Biological effects and epidemiological consequences of arsenic exposure, and reagents that can ameliorate arsenic damage in vivo

Oncotarget

Volumn 8, Issue 34, 2017, Pages 57605-57621

  Rao, Chinthalapally V ^a   Pal, Sanya ^a   Mohammed, Altaf ^a   Farooqui, Mudassir ^a   Doescher, Mark P ^a   Asch, Adam S ^a   Yamada, Hiroshi Y ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antioxidants; Arsenic; Cancer prevention; Genomic instability; Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; ARSENIC; ASCORBIC ACID; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CHELATING AGENT; CURCUMIN; CYSTEINE; DIHYDROXYISOSTEVIOL METHYLESTER; DIMERCAPROL; GLUTATHIONE; GRAPE SEED EXTRACT; LECTIN; LEVACECARNINE; POMEGRANATE EXTRACT; QUERCETIN; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; RESVERATROL; S ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; SELENIUM; SUCCIMER; THIOCTIC ACID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNITHIOL; ZINC;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARGENTINA; ARSENIC POISONING; BANGLADESH; BLADDER CANCER; BOERHAVIA DIFFUSA; BRAIN DISEASE; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CARCINOGENESIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHILE; CHINA; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CORCHORUS OLITORIUS; DETOXIFICATION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DNA DAMAGE; DNA MODIFICATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; GENOMIC INSTABILITY; HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT; HEART PROTECTION; HERB; IMMUNOMODULATION; INFLAMMATION; JAPAN; KIDNEY CANCER; LIVER CANCER; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; LUNG CANCER; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PANCREAS CANCER; PROPHYLAXIS; REVIEW; SALVIA MILTIORRHIZA; SILIBUM MARIANUM; SKIN CANCER; SPAIN; TAIWAN; TEA; TERMINALIA ARJUNA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 85029086731     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19492553     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17745     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Abdul KS, Jayasinghe SS, Chandana EP, Jayasumana C, De Silva PM. Arsenic and human health effects: A review. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015; 40:828-46
2. Karagas MR, Tosteson TD, Blum J, Morris JS, Baron JA, Klaue B. Design of an epidemiologic study of drinking water arsenic exposure and skin and bladder cancer risk in a U.S. population. Environ Health Perspect. 1998 (Suppl 4); 106:1047-50
3. Carlin DJ, Naujokas MF, Bradham KD, Cowden J, Heacock M, Henry HF, Lee JS, Thomas DJ, Thompson C, Tokar EJ, Waalkes MP, Birnbaum LS, Suk WA. Arsenic and Environmental Health: State of the Science and Future Research Opportunities. Environ Health Perspect. 2016; 124:890-9
4. Ratnaike RN. Acute and chronic arsenic toxicity. Postgrad Med J. 2003; 79:391-6
5. Katzung BG, Masters SB, Trevor AJ. Katzung & Trevor's Pharmacology Examination and Board Review (12th ed.) McGraw-Hill, The United States. 2012; 1017-1019
6. Xu H, Zhou X, Wen X, Lauer FT, Liu KJ, Hudson LG, Aleksunes LM, Burchiel SW. Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Arsenite Induce Dose-Dependent Differential Genotoxicity Through Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibition and Oxidative Stress in Mouse Thymus Cells. Toxicol Sci. 2016; 149:31-41
7. Li Z, Lu Y, Ahmad N, Strebhardt K, Liu X. Low-dose arsenic-mediated metabolic shift is associated with activation of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1). Cell Cycle. 2015; 14:3030-9
8. Choudhury S, Gupta P, Ghosh S, Mukherjee S, Chakraborty P, Chatterji U, Chattopadhyay S. Arsenicinduced dose-dependent modulation of the NF-κB/IL-6 axis in thymocytes triggers differential immune responses. Toxicology. 2016; 357-358:85-96
9. Guan H, Li S, Guo Y, Liu X, Yang Y, Guo J, Li S, Zhang C, Shang L, Piao F. Subchronic Exposure to Arsenic Represses the TH/TRβ1-CaMK IV Signaling Pathway in Mouse Cerebellum. Int J Mol Sci. 2016; 17
10. Tyler CR, Hafez AK, Solomon ER, Allan AM. Developmental exposure to 50 parts-per-billion arsenic influences histone modifications and associated epigenetic machinery in a region-and sex-specific manner in the adult mouse brain. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2015; 288:40-51
11. Adebayo AO, Zandbergen F, Kozul-Horvath CD, Gruppuso PA, Hamilton JW. Chronic exposure to low-dose arsenic modulates lipogenic gene expression in mice. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2015; 29:1-9
12. Li B, Giambelli C, Tang B, Winterbottom E, Long J, Jin K, Wang Z, Fei DL, Nguyen DM, Athar M, Wang B, Subbarayan PR, Wang L, et al. Arsenic Attenuates GLI Signaling, Increasing or Decreasing its Transcriptional Program in a Context-Dependent Manner. Mol Pharmacol. 2016; 89:226-32
13. Xu M, Rui D, Yan Y, Xu S, Niu Q, Feng G, Wang Y, Li S, Jing M. Oxidative Damage Induced by Arsenic in Mice or Rats: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2017; 176:154-175
14. Pi J, Yamauchi H, Kumagai Y, Sun G, Yoshida T, Aikawa H, Hopenhayn-Rich C, Shimojo N. Evidence for induction of oxidative stress caused by chronic exposure of Chinese residents to arsenic contained in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect. 2002; 110:331-6
15. Sciandrello G, Caradonna F, Mauro M, Barbata G. Arsenicinduced DNA hypomethylation affects chromosomal instability in mammalian cells. Carcinogenesis. 2004; 25:413-7
16. Clark SJ, Melki J. DNA methylation and gene silencing in cancer: which is the guilty party? Oncogene. 2002; 21:5380-7
17. Bhattacharjee P, Banerjee M, Giri AK. Role of genomic instability in arsenic-induced carcinogenicity. A review. Environ Int. 2013; 53:29-40
18. Rao CV, Yamada HY. Genomic instability and colon carcinogenesis: from the perspective of genes. Front Oncol. 2013; 3:130
19. Silk AD, Zasadil LM, Holland AJ, Vitre B, Cleveland DW, Weaver BA. Chromosome missegregation rate predicts whether aneuploidy will promote or suppress tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013; 110:E4134-41
20. Chou WC, Hawkins AL, Barrett JF, Griffin CA, Dang CV. Arsenic inhibition of telomerase transcription leads to genetic instability. J Clin Invest. 2001; 108:1541-7
21. Li Y, Ling M, Xu Y, Wang S, Li Z, Zhou J, Wang X, Liu Q. The repressive effect of NF-kappaB on p53 by mot-2 is involved in human keratinocyte transformation induced by low levels of arsenite. Toxicol Sci. 2010; 116:174-82
22. Peremartí J, Ramos F, Marcos R, Hernández A. Arsenic exposure disrupts the normal function of the FA/BRCA repair pathway. Toxicol Sci. 2014; 142:93-104
23. Calatayud M, Gimeno-Alcañiz JV, Vélez D, Devesa V. Trivalent arsenic species induce changes in expression and levels of proinflammatory cytokines in intestinal epithelial cells. Toxicol Lett. 2014; 224:40-6
24. Xu Y, Zhao Y, Xu W, Luo F, Wang B, Li Y, Pang Y, Liu Q. Involvement of HIF-2a-mediated inflammation in arseniteinduced transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2013; 272:542-50
25. Das D, Bindhani B, Mukherjee B, Saha H, Biswas P, Dutta K, Prasad P, Sinha D, Ray MR. Chronic low-level arsenic exposure reduces lung function in male population without skin lesions. Int J Public Health. 2014; 59:655-63
26. Sinha D, Mukherjee B, Bindhani B, Dutta K, Saha H, Prasad P, Ray MR. Chronic low level arsenic exposure inflicts pulmonary and systemic inflammation. J Cancer Sci Ther. 2014; 6: 062-069
27. Dutta K, Prasad P, Sinha D. Chronic low level arsenic exposure evokes inflammatory responses and DNA damage. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2015; 218: 564-574
28. Ramsey KA, Bosco A, McKenna KL, Carter KW, Elliot JG, Berry LJ, Sly PD, Larcombe AN, Zosky GR. In utero exposure to arsenic alters lung development and genes related to immune and mucociliary function in mice. Environ Health Perspect. 2013; 121:244-50
29. Hunt KM, Srivastava RK, Elmets CA, Athar M. The mechanistic basis of arsenicosis: pathogenesis of skin cancer. Cancer Lett. 2014; 354:211-9
30. Mukherjee S, Das D, Darbar S, Mukherjee M, Das AS, Mitra C. Arsenic trioxide generates oxidative stress and islet cell toxicity in rabbit. Curr Sci. 2004; 86:854-857
31. Connelly S, Zancosky K, Farah K. Arsenic-induced pancreatitis. Case Rep Gastrointest Med. 2011; 2011:758947
32. Zaloga GP, Deal J, Spurling T, Richter J, Chernow B. Unusual manifestations of arsenic intoxication. Am J Med Sci. 1985; 28 9:210-4
33. Yamano T, Yokote T, Akioka T, Hara S, Oka T, Tsuji M, Hanafusa T. [Acute pancreatitis during the treatment of relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia with As2O3]. [Article in Japanese]. Rinsho Ketsueki. 2006; 47:23-5
34. Hantson P, Haufroid V, Buchet JP, Mahieu P. Acute arsenic poisoning treated by intravenous dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and combined extrarenal epuration techniques. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2003; 41:1-6
35. Mohammed A, Janakiram NB, Madka V, Li M, Asch AS, Rao CV. Current Challenges and Opportunities for Chemoprevention of Pancreatic Cancer. Curr Med Chem. 2017 Feb 8. doi: 10.217 4/0929867324666170209104453. [Epub ahead of print]
36. Dangleben NL, Skibola CF, Smith MT. Arsenic immunotoxicity: a review. Environ Health. 2013; 12:73
37. Nadeau KC, Li Z, Farzan S, Koestler D, Robbins D, Fei DL, Malipatlolla M, Maecker H, Enelow R, Korrick S, Karagas MR. In utero arsenic exposure and fetal immune repertoire in a US pregnancy cohort. Clin Immunol. 2014; 155:188-97
38. Naujokas MF, Anderson B, Ahsan H, Aposhian HV, Graziano JH, Thompson C, Suk WA. The broad scope of health effects from chronic arsenic exposure: update on a worldwide public health problem. Environ Health Perspect. 2013; 121:295-302
39. Baris D, Waddell R, Beane Freeman LE, Schwenn M, Colt JS, Ayotte JD, Ward MH, Nuckols J, Schned A, Jackson B, Clerkin C, Rothman N, Moore LE, et al. Elevated Bladder Cancer in Northern New England: The Role of Drinking Water and Arsenic. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016; 108
40. Heck JE, Andrew AS, Onega T, Rigas JR, Jackson BP, Karagas MR, Duell EJ. Lung cancer in a U.S. population with low to moderate arsenic exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2009; 117:1718-23
41. Mayer JE, Goldman RH. Arsenic and skin cancer in the USA: the current evidence regarding arsenic-contaminated drinking water. Int J Dermatol. 2016; 55:e585-e591
42. Liu-Mares W, Mackinnon JA, Sherman R, Fleming LE, Rocha-Lima C, Hu JJ, Lee DJ. Pancreatic cancer clusters and arsenic-contaminated drinking water wells in Florida. BMC Cancer. 2013; 13:111
43. Ferreccio C, Sancha AM. Arsenic exposure and its impact on health in Chile. J Health Popul Nutr. 2006; 24:164-75
44. Steinmaus CM, Ferreccio C, Romo JA, Yuan Y, Cortes S, Marshall G, Moore LE, Balmes JR, Liaw J, Golden T, Smith AH. Drinking water arsenic in northern chile: high cancer risks 40 years after exposure cessation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013; 22:623-30
45. Steinmaus C, Ferreccio C, Acevedo J, Yuan Y, Liaw J, Durán V, Cuevas S, García J, Meza R, Valdés R, Valdés G, Benítez H, VanderLinde V, et al. Increased lung and bladder cancer incidence in adults after in utero and early-life arsenic exposure. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014; 23:1529-38
46. Ferreccio C, Smith AH, Durán V, Barlaro T, Benítez H, Valdés R, Aguirre JJ, Moore LE, Acevedo J, Vásquez MI, Pérez L, Yuan Y, Liaw J, et al. Case-control study of arsenic in drinking water and kidney cancer in uniquely exposed Northern Chile. Am J Epidemiol. 2013; 178:813-8
47. Ferreccio C, González C, Milosavjlevic V, Marshall G, Sancha AM, Smith AH. Lung cancer and arsenic concentrations in drinking water in Chile. Epidemiology. 2000; 11:673-9
48. Amaral AF, Porta M, Silverman DT, Milne RL, Kogevinas M, Rothman N, Cantor KP, Jackson BP, Pumarega JA, López T, Carrato A, Guarner L, Real FX, et al. Pancreatic cancer risk and levels of trace elements. Gut. 2012; 61:1583-8
49. Qiao YL, Taylor PR, Yao SX, Erozan YS, Luo XC, Barrett MJ, Yan QY, Giffen CA, Huang SQ, Maher MM, Forman MR, Tockman MS. Risk factors and early detection of lung cancer in a cohort of Chinese tin miners. Ann Epidemiol. 1997; 7:533-41
50. Taylor PR, Qiao YL, Schatzkin A, Yao SX, Lubin J, Mao BL, Rao JY, McAdams M, Xuan XZ, Li JY. Relation of arsenic exposure to lung cancer among tin miners in Yunnan Province, China. Br J Ind Med. 1989; 46:881-6
51. Hopenhayn-Rich C, Biggs ML, Smith AH. Lung and kidney cancer mortality associated with arsenic in drinking water in Córdoba, Argentina. Int J Epidemiol. 1998; 27:561-9
52. Hopenhayn-Rich C, Biggs ML, Fuchs A, Bergoglio R, Tello EE, Nicolli H, Smith AH. Bladder cancer mortality associated with arsenic in drinking water in Argentina. Epidemiology. 1996; 7:117-24
53. Tsuda T, Babazono A, Yamamoto E, Kurumatani N, Mino Y, Ogawa T, Kishi Y, Aoyama H. Ingested arsenic and internal cancer: a historical cohort study followed for 33 years. Am J Epidemiol. 1995; 141:198-209
54. Yorifuji T, Tsuda T, Doi H, Grandjean P. Cancer excess after arsenic exposure from contaminated milk powder. Environ Health Prev Med. 2011; 16:164-70
55. Chen Y, Ahsan H. Cancer burden from arsenic in drinking water in Bangladesh. Am J Public Health. 2004; 94:741-4
56. Morales KH, Ryan L, Kuo TL, Wu MM, Chen CJ. Risk of internal cancers from arsenic in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect. 2000; 108:655-61
57. Chen CL, Hsu LI, Chiou HY, Hsueh YM, Chen SY, Wu MM, Chen CJ; Blackfoot Disease Study Group. Ingested arsenic, cigarette smoking, and lung cancer risk: a followup study in arseniasis-endemic areas in Taiwan. JAMA. 2004; 292:2984-90
58. Smith AH, Hopenhayn-Rich C, Bates MN, Goeden HM, Hertz-Picciotto I, Duggan HM, Wood R, Kosnett MJ, Smith MT. Cancer risks from arsenic in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect. 1992; 97:259-67
59. Chen CJ, Chen CW, Wu MM, Kuo TL. Cancer potential in liver, lung, bladder and kidney due to ingested inorganic arsenic in drinking water. Br J Cancer. 1992; 66:888-92
60. Zhang XW, Yan XJ, Zhou ZR, Yang FF, Wu ZY, Sun HB, Liang WX, Song AX, Lallemand-Breitenbach V, Jeanne M, Zhang QY, Yang HY, Huang QH, et al. Arsenic trioxide controls the fate of the PML-RARalpha oncoprotein by directly binding PML. Science. 2010; 328:240-3
61. Lo-Coco F, Cicconi L, Breccia M. Current standard treatment of adult acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2016; 172:841-54
62. Wang ZY, Chen Z. Acute promyelocytic leukemia: from highly fatal to highly curable. Blood. 2008; 111:2505-2515
63. Norsworthy KJ, Altman JK. Optimal treatment strategies for high-risk acute promyelocytic leukemia. Curr Opin Hematol. 2016; 23:127-36
64. Falchi L, Verstovsek S, Ravandi-Kashani F, Kantarjian HM. The evolution of arsenic in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia and other myeloid neoplasms: moving toward an effective oral, outpatient therapy. Cancer. 2016; 122:1160-8
65. Li W, Wang M, Wang L, Ji S, Zhang J, Zhang C. Icariin synergizes with arsenic trioxide to suppress human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2014; 6 8:427-36
66. Lang M, Wang X, Wang H, Dong J, Lan C, Hao J, Huang C, Li X, Yu M, Yang Y, Yang S, Ren H. Arsenic trioxide plus PX-478 achieves effective treatment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Lett. 2016; 378:87-96
67. USA the National Institute of Health (https://clinicaltrials. gov/) (searched March 7, 2017)
68. Alamolhodaei NS, Shirani K, Karimi G. Arsenic cardiotoxicity: an overview. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015; 40:1005-14
69. Ellinsworth DC. Arsenic, reactive oxygen, and endothelial dysfunction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2015; 35 3:458-64
70. Jyoti U, Kansal SK, Kumar P, Goyal S. Possible vasculoprotective role of linagliptin against sodium arsenite-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2016; 389:167-75
71. Nirwane A, Pawar V, Majumdar A. Therapeutic interventions using a combination of Telmisartan and omega 3-fatty acids in sodium arsenite-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction in rats: modulation through ATPsensitive K+ channels and eNOS. J Complement Integr Med. 2015; 12:143-51
72. Kesavan M, Sarath TS, Kannan K, Suresh S, Gupta P, Vijayakaran K, Sankar P, Kurade NP, Mishra SK, Sarkar SN. Atorvastatin restores arsenic-induced vascular dysfunction in rats: modulation of nitric oxide signaling and inflammatory mediators. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2014; 280:107-16
73. Kaur T, Goel RK, Balakumar P. Effect of rosiglitazone in sodium arsenite-induced experimental vascular endothelial dysfunction. Arch Pharm Res. 2010; 33:611-8
74. Verma S, Reddy K, Balakumar P. The defensive effect of benfotiamine in sodium arsenite-induced experimental vascular endothelial dysfunction. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010;137:96-109
75. Andersen O, Aaseth J. A review of pitfalls and progress in chelation treatment of metal poisonings. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2016; 38:74-80
76. Baker DH, Czarnecki-Maulden GL. Pharmacologic role of cysteine in ameliorating or exacerbating mineral toxicities. J Nutr. 1987; 117:1003-10
77. Domingo JL. Prevention by chelating agents of metalinduced developmental toxicity. Reprod Toxicol. 1995; 9:105-13
78. Kosnett MJ. The role of chelation in the treatment of arsenic and mercury poisoning. J Med Toxicol. 2013; 9:347-354
79. Guha Mazumder DN, Ghoshal UC, Saha J, Santra A, De BK, Chatterjee A, Dutta S, Angle CR, Centeno JA. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid in therapy of chronic arsenicosis due to drinking arsenic-contaminated subsoil water. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1998; 3 6:683-90
80. Guha Mazumder DN, De BK, Santra A, Ghosh N, Das S, Lahiri S, Das T. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of 2, 3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonate (DMPS) in therapy of chronic arsenicosis due to drinking arsenic-contaminated water. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2001; 39:665-74
81. Kadirvel R, Sundaram K, Mani S, Samuel S, Elango N, Panneerselvam C. Supplementation of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol prevents arsenic-induced protein oxidation and DNA damage induced by arsenic in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2007; 26:939-46
82. Mukherjee S, Das D, Mukherjee M, Das AS, Mitra C. Synergistic effect of folic acid and vitamin B12 in ameliorating arsenic-induced oxidative damage in pancreatic tissue of rat. J Nutr Biochem. 2006; 17:319-27
83. Powell SR. The antioxidant properties of zinc. J Nutr. 2000; 130(5S Suppl):1447S-54S
84. Kumar A, Malhotra A, Nair P, Garg M, Dhawan DK. Protective role of zinc in ameliorating arsenic-induced oxidative stress and histological changes in rat liver. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2010; 29:91-100
85. Ahmad M, Wadaa MA, Farooq M, Daghestani MH, Sami AS. Effectiveness of zinc in modulating perinatal effects of arsenic on the teratological effects in mice offspring. Biol Res. 2013; 46:131-8
86. Xu Z, Wang Z, Li JJ, Chen C, Zhang PC, Dong L, Chen JH, Chen Q, Zhang XT, Wang ZL. Protective effects of selenium on oxidative damage and oxidative stress related gene expression in rat liver under chronic poisoning of arsenic. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013; 58:1-7
87. Wang D, Lin L, Li X, Sun GF. Effects of glutathione on the in vivo metabolism and oxidative stress of arsenic in mice. J Toxicol Sci. 2015; 40:577-83
88. Ramírez T, Stopper H, Hock R, Herrera LA. Prevention of aneuploidy by S-adenosyl-methionine in human cells treated with sodium arsenite. Mutat Res. 2007; 617:16-22
89. Zhang J, Pan X, Li N, Li X, Wang Y, Liu X, Yin X, Yu Z. Grape seed extract attenuates arsenic-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Exp Ther Med. 2014; 7:260-266
90. Sinha D, Roy M. Antagonistic role of tea against sodium arsenite-induced oxidative DNA damage and inhibition of DNA repair in Swiss albino mice. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2011; 30:311-22
91. Sinha D, Roy S, Roy M. Antioxidant potential of tea reduces arsenite induced oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010; 48:1032-9
92. Patra M, Halder A, Bhowmik N, De M. Use of black tea in modulating clastogenic effects of arsenic in mice in vivo. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2005; 24:201-10
93. Sárközi K, Papp A, Horváth E, Máté Z, Ferencz á, Hermesz E, Krisch J, Paulik E, Szabó A. Green tea and vitamin C ameliorate some neuro-functional and biochemical signs of arsenic toxicity in rats. Nutr Neurosci. 2016; 19:102-9
94. Yu M, Xue J, Li Y, Zhang W, Ma D, Liu L, Zhang Z. Resveratrol protects against arsenic trioxide-induced nephrotoxicity by facilitating arsenic metabolism and decreasing oxidative stress. Arch Toxicol. 2013; 87:1025-35
95. Fan Y, Chen M, Meng J, Yu L, Tu Y, Wan L, Fang K, Zhu W. Arsenic trioxide and resveratrol show synergistic anti-leukemia activity and neutralized cardiotoxicity. PLoS One. 2014; 9:e105890
96. Ghosh A, Mandal AK, Sarkar S, Das N. Hepatoprotective and neuroprotective activity of liposomal quercetin in combating chronic arsenic induced oxidative damage in liver and brain of rats. Drug Deliv. 2011; 18:451-9
97. Bongiovanni GA, Soria EA, Eynard AR. Effects of the plant flavonoids silymarin and quercetin on arsenite-induced oxidative stress in CHO-K1 cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007; 45:971-6
98. Jahan S, Iftikhar N, Ullah H, Rukh G, Hussain I. Alleviative effect of quercetin on rat testis against arsenic: a histological and biochemical study. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2015; 6 1:89-95
99. Gao S, Duan X, Wang X, Dong D, Liu D, Li X, Sun G, Li B. Curcumin attenuates arsenic-induced hepatic injuries and oxidative stress in experimental mice through activation of Nrf2 pathway, promotion of arsenic methylation and urinary excretion. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013; 59:739-47
100. El-Demerdash FM, Yousef MI, Radwan FM. Ameliorating effect of curcumin on sodium arsenite-induced oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation in different rat organs. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009; 47:249-54
101. Biswas J, Sinha D, Mukherjee S, Roy S, Siddiqi M, Roy M. Curcumin protects DNA damage in a chronically arsenicexposed population of West Bengal. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2010; 29:513-24
102. Poojan S, Kumar S, Verma V, Dhasmana A, Lohani M, Verma MK. Disruption of Skin Stem Cell Homeostasis following Transplacental Arsenicosis; Alleviation by Combined Intake of Selenium and Curcumin. PLoS One. 2015; 10:e0142818
103. Choudhury S, Ghosh S, Mukherjee S, Gupta P, Bhattacharya S, Adhikary A, Chattopadhyay S. Pomegranate protects against arsenic-induced p53-dependent ROS-mediated inflammation and apoptosis in liver cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2016; 38:25-40
104. Shafik NM, El Batsh MM. Protective Effects of Combined Selenium and Punica granatum Treatment on Some Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers in Arsenic-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2016; 169:121-8
105. Samadder A, Das J, Das S, Khuda-Bukhsh AR. Dihydroxyisosteviol-methyl-ester, an active biological component of Pulsatilla nigricans, reduces arsenic induced cellular dysfunction in testis of male mice. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2012; 34:743-52
106. Das J, Ghosh J, Manna P, Sinha M, Sil PC. Taurine protects rat testes against NaAsO(2)-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis via mitochondrial dependent and independent pathways. Toxicol Lett. 2009; 187:201-10
107. Sepand MR, Razavi-Azarkhiavi K, Omidi A, Zirak MR, Sabzevari S, Kazemi AR, Sabzevari O. Effect of Acetyl-L-Carnitine on Antioxidant Status, Lipid Peroxidation, and Oxidative Damage of Arsenic in Rat. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2016; 171:107-15
108. Rana T, Bera AK, Das S, Bhattacharya D, Pan D, Bandyopadhyay S, Mondal DK, Samanta S, Bandyopadhyay S, Das SK. Pleurotus florida lectin normalizes duration dependent hepatic oxidative stress responses caused by arsenic in rat. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2012; 64:665-71
109. Dixit S, Dhar P, Mehra RD. Protective role of exogenous a-lipoic acid (ALA) on hippocampal antioxidant status and memory function in rat pups exposed to sodium arsenite during the early post-natal period. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2011; 21:216-24
110. Biomarkers in Risk Assessment: Validity And Validation. World Health Organization. Geneva, 2001
111. Zhang J, Shen H, Xu W, Xia Y, Barr DB, Mu X, Wang X, Liu L, Huang Q, Tian M. Urinary metabolomics revealed arsenic internal dose-related metabolic alterations: a proofof-concept study in a Chinese male cohort. Environ Sci Technol. 2014; 48:12265-74
112. Olivas-Calderón E, Recio-Vega R, Gandolfi AJ, Lantz RC, González-Cortes T, Gonzalez-De Alba C, Froines JR, Espinosa-Fematt JA. Lung inflammation biomarkers and lung function in children chronically exposed to arsenic. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2015; 287:161-7
113. Halatek T, Sinczuk-Walczak H, Janasik B, Trzcinka-Ochocka M, Winnicka R, Wasowicz W. Health effects and arsenic species in urine of copper smelter workers. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2014; 49:787-97
114. Rager JE, Bailey KA, Smeester L, Miller SK, Parker JS, Laine JE, Drobná Z, Currier J, Douillet C, Olshan AF, Rubio-Andrade M, Stýblo M, García-Vargas G, et al. Prenatal arsenic exposure and the epigenome: altered microRNAs associated with innate and adaptive immune signaling in newborn cord blood. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2014; 55:196-208
115. Chou WC, Chung YT, Chen HY, Wang CJ, Ying TH, Chuang CY, Tseng YC, Wang SL. Maternal arsenic exposure and DNA damage biomarkers, and the associations with birth outcomes in a general population from Taiwan. PLoS One. 2014; 9:e86398
116. Islam MS, Mohanto NC, Karim MR, Aktar S, Hoque MM, Rahman A, Jahan M, Khatun R, Aziz A, Salam KA, Saud ZA, Hossain M, Rahman A, et al. Elevated concentrations of serum matrix metalloproteinase-2 and-9 and their associations with circulating markers of cardiovascular diseases in chronic arsenic-exposed individuals. Environ Health. 2015;14:92
117. Li Y, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wei Y, Feng H, Wang C, Wei W, Ding Y, Sun D. Changes in serum thioredoxin among individuals chronically exposed to arsenic in drinking water. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2012; 259:124-32
118. Wu F, Jasmine F, Kibriya MG, Liu M, Wójcik O, Parvez F, Rahaman R, Roy S, Paul-Brutus R, Segers S, Slavkovich V, Islam T, Levy D, et al. Association between arsenic exposure from drinking water and plasma levels of cardiovascular markers. Am J Epidemiol. 2012; 175:1252-61
119. Lin TS, Wu CC, Wu JD, Wei CH. Oxidative DNA damage estimated by urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and arsenic in glass production workers. Toxicol Ind Health. 2012; 28:513-21