vol.2 , pp. 706-716
    • Asehnoune, K.1    Seguin, P.2    Allary, J.3
  • 8
    • 0038662785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcome and attributable cost of ventilator-associated pneumonia among intensive care unit patients in a suburban medical center
    • Warren DK, Shukla SJ, Olsen MA, et al. Outcome and attributable cost of ventilator-associated pneumonia among intensive care unit patients in a suburban medical center. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 1312-1317.
    • (2003) Crit Care Med , vol.31 , pp. 1312-1317
    • Warren, D.K.1    Shukla, S.J.2    Olsen, M.A.3
  • 9
    • 27644537719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review of economic analyses of health care-associated infections
    • Stone PW, Braccia D, Larson L. Systematic review of economic analyses of health care-associated infections. Am J Infect Control 2005; 33: 501-509.
    • (2005) Am J Infect Control , vol.33 , pp. 501-509
    • Stone, P.W.1    Braccia, D.2    Larson, L.3
  • 10
    • 84861985135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Number needed to treat and cost-effectiveness in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Wyncoll D, Camporata L. Number needed to treat and cost-effectiveness in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care 2012; 16: 430.
    • (2012) Crit Care , vol.16 , pp. 430
    • Wyncoll, D.1    Camporata, L.2
  • 11
    • 2642578308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Costs and risks factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in a Turkish University Hospital's Intensive Care Unit: A case-control study
    • Erbay RH, Yalcin AN, Zencir M, et al. Costs and risks factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in a Turkish University Hospital's Intensive Care Unit: A case-control study. BMC Pulm Med 2004; 4: 1-7.
    • (2004) BMC Pulm Med , vol.4 , pp. 1-7
    • Erbay, R.H.1    Yalcin, A.N.2    Zencir, M.3
  • 12
    • 79961026624 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Healthcare-associated pneumonia: Diagnostic criteria and distinction from community-acquired pneumonia
    • Falcone M, Venditti M, Shindo Y, et al. Healthcare-associated pneumonia: Diagnostic criteria and distinction from community-acquired pneumonia. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15: 545-550.
    • (2011) Int J Infect Dis , vol.15 , pp. 545-550
    • Falcone, M.1    Venditti, M.2    Shindo, Y.3
  • 13
    • 84885781262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbial aetiology of healthcare associated pneumonia in Spain: A prospective, multicentre, case-control study
    • Polverino E, Torres A, Menendez R, et al. Microbial aetiology of healthcare associated pneumonia in Spain: A prospective, multicentre, case-control study. Thorax 2013; 68: 1007-1014.
    • (2013) Thorax , vol.68 , pp. 1007-1014
    • Polverino, E.1    Torres, A.2    Menendez, R.3
  • 14
    • 27244457431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pathogenesis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: Its relevance to developing effective strategies for prevention
    • Safdar N, Crnich CJ, Maki DG. The pathogenesis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: Its relevance to developing effective strategies for prevention. Respir Care 2005; 50: 725-739.
    • (2005) Respir Care , vol.50 , pp. 725-739
    • Safdar, N.1    Crnich, C.J.2    Maki, D.G.3
  • 15
    • 0023180510 scopus 로고
    • Early onset pneumonia: A multicenter study in intensive care units
    • Langer M, Cigada M, Mandelli M, et al. Early onset pneumonia: A multicenter study in intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 1987; 13: 342-346.
    • (1987) Intensive Care Med , vol.13 , pp. 342-346
    • Langer, M.1    Cigada, M.2    Mandelli, M.3
  • 16
    • 0031886820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by potentially drug-resistant bacteria
    • Trouillet JL, Chastre J, Vuagnat A, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by potentially drug-resistant bacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 531-539.
    • (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.157 , pp. 531-539
    • Trouillet, J.L.1    Chastre, J.2    Vuagnat, A.3
  • 17
    • 84922927615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance patterns and outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired pneumonia. Validation of European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classification of multidrug resistant organisms
    • Martin-Loeches I, Torres A, Rinaudo M, et al. Resistance patterns and outcomes in intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired pneumonia. Validation of European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classification of multidrug resistant organisms. J Infect 2015; 74: 213-222.
    • (2015) J Infect , vol.74 , pp. 213-222
    • Martin-Loeches, I.1    Torres, A.2    Rinaudo, M.3
  • 18
    • 84875424552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potentially resistant microorganisms in intubated patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia: The interaction of ecology, shock and risk factors
    • Martin-Loeches I, Deja M, Koulenti D, et al. Potentially resistant microorganisms in intubated patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia: The interaction of ecology, shock and risk factors. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39: 672-681.
    • (2013) Intensive Care Med , vol.39 , pp. 672-681
    • Martin-Loeches, I.1    Deja, M.2    Koulenti, D.3
  • 19
    • 77749343661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of the American Thoracic Society-Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for hospital-acquired pneumonia in the intensive care unit
    • Ferrer M, Liapikou A, Valencia M, et al. Validation of the American Thoracic Society-Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for hospital-acquired pneumonia in the intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50: 945-952.
    • (2010) Clin Infect Dis , vol.50 , pp. 945-952
    • Ferrer, M.1    Liapikou, A.2    Valencia, M.3
  • 20
    • 84879369871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the bacterial etiology of early-onset and late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in subjects enrolled in 2 large clinical studies
    • Restrepo MI, Peterson J, Fernandez JF, et al. Comparison of the bacterial etiology of early-onset and late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in subjects enrolled in 2 large clinical studies. Respir Care 2013; 58: 1220-1225.
    • (2013) Respir Care , vol.58 , pp. 1220-1225
    • Restrepo, M.I.1    Peterson, J.2    Fernandez, J.F.3
  • 21
    • 84930199723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An international multicenter retrospective study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa nosocomial pneumonia: Impact of multidrug resistance
    • Micek ST, Wunderink RG, Kollef MH, et al. An international multicenter retrospective study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa nosocomial pneumonia: Impact of multidrug resistance. Crit Care 2015; 19: 219.
    • (2015) Crit Care , vol.19 , pp. 219
    • Micek, S.T.1    Wunderink, R.G.2    Kollef, M.H.3
  • 22
    • 18844440476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia: Epidemiological and clinical findings
    • Garnacho-Montero J, Ortiz-Leyba C, Fernández-Hinojosa E, et al. Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia: Epidemiological and clinical findings. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31: 649-655.
    • (2005) Intensive Care Med , vol.31 , pp. 649-655
    • Garnacho-Montero, J.1    Ortiz-Leyba, C.2    Fernández-Hinojosa, E.3
  • 23
    • 70349656290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilator-associated pneumonia and mortality: A systematic review of observational studies
    • Melsen WG, Rovers MM, Bonten MJ. Ventilator-associated pneumonia and mortality: A systematic review of observational studies. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 2709-2718.
    • (2009) Crit Care Med , vol.37 , pp. 2709-2718
    • Melsen, W.G.1    Rovers, M.M.2    Bonten, M.J.3
  • 24
    • 81455150146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A reappraisal using causal analysis
    • Bekaert M, Timsit JF, Vansteelandt S, et al. Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A reappraisal using causal analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184: 1133-1139.
    • (2011) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.184 , pp. 1133-1139
    • Bekaert, M.1    Timsit, J.F.2    Vansteelandt, S.3
  • 25
    • 81855176170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating the attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia from randomized prevention studies
    • Melsen WG, Rovers MM, Koeman M, et al. Estimating the attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia from randomized prevention studies. Crit Care Med 2011; 39: 2736-2742.
    • (2011) Crit Care Med , vol.39 , pp. 2736-2742
    • Melsen, W.G.1    Rovers, M.M.2    Koeman, M.3
  • 26
    • 77951205487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: Respective impact of main characteristics at ICU admission and VAP onset using conditional logistic regression and multi-state models
    • Nguile-Makao M, Zahar JR, Français A, et al. Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: Respective impact of main characteristics at ICU admission and VAP onset using conditional logistic regression and multi-state models. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36: 781-789.
    • (2010) Intensive Care Med , vol.36 , pp. 781-789
    • Nguile-Makao, M.1    Zahar, J.R.2    Français, A.3
  • 27
    • 58549097311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining, treating and preventing hospital acquired pneumonia: A European perspective
    • Torres A, Ewig S, Lode H. Defining, treating and preventing hospital acquired pneumonia: A European perspective. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 9-29.
    • (2009) Intensive Care Med , vol.35 , pp. 9-29
    • Torres, A.1    Ewig, S.2    Lode, H.3
  • 28
    • 84995377035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society
    • Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M, et al. Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63: E61-e111.
    • (2016) Clin Infect Dis , vol.63 , pp. e61-e111
    • Kalil, A.C.1    Metersky, M.L.2    Klompas, M.3
  • 29
    • 84898732880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Descriptive epidemiology and attributable morbidity of ventilator-associated events
    • Klompas M, Kleinman K, Murphy MV. Descriptive epidemiology and attributable morbidity of ventilator-associated events. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35: 502-510.
    • (2014) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.35 , pp. 502-510
    • Klompas, M.1    Kleinman, K.2    Murphy, M.V.3
  • 30
    • 78349240769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term impact of a multifaceted prevention program on ventilator-associated pneumonia in a medical intensive care unit
    • Bouadma L, Deslandes E, Lolom I, et al. Long-term impact of a multifaceted prevention program on ventilator-associated pneumonia in a medical intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 51: 1115-1122.
    • (2010) Clin Infect Dis , vol.51 , pp. 1115-1122
    • Bouadma, L.1    Deslandes, E.2    Lolom, I.3
  • 31
    • 84964724307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review of the definitions, determinants, and clinical outcomes of antimicrobial de-escalation in the intensive care unit
    • Tabah A, Cotta MO, Garnacho-Montero J, et al. A systematic review of the definitions, determinants, and clinical outcomes of antimicrobial de-escalation in the intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62: 1009-1017.
    • (2016) Clin Infect Dis , vol.62 , pp. 1009-1017
    • Tabah, A.1    Cotta, M.O.2    Garnacho-Montero, J.3
  • 32
    • 43049113533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations
    • Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. An emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008; 336: 924-926.
    • (2008) BMJ , vol.336 , pp. 924-926
    • Guyatt, G.H.1    Oxman, A.D.2    Vist, G.E.3
  • 33
    • 79953740060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in clinical practice guidelines part 3 of 3. the GRADE approach to developing recommendations
    • Brożek JL, Akl EA, Compalati E, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in clinical practice guidelines part 3 of 3. The GRADE approach to developing recommendations. Allergy 2011; 66: 588-595.
    • (2011) Allergy , vol.66 , pp. 588-595
    • Brozek, J.L.1    Akl, E.A.2    Compalati, E.3
  • 34
    • 33845693544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial of diagnostic techniques for ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Canadian Critical Care Trials Group
    • Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. A randomized trial of diagnostic techniques for ventilator-associated pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 2619-2630.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.355 , pp. 2619-2630
  • 35
    • 0033848058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of quantitative invasive diagnostic techniques in the management and outcome of mechanically ventilated patients with suspected pneumonia
    • Sole Violan J, Fernandez JA, Benitez AB, et al. Impact of quantitative invasive diagnostic techniques in the management and outcome of mechanically ventilated patients with suspected pneumonia. Crit Care Med 2000; 28: 2737-2741.
    • (2000) Crit Care Med , vol.28 , pp. 2737-2741
    • Sole Violan, J.1    Fernandez, J.A.2    Benitez, A.B.3
  • 36
    • 84965186433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative versus qualitative cultures of respiratory secretions for clinical outcomes in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Berton DC, Kalil AC, Teixeira PJ. Quantitative versus qualitative cultures of respiratory secretions for clinical outcomes in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 10: CD006482.
    • (2014) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.10 , pp. CD006482
    • Berton, D.C.1    Kalil, A.C.2    Teixeira, P.J.3
  • 37
    • 18144435904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invasive and noninvasive strategies for management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomized trial
    • Fagon JY, Chastre J, Wolff M, et al. Invasive and noninvasive strategies for management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 621-630.
    • (2000) Ann Intern Med , vol.132 , pp. 621-630
    • Fagon, J.Y.1    Chastre, J.2    Wolff, M.3
  • 38
    • 0034687869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Ewig S, Niederman M, Torres A. Management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133: 1008-1009.
    • (2000) Ann Intern Med , vol.133 , pp. 1008-1009
    • Ewig, S.1    Niederman, M.2    Torres, A.3
  • 39
    • 0031448925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implementation of bronchoscopic techniques in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia to reduce antibiotic use
    • Bonten MJ, Bergmans DC, Stobberingh EE, et al. Implementation of bronchoscopic techniques in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia to reduce antibiotic use. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 1820-1824.
    • (1997) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.156 , pp. 1820-1824
    • Bonten, M.J.1    Bergmans, D.C.2    Stobberingh, E.E.3
  • 40
    • 0037323947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical antimicrobial therapy of septic shock patients: Adequacy and impact on the outcome
    • Leone M, Bourgoin A, Cambon S, et al. Empirical antimicrobial therapy of septic shock patients: Adequacy and impact on the outcome. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 462-467.
    • (2003) Crit Care Med , vol.31 , pp. 462-467
    • Leone, M.1    Bourgoin, A.2    Cambon, S.3
  • 41
    • 84918830578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • De-escalation as a potential way of reducing antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance in ICU
    • Timsit JF, Harbarth S, Carlet J. De-escalation as a potential way of reducing antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance in ICU. Intensive Care Med 2014; 40: 1580-1582.
    • (2014) Intensive Care Med , vol.40 , pp. 1580-1582
    • Timsit, J.F.1    Harbarth, S.2    Carlet, J.3
  • 42
    • 84880573409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early antibiotic discontinuation in patients with clinically suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia and negative quantitative bronchoscopy cultures
    • Raman K, Nailor MD, Nicolau DP, et al. Early antibiotic discontinuation in patients with clinically suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia and negative quantitative bronchoscopy cultures. Crit Care Med 2013; 41: 1656-1663.
    • (2013) Crit Care Med , vol.41 , pp. 1656-1663
    • Raman, K.1    Nailor, M.D.2    Nicolau, D.P.3
  • 43
    • 30344451643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and outcomes of health-care-associated-pneumonia: Results from a large US database of culture positive pneumonia
    • Kollef MH, Shorr A, Tabak YP, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of health-care-associated-pneumonia: Results from a large US database of culture positive pneumonia. Chest 2005; 128: 3854-3862.
    • (2005) Chest , vol.128 , pp. 3854-3862
    • Kollef, M.H.1    Shorr, A.2    Tabak, Y.P.3
  • 44
    • 34748921769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchoalveolar lavage for VAP diagnosis: Patients must be sampled before any change of antimicrobial therapy
    • Timsit JF. Bronchoalveolar lavage for VAP diagnosis: Patients must be sampled before any change of antimicrobial therapy. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33: 1690-1693.
    • (2007) Intensive Care Med , vol.33 , pp. 1690-1693
    • Timsit, J.F.1
  • 45
    • 0034987587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resolution of infectious parameters after antimicrobial therapy in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Dennesen PJ, van der Ven AJ, Kessels AG, et al. Resolution of infectious parameters after antimicrobial therapy in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 1371-1375.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.163 , pp. 1371-1375
    • Dennesen, P.J.1    Van Der Ven, A.J.2    Kessels, A.G.3
  • 46
    • 0036014551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of antibiotics on protected specimen brush sampling in ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Prats E, Dorca J, Pujol M, et al. Effects of antibiotics on protected specimen brush sampling in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2002; 19: 944-951.
    • (2002) Eur Respir J , vol.19 , pp. 944-951
    • Prats, E.1    Dorca, J.2    Pujol, M.3
  • 47
    • 0031942603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic accuracy of protected specimen brush and bronchoalveolar lavage in nosocomial pneumonia: Impact of previous antimicrobial treatments
    • Souweine B, Veber B, Bedos JP, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of protected specimen brush and bronchoalveolar lavage in nosocomial pneumonia: Impact of previous antimicrobial treatments. Crit Care Med 1998; 26: 236-244.
    • (1998) Crit Care Med , vol.26 , pp. 236-244
    • Souweine, B.1    Veber, B.2    Bedos, J.P.3
  • 48
    • 1542614331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accuracy of delayed (24 hours) processing of bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnosing bacterial pneumonia
    • de Lassence A, Joly-Guillou ML, Salah A, et al. Accuracy of delayed (24 hours) processing of bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnosing bacterial pneumonia. Crit Care Med 2004; 32: 680-685.
    • (2004) Crit Care Med , vol.32 , pp. 680-685
    • De Lassence, A.1    Joly-Guillou, M.L.2    Salah, A.3
  • 49
    • 0036168420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic and therapeutic management of nosocomial pneumonia in surgical patients: Results of the Eole study
    • Montravers P, Veber B, Auboyer C, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic management of nosocomial pneumonia in surgical patients: Results of the Eole study. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 368-375.
    • (2002) Crit Care Med , vol.30 , pp. 368-375
    • Montravers, P.1    Veber, B.2    Auboyer, C.3
  • 50
    • 0037709767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hospital-acquired pneumonia: Risk factors for antimicrobial-resistant causative pathogens in critically ill patients
    • Leroy O, Jaffré S, D'Escrivan T, et al. Hospital-acquired pneumonia: Risk factors for antimicrobial-resistant causative pathogens in critically ill patients. Chest 2003; 123: 2034-2042.
    • (2003) Chest , vol.123 , pp. 2034-2042
    • Leroy, O.1    Jaffré, S.2    D'Escrivan, T.3
  • 51
    • 81055138284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early-onset pneumonia after cardiac arrest: Characteristics, risk factors and influence on prognosis
    • Perbet S, Mongardon N, Dumas F, et al. Early-onset pneumonia after cardiac arrest: Characteristics, risk factors and influence on prognosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184: 1048-1054.
    • (2011) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.184 , pp. 1048-1054
    • Perbet, S.1    Mongardon, N.2    Dumas, F.3
  • 52
    • 84896345188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of antimicrobial resistance and aging in VAP outcomes: Experience from a large tertiary care center
    • Arvanitis M, Anagnostou T, Kourkoumpetis TK, et al. The impact of antimicrobial resistance and aging in VAP outcomes: Experience from a large tertiary care center. PLoS One 2014; 9: E89984.
    • (2014) PLoS One , vol.9 , pp. e89984
    • Arvanitis, M.1    Anagnostou, T.2    Kourkoumpetis, T.K.3
  • 53
    • 34247533752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogens in early-onset and late-onset intensive care unit-acquired pneumonia
    • Verhamme KM, De Coster W, De Roo L, et al. Pathogens in early-onset and late-onset intensive care unit-acquired pneumonia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007; 28: 389-397.
    • (2007) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.28 , pp. 389-397
    • Verhamme, K.M.1    De Coster, W.2    De Roo, L.3
  • 54
    • 0030901413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of BAL data on the therapy and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Luna CM, Vujacich P, Niederman MS, et al. Impact of BAL data on the therapy and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1997; 111: 676-685.
    • (1997) Chest , vol.111 , pp. 676-685
    • Luna, C.M.1    Vujacich, P.2    Niederman, M.S.3
  • 55
    • 33846439008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ventilator-associated pneumonia: Breaking the vicious circle of antibiotic overuse
    • Leone M, Garcin F, Bouvenot J, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia: Breaking the vicious circle of antibiotic overuse. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: 379-385.
    • (2007) Crit Care Med , vol.35 , pp. 379-385
    • Leone, M.1    Garcin, F.2    Bouvenot, J.3
  • 56
    • 84886434344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for drug-resistant pathogens in community-acquired and healthcare-associated pneumonia
    • Shindo Y, Ito R, Kobayashi D, et al. Risk factors for drug-resistant pathogens in community-acquired and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188: 985-995.
    • (2013) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.188 , pp. 985-995
    • Shindo, Y.1    Ito, R.2    Kobayashi, D.3
  • 57
    • 84926506282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors associated with potentially antibiotic-resistant pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia
    • Prina E, Ranzani OT, Polverino E, et al. Risk factors associated with potentially antibiotic-resistant pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2015; 12: 153-160.
    • (2015) Ann Am Thorac Soc , vol.12 , pp. 153-160
    • Prina, E.1    Ranzani, O.T.2    Polverino, E.3
  • 58
    • 79952041221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implementation of guidelines for management of possible multidrug-resistant pneumonia in intensive care: An observational, multicentre cohort study
    • Kett DH, Cano E, Quartin AA, et al. Implementation of guidelines for management of possible multidrug-resistant pneumonia in intensive care: An observational, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11: 181-189.
    • (2011) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.11 , pp. 181-189
    • Kett, D.H.1    Cano, E.2    Quartin, A.A.3
  • 59
    • 85006173354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory diagnosis of pneumonia in the molecular age
    • Torres A, Lee N, Cilloniz C, et al. Laboratory diagnosis of pneumonia in the molecular age. Eur Respir J 2016; 48: 1764-1778.
    • (2016) Eur Respir J , vol.48 , pp. 1764-1778
    • Torres, A.1    Lee, N.2    Cilloniz, C.3
  • 60
    • 70350580290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initiation of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy results in a fivefold reduction of survival in human septic shock
    • Kumar A, Ellis P, Arabi Y, et al. Initiation of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy results in a fivefold reduction of survival in human septic shock. Chest 2009; 136: 1237-1248.
    • (2009) Chest , vol.136 , pp. 1237-1248
    • Kumar, A.1    Ellis, P.2    Arabi, Y.3
  • 61
    • 0032911760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: A risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients
    • Kollef MH, Sherman G, Ward S, et al. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: A risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. Chest 1999; 115: 462-474.
    • (1999) Chest , vol.115 , pp. 462-474
    • Kollef, M.H.1    Sherman, G.2    Ward, S.3
  • 62
    • 21844464306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of aminoglycoside and beta-lactam combination therapy versus beta-lactam monotherapy on the emergence of antimicrobial resistance: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials
    • Bliziotis IA, Samonis G, Vardakas KZ, et al. Effect of aminoglycoside and beta-lactam combination therapy versus beta-lactam monotherapy on the emergence of antimicrobial resistance: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 149-158.
    • (2005) Clin Infect Dis , vol.41 , pp. 149-158
    • Bliziotis, I.A.1    Samonis, G.2    Vardakas, K.Z.3
  • 63
    • 0034542832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of empiric antibiotic administration for suspected pneumonia on subsequent opportunistic pulmonary infections
    • Koontz CS, Chang MC, Meredith JW. Effects of empiric antibiotic administration for suspected pneumonia on subsequent opportunistic pulmonary infections. Am Surg 2000; 66: 1110-1114.
    • (2000) Am Surg , vol.66 , pp. 1110-1114
    • Koontz, C.S.1    Chang, M.C.2    Meredith, J.W.3
  • 64
    • 0027367592 scopus 로고
    • Impact of previous antimicrobial therapy on the etiology and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Rello J, Ausina V, Ricart M, et al. Impact of previous antimicrobial therapy on the etiology and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1993; 104: 1230-1235.
    • (1993) Chest , vol.104 , pp. 1230-1235
    • Rello, J.1    Ausina, V.2    Ricart, M.3
  • 65
    • 37549047587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empiric antibiotic therapy for suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials
    • Aarts MA, Hancock JN, Heyland D, et al. Empiric antibiotic therapy for suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 108-117.
    • (2008) Crit Care Med , vol.36 , pp. 108-117
    • Aarts, M.A.1    Hancock, J.N.2    Heyland, D.3
  • 66
    • 44449125270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized trial of combination versus monotherapy for the empiric treatment of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Heyland DK, Dodek P, Muscedere J, et al. Randomized trial of combination versus monotherapy for the empiric treatment of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 737-744.
    • (2008) Crit Care Med , vol.36 , pp. 737-744
    • Heyland, D.K.1    Dodek, P.2    Muscedere, J.3
  • 67
    • 0026325231 scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial pneumonia: Comparative multicentre trial between monotherapy with cefotaxime and treatment with antibiotic combinations
    • Fernandez-Guerrero M, Gudiol F, Rodriguez-Torres A, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia: Comparative multicentre trial between monotherapy with cefotaxime and treatment with antibiotic combinations. Infection 1991; 19: Suppl. 6, S320-S325.
    • (1991) Infection , vol.19 , pp. S320-S325
    • Fernandez-Guerrero, M.1    Gudiol, F.2    Rodriguez-Torres, A.3
  • 68
    • 0031981946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meropenem versus cefuroxime plus gentamicin for treatment of serious infections in elderly patients
    • Jaspers CA, Kieft H, Speelberg B, et al. Meropenem versus cefuroxime plus gentamicin for treatment of serious infections in elderly patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 1233-1238.
    • (1998) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.42 , pp. 1233-1238
    • Jaspers, C.A.1    Kieft, H.2    Speelberg, B.3
  • 69
    • 0029002765 scopus 로고
    • Ceftazidime monotherapy vs. Ceftriaxone/tobramycin for serious hospital-acquired gram-negative infections
    • Antibiotic Study Group
    • Rubinstein E, Lode H, Grassi C. Ceftazidime monotherapy vs. ceftriaxone/tobramycin for serious hospital-acquired gram-negative infections. Antibiotic Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20: 1217-1228.
    • (1995) Clin Infect Dis , vol.20 , pp. 1217-1228
    • Rubinstein, E.1    Lode, H.2    Grassi, C.3
  • 70
    • 84902958324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phase randomized double blind comparison of ceftobiprole medocaril versus ceftazidime plus linezolid for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia
    • Awad S, Rodríguez AH, Chuang Y, et al. A phase randomized double blind comparison of ceftobiprole medocaril versus ceftazidime plus linezolid for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59: 51-61.
    • (2014) Clin Infect Dis , vol.59 , pp. 51-61
    • Awad, S.1    Rodríguez, A.H.2    Chuang, Y.3
  • 71
    • 84862268852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of empirical treatment with moxifloxacin and meropenem vs meropenem on sepsis-related organ dysfunction in patients with severe sepsis: A randomized trial
    • Brunkhorst FM, Oppert M, Marx G, et al. Effect of empirical treatment with moxifloxacin and meropenem vs meropenem on sepsis-related organ dysfunction in patients with severe sepsis: A randomized trial. JAMA 2012; 307: 2390-2399.
    • (2012) JAMA , vol.307 , pp. 2390-2399
    • Brunkhorst, F.M.1    Oppert, M.2    Marx, G.3
  • 72
    • 33645532626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta lactam antibiotic monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside antibiotic combination therapy for sepsis
    • Paul M, Silbiger I, Grozinsky S, et al. Beta lactam antibiotic monotherapy versus beta lactam-aminoglycoside antibiotic combination therapy for sepsis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 1: CD003344.
    • (2006) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.1 , pp. CD003344
    • Paul, M.1    Silbiger, I.2    Grozinsky, S.3
  • 73
    • 84884211665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Value of lower respiratory tract surveillance cultures to predict bacterial pathogens in ventilator-associated pneumonia: Systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis
    • Brusselaers N, Labeau S, Vogelaers D, et al. Value of lower respiratory tract surveillance cultures to predict bacterial pathogens in ventilator-associated pneumonia: Systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39: 365-375.
    • (2013) Intensive Care Med , vol.39 , pp. 365-375
    • Brusselaers, N.1    Labeau, S.2    Vogelaers, D.3
  • 74
    • 84857646835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance
    • Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: 268-281.
    • (2012) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.18 , pp. 268-281
    • Magiorakos, A.P.1    Srinivasan, A.2    Carey, R.B.3
  • 75
    • 0042424618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of combination antimicrobial therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia
    • Chamot E, Boffi El Amari E, Rohner P, et al. Effectiveness of combination antimicrobial therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 2756-2764.
    • (2003) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.47 , pp. 2756-2764
    • Chamot, E.1    Boffi El Amari, E.2    Rohner, P.3
  • 76
    • 34547700428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal management therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator-associated pneumonia: An observational, multicenter study comparing monotherapy with combination antibiotic therapy
    • Garnacho-Montero J, Sa-Borges M, Sole-Violan J, et al. Optimal management therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator-associated pneumonia: An observational, multicenter study comparing monotherapy with combination antibiotic therapy. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: 1888-1895.
    • (2007) Crit Care Med , vol.35 , pp. 1888-1895
    • Garnacho-Montero, J.1    Sa-Borges, M.2    Sole-Violan, J.3
  • 77
    • 77956110555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of empiric therapy with a beta-lactam alone or combined with an aminoglycoside on prognosis of bacteremia due to Gram-negative microorganisms
    • Martinez JA, Cobos-Trigueros N, Soriano A, et al. Influence of empiric therapy with a beta-lactam alone or combined with an aminoglycoside on prognosis of bacteremia due to Gram-negative microorganisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54: 3590-3596.
    • (2010) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.54 , pp. 3590-3596
    • Martinez, J.A.1    Cobos-Trigueros, N.2    Soriano, A.3
  • 78
    • 80755189021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP): Empiric antibiotics targeting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa predict optimal outcome
    • Micek ST, Reichley RM, Kollef MH. Health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP): Empiric antibiotics targeting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa predict optimal outcome. Medicine 2011; 90: 390-395.
    • (2011) Medicine , vol.90 , pp. 390-395
    • Micek, S.T.1    Reichley, R.M.2    Kollef, M.H.3
  • 79
    • 77951217224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empiric combination antibiotic therapy is associated with improved outcome against sepsis due to Gram-negative bacteria: A retrospective analysis
    • Micek ST, Welch EC, Khan J, et al. Empiric combination antibiotic therapy is associated with improved outcome against sepsis due to Gram-negative bacteria: A retrospective analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54: 1742-1748.
    • (2010) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.54 , pp. 1742-1748
    • Micek, S.T.1    Welch, E.C.2    Khan, J.3
  • 80
    • 77954959272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A survival benefit of combination antibiotic therapy for serious infections associated with sepsis and septic shock is contingent only on the risk of death: A meta-analytic/ meta-regression study
    • Kumar A, Safdar N, Kethireddy S, et al. A survival benefit of combination antibiotic therapy for serious infections associated with sepsis and septic shock is contingent only on the risk of death: A meta-analytic/ meta-regression study. Crit Care Med 2010; 38: 1651-1664.
    • (2010) Crit Care Med , vol.38 , pp. 1651-1664
    • Kumar, A.1    Safdar, N.2    Kethireddy, S.3
  • 81
    • 77956226360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early combination antibiotic therapy yields improved survival compared with monotherapy in septic shock: A propensity-matched analysis
    • Kumar A, Zarychanski R, Light B, et al. Early combination antibiotic therapy yields improved survival compared with monotherapy in septic shock: A propensity-matched analysis. Crit Care Med 2010; 38: 1773-1785.
    • (2010) Crit Care Med , vol.38 , pp. 1773-1785
    • Kumar, A.1    Zarychanski, R.2    Light, B.3
  • 82
    • 84922169860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae
    • Doi Y, Paterson DL. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 36: 74-84.
    • (2015) Semin Respir Crit Care Med , vol.36 , pp. 74-84
    • Doi, Y.1    Paterson, D.L.2
  • 83
    • 84866072596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of mortality in bloodstream infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. Pneumoniae: Importance of combination therapy
    • Tumbarello M, Viale P, Viscoli C, et al. Predictors of mortality in bloodstream infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae: Importance of combination therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55: 943-950.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.55 , pp. 943-950
    • Tumbarello, M.1    Viale, P.2    Viscoli, C.3
  • 84
    • 84908053739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treating infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae
    • Tzouvelekis LS, Markogiannakis A, Piperaki E, et al. Treating infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20: 862-872.
    • (2014) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.20 , pp. 862-872
    • Tzouvelekis, L.S.1    Markogiannakis, A.2    Piperaki, E.3
  • 85
    • 84890257761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short- vs long-duration antibiotic regimens for ventilator-associated pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Dimopoulos G, Poulakou G, Pneumatikos IA, et al. Short- vs long-duration antibiotic regimens for ventilator-associated pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest 2013; 144: 1759-1767.
    • (2013) Chest , vol.144 , pp. 1759-1767
    • Dimopoulos, G.1    Poulakou, G.2    Pneumatikos, I.A.3
  • 86
    • 84991203350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-course versus prolonged-course antibiotic therapy for hospital-acquired pneumonia in critically ill adults
    • Pugh R, Grant C, Cooke RPD, et al. Short-course versus prolonged-course antibiotic therapy for hospital-acquired pneumonia in critically ill adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 8: CD007577.
    • (2015) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.8 , pp. CD007577
    • Pugh, R.1    Grant, C.2    Cooke, R.P.D.3
  • 87
    • 0345283255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: A randomized trial
    • Chastre J, Wolff M, Fagon JY, et al. Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: A randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 290: 2588-2598.
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.290 , pp. 2588-2598
    • Chastre, J.1    Wolff, M.2    Fagon, J.Y.3
  • 88
    • 84865646619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults randomized clinical trial: Comparison of 8 versus 15 days of antibiotic treatment
    • Capellier G, Mockly H, Charpentier C, et al. Early-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults randomized clinical trial: Comparison of 8 versus 15 days of antibiotic treatment. PLoS One 2012; 7: E41290.
    • (2012) PLoS One , vol.7 , pp. e41290
    • Capellier, G.1    Mockly, H.2    Charpentier, C.3
  • 89
    • 58549098712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duree de l'antibiotherapie lors du traitement des pneumopathies acquises sous ventilation mecanique: Comparaison entre sept jours et dix jours. Etude pilote
    • Fekih Hassen M, Ayed S, Ben Sik Ali H, et al. Duree de l'antibiotherapie lors du traitement des pneumopathies acquises sous ventilation mecanique: Comparaison entre sept jours et dix jours. Etude pilote.[Duration of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia: Comparison of 7 and 10 days. A pilot study.] Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2009; 28: 16-23.
    • (2009) Ann Fr Anesth Reanim , vol.28 , pp. 16-23
    • Fekih Hassen, M.1    Ayed, S.2    Ben Sik Ali, H.3
  • 90
    • 84868667406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial of 7-day doripenem versus 10-day imipenem-cilastatin for ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Kollef M, Chastre J, Restrepo M, et al. A randomized trial of 7-day doripenem versus 10-day imipenem-cilastatin for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care 2012; 16: R218.
    • (2012) Crit Care , vol.16 , pp. R218
    • Kollef, M.1    Chastre, J.2    Restrepo, M.3
  • 92
    • 0033837067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-course empiric antibiotic therapy for patients with pulmonary infiltrates in the intensive care unit. A proposed solution for indiscriminate antibiotic prescription
    • Singh N, Rogers P, Atwood CW, et al. Short-course empiric antibiotic therapy for patients with pulmonary infiltrates in the intensive care unit. A proposed solution for indiscriminate antibiotic prescription. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 505-511.
    • (2000) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.162 , pp. 505-511
    • Singh, N.1    Rogers, P.2    Atwood, C.W.3
  • 93
    • 0025809112 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia by bacteriologic analysis of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic "blind" bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
    • Pugin J, Auckenthaler R, Mili N, et al. Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia by bacteriologic analysis of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic "blind" bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 1121-1129.
    • (1991) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.143 , pp. 1121-1129
    • Pugin, J.1    Auckenthaler, R.2    Mili, N.3
  • 94
    • 0037348524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resolution of ventilator-associated pneumonia: Prospective evaluation of the clinical pulmonary infection score as an early clinical predictor of outcome
    • Luna CM, Blanzaco D, Niederman MS, et al. Resolution of ventilator-associated pneumonia: Prospective evaluation of the clinical pulmonary infection score as an early clinical predictor of outcome. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 676-682.
    • (2003) Crit Care Med , vol.31 , pp. 676-682
    • Luna, C.M.1    Blanzaco, D.2    Niederman, M.S.3
  • 95
    • 11144234176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procalcitonin kinetics as a prognostic marker of ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Luyt CE, Guerin V, Combes A, et al. Procalcitonin kinetics as a prognostic marker of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171: 48-53.
    • (2005) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.171 , pp. 48-53
    • Luyt, C.E.1    Guerin, V.2    Combes, A.3
  • 96
    • 79953697671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Midregional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide and procalcitonin improve survival prediction in VAP
    • Boeck L, Eggimann P, Smyrnios N, et al. Midregional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide and procalcitonin improve survival prediction in VAP. Eur Respir J 2011; 37: 595-603.
    • (2011) Eur Respir J , vol.37 , pp. 595-603
    • Boeck, L.1    Eggimann, P.2    Smyrnios, N.3
  • 97
    • 80052737415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing the accuracy of predictors of mortality in ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Seligman R, Seligman BGS, Teixeira PJ. Comparing the accuracy of predictors of mortality in ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Bras Pneumol 2011; 37: 495-503.
    • (2011) J Bras Pneumol , vol.37 , pp. 495-503
    • Seligman, R.1    Seligman, B.G.S.2    Teixeira, P.J.3
  • 98
    • 33847755676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreases in procalcitonin and C-reactive protein are strong predictors of survival in ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Seligman R, Meisner M, Lisboa TC, et al. Decreases in procalcitonin and C-reactive protein are strong predictors of survival in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care 2006; 10: R125.
    • (2006) Crit Care , vol.10 , pp. R125
    • Seligman, R.1    Meisner, M.2    Lisboa, T.C.3
  • 99
    • 18744367590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-reactive protein as a marker of ventilator-associated pneumonia resolution: A pilot study
    • Póvoa P, Coelho L, Almeida E, et al. C-reactive protein as a marker of ventilator-associated pneumonia resolution: A pilot study. Eur Respir J 2005; 25: 804-812.
    • (2005) Eur Respir J , vol.25 , pp. 804-812
    • Póvoa, P.1    Coelho, L.2    Almeida, E.3
  • 100
    • 84924766462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic value of serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels in critically ill patients who developed ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Tanriverdi H, Tor MM, Kart L, et al. Prognostic value of serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels in critically ill patients who developed ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ann Thorac Med 2015; 10: 137-142.
    • (2015) Ann Thorac Med , vol.10 , pp. 137-142
    • Tanriverdi, H.1    Tor, M.M.2    Kart, L.3
  • 101
    • 77955607604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-reactive protein: A tool in the follow-up of nosocomial pneumonia
    • Moreno MS, Nietmann H, Matias CM, et al. C-reactive protein: A tool in the follow-up of nosocomial pneumonia. J Infect 2010; 61: 205-201.
    • (2010) J Infect , vol.61 , pp. 201-205
    • Moreno, M.S.1    Nietmann, H.2    Matias, C.M.3
  • 102
    • 84867335557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score and copeptin for predicting survival in ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Boeck L, Eggimann P, Smyrnios N, et al. The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score and copeptin for predicting survival in ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Crit Care 2012; 27: 523.
    • (2012) J Crit Care , vol.27 , pp. 523
    • Boeck, L.1    Eggimann, P.2    Smyrnios, N.3
  • 103
    • 64049119735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procalcitonin kinetics within the first days of sepsis: Relationship with the appropriateness of antibiotic therapy and the outcome
    • Charles PE, Tinel C, Barbar S, et al. Procalcitonin kinetics within the first days of sepsis: Relationship with the appropriateness of antibiotic therapy and the outcome. Crit Care 2009; 13: R38.
    • (2009) Crit Care , vol.13 , pp. R38
    • Charles, P.E.1    Tinel, C.2    Barbar, S.3
  • 104
    • 37549027197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C-reactive protein correlates with bacterial load and appropriate antibiotic therapy in suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Lisboa T, Seligman R, Diaz E, et al. C-reactive protein correlates with bacterial load and appropriate antibiotic therapy in suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 166-171.
    • (2008) Crit Care Med , vol.36 , pp. 166-171
    • Lisboa, T.1    Seligman, R.2    Diaz, E.3
  • 105
    • 41649097338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of renal dysfunction on the accuracy of procalcitonin for the diagnosis of postoperative infection after vascular surgery
    • Amour J, Bienbaum A, Langeron O, et al. Influence of renal dysfunction on the accuracy of procalcitonin for the diagnosis of postoperative infection after vascular surgery. Crit Care Med 2008; 36: 1147-1154.
    • (2008) Crit Care Med , vol.36 , pp. 1147-1154
    • Amour, J.1    Bienbaum, A.2    Langeron, O.3
  • 106
    • 0242432509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein plasma concentrations in nonseptic uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis
    • Dahaba A, Rehak P, List W. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein plasma concentrations in nonseptic uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29: 579-583.
    • (2003) Intensive Care Med , vol.29 , pp. 579-583
    • Dahaba, A.1    Rehak, P.2    List, W.3
  • 107
    • 0035986102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procalcitonin and proinflammatory cytokine clearance during continuous venovenous haemofiltration in septic patients
    • Dahaba A, Elawady G, Rehak P, et al. Procalcitonin and proinflammatory cytokine clearance during continuous venovenous haemofiltration in septic patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 2002; 30: 269-272.
    • (2002) Anaesth Intensive Care , vol.30 , pp. 269-272
    • Dahaba, A.1    Elawady, G.2    Rehak, P.3
  • 108
    • 76649137963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Value of procalcitonin for diagnosis of early onset pneumonia in hypothermia-treated cardiac arrest patients
    • Mongardon N, Lemiale V, Perbet S, et al. Value of procalcitonin for diagnosis of early onset pneumonia in hypothermia-treated cardiac arrest patients. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36: 92-99.
    • (2010) Intensive Care Med , vol.36 , pp. 92-99
    • Mongardon, N.1    Lemiale, V.2    Perbet, S.3
  • 109
    • 75949113583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of procalcitonin to reduce patients' exposure to antibiotics in intensive care units (PRORATA trial): A multicentre randomised controlled trial
    • Bouadma L, Luyt CE, Tubach F, et al. Use of procalcitonin to reduce patients' exposure to antibiotics in intensive care units (PRORATA trial): A multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010; 375: 463-474.
    • (2010) Lancet , vol.375 , pp. 463-474
    • Bouadma, L.1    Luyt, C.E.2    Tubach, F.3
  • 110
    • 73249128024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procalcitonin for reduced antibiotic exposure in ventilator-associated pneumonia: A randomised study
    • Stolz D, Smyrnios N, Eggimann P, et al. Procalcitonin for reduced antibiotic exposure in ventilator-associated pneumonia: A randomised study. Eur Respir J 2009; 34: 1364-1367.
    • (2009) Eur Respir J , vol.34 , pp. 1364-1367
    • Stolz, D.1    Smyrnios, N.2    Eggimann, P.3
  • 111
    • 84916630131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procalcitonin (PCT) guided antibiotic treatment in ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP). Multicentre, clinical prospective, randomized-controlled study
    • San Francisco, CA, USA
    • Pontet J, Paciel D, Olivera W, et al. Procalcitonin (PCT) guided antibiotic treatment in ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP). Multicentre, clinical prospective, randomized-controlled study. American Thoracic Society International Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2007; A76.
    • (2007) American Thoracic Society International Conference , pp. A76
    • Pontet, J.1    Paciel, D.2    Olivera, W.3
  • 112
    • 84961231021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of procalcitonin guidance in reducing the duration of antibiotic treatment in critically ill patients: A randomised, controlled, open-label trial
    • de Jong E, van Oers JA, Beishuizen A, et al. Efficacy and safety of procalcitonin guidance in reducing the duration of antibiotic treatment in critically ill patients: A randomised, controlled, open-label trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2016; 16: 819-827.
    • (2016) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.16 , pp. 819-827
    • De Jong, E.1    Van Oers, J.A.2    Beishuizen, A.3
  • 113
    • 79959669102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procalcitonin for reduced antibiotic exposure in the critical care setting: A systematic review and an economic evaluation
    • Heyland DK, Johnson AP, Reynolds SC, et al. Procalcitonin for reduced antibiotic exposure in the critical care setting: A systematic review and an economic evaluation. Crit Care Med 2011; 39: 1792-1799.
    • (2011) Crit Care Med , vol.39 , pp. 1792-1799
    • Heyland, D.K.1    Johnson, A.P.2    Reynolds, S.C.3
  • 114
    • 84925366157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procalcitonin algorithm in critically ill adults with undifferentiated infection or suspected sepsis. A randomized controlled trial
    • Shehabi Y, Sterba M, Garrett PM, et al. Procalcitonin algorithm in critically ill adults with undifferentiated infection or suspected sepsis. A randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190: 1102-1110.
    • (2014) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.190 , pp. 1102-1110
    • Shehabi, Y.1    Sterba, M.2    Garrett, P.M.3
  • 115
    • 20444455438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical resolution in patients with suspicion of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A cohort study comparing patients with and without acute respiratory distress syndrome
    • Vidaur L, Gualis B, Rodriguez A, et al. Clinical resolution in patients with suspicion of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A cohort study comparing patients with and without acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 1248-1253.
    • (2005) Crit Care Med , vol.33 , pp. 1248-1253
    • Vidaur, L.1    Gualis, B.2    Rodriguez, A.3
  • 116
    • 84899833558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reappraisal of routine oral care with chlorhexidine gluconate for patients receiving mechanical ventilation: Systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Klompas M, Speck K, Howell MD, et al. Reappraisal of routine oral care with chlorhexidine gluconate for patients receiving mechanical ventilation: Systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2014; 174: 751-761.
    • (2014) JAMA Intern Med , vol.174 , pp. 751-761
    • Klompas, M.1    Speck, K.2    Howell, M.D.3
  • 117
    • 84893466850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia
    • Shi Z, Xie H, Wang P, et al. Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 8: CD008367.
    • (2013) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.8 , pp. CD008367
    • Shi, Z.1    Xie, H.2    Wang, P.3
  • 118
    • 84880605069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral topical decontamination for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    • Li J, Xie D, Li A, et al. Oral topical decontamination for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hosp Infect 2013; 84: 283-293.
    • (2013) J Hosp Infect , vol.84 , pp. 283-293
    • Li, J.1    Xie, D.2    Li, A.3
  • 119
    • 82555186407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia with oral antiseptics: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Labeau SO, Van de Vyver K, Brusselaers N, et al. Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia with oral antiseptics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2011; 11: 845-854.
    • (2011) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.11 , pp. 845-854
    • Labeau, S.O.1    Van De Vyver, K.2    Brusselaers, N.3
  • 120
    • 79959405235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia, mortality and all intensive care unit acquired infections by topically applied antimicrobial or antiseptic agents: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in intensive care units
    • Pileggi C, Bianco A, Flotta D, et al. Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia, mortality and all intensive care unit acquired infections by topically applied antimicrobial or antiseptic agents: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in intensive care units. Crit Care 2011; 15: R155.
    • (2011) Crit Care , vol.15 , pp. R155
    • Pileggi, C.1    Bianco, A.2    Flotta, D.3
  • 121
    • 84898002266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective digestive or oropharyngeal decontamination and topical oropharyngeal chlorhexidine for prevention of death in general intensive care: Systematic review and network meta-analysis
    • Price R, MacLennan G, Glen J. Selective digestive or oropharyngeal decontamination and topical oropharyngeal chlorhexidine for prevention of death in general intensive care: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2014; 348: G2197.
    • (2014) BMJ , vol.348 , pp. g2197
    • Price, R.1    MacLennan, G.2    Glen, J.3
  • 122
    • 80055063594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute pulmonary toxic effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) following an intratracheal instillation in rats
    • Xue Y, Zhang S, Yang Y, et al. Acute pulmonary toxic effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) following an intratracheal instillation in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 30: 1795-1803.
    • (2011) Hum Exp Toxicol , vol.30 , pp. 1795-1803
    • Xue, Y.1    Zhang, S.2    Yang, Y.3
  • 123
    • 84983260737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumonia prevention to decrease mortality in intensive care unit: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Roquilly A, Marret E, Abraham E, et al. Pneumonia prevention to decrease mortality in intensive care unit: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60: 64-75.
    • (2015) Clin Infect Dis , vol.60 , pp. 64-75
    • Roquilly, A.1    Marret, E.2    Abraham, E.3
  • 124
    • 84875616502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of selective decontamination on antimicrobial resistance in intensive care units: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Daneman N, Sarwar S, Fowler RA, et al. Effect of selective decontamination on antimicrobial resistance in intensive care units: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2013; 13: 328-341.
    • (2013) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.13 , pp. 328-341
    • Daneman, N.1    Sarwar, S.2    Fowler, R.A.3
  • 125
    • 77950167097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving intensive care
    • D'Amico R, Pifferi S, Torri V, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce respiratory tract infections and mortality in adults receiving intensive care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 4: CD000022.
    • (2009) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.4 , pp. CD000022
    • D'Amico, R.1    Pifferi, S.2    Torri, V.3
  • 126
    • 58249094505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decontamination of the digestive tract and oropharynx in ICU patients
    • de Smet AMGA, Kluytmans JAJW, Cooper BS, et al. Decontamination of the digestive tract and oropharynx in ICU patients. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 20-31.
    • (2009) N Engl J Med , vol.360 , pp. 20-31
    • De Smet, A.M.G.A.1    Kluytmans, J.A.J.W.2    Cooper, B.S.3
  • 127
    • 84904565544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of selective digestive decontamination (SDD) on the gut resistome
    • Buelow E, Gonzalez TB, Versluis D, et al. Effects of selective digestive decontamination (SDD) on the gut resistome. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69: 2215-2223.
    • (2014) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.69 , pp. 2215-2223
    • Buelow, E.1    Gonzalez, T.B.2    Versluis, D.3
  • 128
    • 84907698058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of decontamination of the oropharynx and intestinal tract on antibiotic resistance in ICUs: A randomized clinical trial
    • Oostdijk EAN, Kesecioglu J, Schultz MJ, et al. Effects of decontamination of the oropharynx and intestinal tract on antibiotic resistance in ICUs: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014; 312: 1429-1437.
    • (2014) JAMA , vol.312 , pp. 1429-1437
    • Oostdijk, E.A.N.1    Kesecioglu, J.2    Schultz, M.J.3
  • 129
    • 85022100073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Notice of retraction and replacement: Effects of decontamination of the oropharynx and intestinal tract on antibiotic resistance in ICUs: A randomized clinical trial
    • Oostdijk EAN, Kesecioglu J, Schultz MJ, et al. Notice of retraction and replacement: Effects of decontamination of the oropharynx and intestinal tract on antibiotic resistance in ICUs: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2017; 317: 1583-1584.
    • (2017) JAMA , vol.317 , pp. 1583-1584
    • Oostdijk, E.A.N.1    Kesecioglu, J.2    Schultz, M.J.3
  • 130
    • 77649109107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological effects of selective decontamination on resistant Gram-negative bacterial colonization
    • Oostdijk EAN, de Smet AMGA, Blok HE, et al. Ecological effects of selective decontamination on resistant Gram-negative bacterial colonization. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181: 452-457.
    • (2010) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.181 , pp. 452-457
    • Oostdijk, E.A.N.1    De Smet, A.M.G.A.2    Blok, H.E.3
  • 131
    • 77956024761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of digestive oropharyngeal decontamination on the intestinal microbiota in ICU patients
    • Benus R, Harmsen H, Welling G, et al. Impact of digestive oropharyngeal decontamination on the intestinal microbiota in ICU patients. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36: 1394-1402.
    • (2010) Intensive Care Med , vol.36 , pp. 1394-1402
    • Benus, R.1    Harmsen, H.2    Welling, G.3
  • 132
    • 68949207007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decontamination of the digestive tract and oropharynx: Hospital-acquired infections after discharge from Intensive care unit
    • de Smet AMGA, Hopmans TEM, Minderhoud ALC, et al. Decontamination of the digestive tract and oropharynx: Hospital-acquired infections after discharge from Intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 160-1613.
    • (2009) Intensive Care Med , vol.35 , pp. 160-1613
    • De Smet, A.M.G.A.1    Hopmans, T.E.M.2    Minderhoud, A.L.C.3
  • 133
    • 84937215042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determining the ideal strategy for ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention. Cost-benefit analysis
    • Branch-Elliman W, Wright SB, Howell MD. Determining the ideal strategy for ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention. Cost-benefit analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 192: 57-63.
    • (2015) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.192 , pp. 57-63
    • Branch-Elliman, W.1    Wright, S.B.2    Howell, M.D.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.