Cancer screening in the elderly: A review of breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer screening

Cancer Journal (United States)

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 246-253

  Kotwal, Ashwin A ^a   Schonberg, Mara A ^b  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging; cancer screening; geriatrics; life expectancy; older adults

Indexed keywords

AGED; BREAST CANCER; CANCER SCREENING; COLORECTAL CANCER; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; GERIATRIC CARE; HUMAN; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LUNG CANCER; PATIENT PREFERENCE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; AGE; CLINICAL DECISION MAKING; EARLY CANCER DIAGNOSIS; FEMALE; MALE; MASS SCREENING; NEOPLASM; PROCEDURES; VERY ELDERLY;

AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CLINICAL DECISION-MAKING; EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER; EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MASS SCREENING; NEOPLASMS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC;

EID: 85026837501     PISSN: 15289117     EISSN: 1540336X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/PPO.0000000000000274     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Eckstrom E, Feeny DH, Walter LC, et al. Individualizing cancer screening in older adults: a narrative review and framework for future research. J Gen Intern Med. 2013; 28: 292-298.
2. Clarfield AM. Screening in frail older people: an ounce of prevention or a pound of trouble? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010; 58: 2016-2021.
3. Walter LC, Covinsky KE. Cancer screening in elderly patients: a framework for individualized decision making. JAMA. 2001; 285: 2750-2756.
4. Walter LC, Lewis CL, Barton MB. Screening for colorectal, breast, and cervical cancer in the elderly: a review of the evidence. Am J Med. 2005; 118: 1078-1086.
5. Sachs GA, Carter R, Holtz LR, et al. Cognitive impairment: an independent predictor of excess mortality: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2011; 155: 300-308.
6. Lewis CL, Couper MP, Levin CA, et al. Plans to stop cancer screening tests among adults who recently considered screening. J Gen Intern Med. 2010; 25: 859-864.
7. Lewis CL, Kistler CE, Amick HR, et al. Older adults attitudes about continuing cancer screening later in life: a pilot study interviewing residents of two continuing care communities. BMC Geriatr. 2006; 6: 10.
8. Torke AM, Schwartz PH, Holtz LR, et al. Older adults and forgoing cancer screening: I think it would be strange. JAMA Intern Med. 2013; 173: 526-531.
9. AGS-Choosing Wisely. American Geriatrics Society identifies another five things that healthcare providers and patients should question. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014; 62: 950-960.
10. Society of General Internal Medicine (SGIM)-Choosing Wisely. 2013. Available at: http://www.choosingwisely.org/societies/society-of-generalinternal-medicine/. Accessed April 5, 2017.
11. Schonberg MA, Davis RB, McCarthy EP, et al. External validation of an index to predict up to 9-year mortality of community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011; 59: 1444-1451.
12. Schonberg MA, Davis RB, McCarthy EP, et al. Index to predict 5-year mortality of community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older using data from the National Health Interview Survey. J Gen InternMed. 2009; 24: 1115-1122.
13. Lee SJ, Lindquist K, Segal MR, et al. Development and validation of a prognostic index for 4-year mortality in older adults. JAMA. 2006; 295: 801-808.
14. Lee SJ, Leipzig RM, Walter LC. Incorporating lag time to benefit into prevention decisions for older adults. JAMA. 2013; 310: 2609-2610.
15. Lee SJ, Boscardin WJ, Stijacic-Cenzer I, et al. Time lag to benefit after screening for breast and colorectal cancer: meta-Analysis of survival data from the United States, Sweden, United Kingdom, and Denmark. BMJ. 2013; 346: e8441.
16. Ko CW, Sonnenberg A. Comparing risks and benefits of colorectal cancer screening in elderly patients. Gastroenterology. 2005; 129: 1163-1170.
17. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CACancer J Clin. 2016; 66: 7-30.
18. Clipp EC, Carver EH, Pollak KI, et al. Age-related vulnerabilities of older adults with colon adenomas: evidence from Project Prevent. Cancer. 2004; 100: 1085-1094.
19. Winawer S, Shike M. Prevention and control of colorectal cancer. In: Greenwald P, Kramer BS, Weed D, eds. Cancer Prevention and Control. New York: Marcell-Dekker. 1995: 537-560.
20. Brenner H, Hoffmeister M, Stegmaier C, et al. Risk of progression of advanced adenomas to colorectal cancer by age and sex: estimates based on 840 149 screening colonoscopies. Gut. 2007; 56: 1585-1589.
21. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for colorectal cancer: recommendation and rationale. Ann Intern Med. 2002; 137: 129-131.
22. Siegel R, DeSantis C, Jemal A. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin. 2014; 64: 104-117.
23. Schonberg MA, Li VW, Eliassen AH, et al. Accounting for individualized competing mortality risks in estimating postmenopausal breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2016; 160: 547-562.
24. Siu AL. Screening for breast cancer: U. S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2016; 164: 279-296.
25. US Preventive Services Task Force. Prostate cancer screening draft recommendations. 2017. Available at: https://screeningforprostatecancer.org/. Accessed April 27, 2017.
26. Wolf A, Wender RC, Etzioni RB, et al. American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of prostate cancer: update 2010. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010; 60: 70-98.
27. Carter HB. American Urological Association (AUA) guideline on prostate cancer detection: process and rationale. BJU Int. 2013; 112: 543-547.
28. Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2016; 315: 2564-2575.
29. Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, et al. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multisociety Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008; 58: 130-160.
30. Rex DK, Johnson DA, Anderson JC, et al. American College of Gastroenterology guidelines for colorectal cancer screening 2009 [corrected]. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009; 104: 739-750.
31. Qaseem A, Denberg TD, Hopkins RH, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: a guidance statement from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2012; 156: 378-386.
32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Current cigarette smoking among adults-United States, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012; 61: 889-894.
33. Pinsky PF, Gierada DS, Hocking W, et al. National Lung Screening Trial findings by age: Medicare-eligible versus under-65 population. Ann Intern Med. 2014; 161: 627-633.
34. Lin JS, Piper MA, Perdue LA, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2016; 315: 2576-2594.
35. Hardcastle JD, Chamberlain JO, Robinson MH, et al. Randomised controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer. Lancet. 1996; 348: 1472-1477.
36. Scholefield JH, Moss SM, Mangham CM, et al. Nottinghamtrial of faecal occult blood testing for colorectal cancer: a 20-year follow-up. Gut. 2012; 61: 1036-1040.
37. Kronborg O, Fenger C, Olsen J, et al. Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test. Lancet. 1996; 348: 1467-1471.
38. Kronborg O, Jørgensen OD, Fenger C, et al. Randomized study of biennial screening with a faecal occult blood test: results after nine screening rounds. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2004; 39: 846-851.
39. Faivre J, Dancourt V, Lejeune C, et al. Reduction in colorectal cancer mortality by fecal occult blood screening in a French controlled study. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126: 1674-1680.
40. Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR, et al. Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study. N Engl JMed. 1993; 328: 1365-1371.
41. Mandel JS, Church TR, Bond JH, et al. The effect of fecal occult-blood screening on the incidence of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343: 1603-1607.
42. Shaukat A, Mongin SJ, Geisser MS, et al. Long-Term mortality after screening for colorectal cancer. N Engl JMed. 2013; 369: 1106-1114.
43. Schoen RE, Pinsky PF, Weissfeld JL, et al. Colorectal-cancer incidence and mortality with screening flexible sigmoidoscopy. N Engl J Med. 2012; 366: 2345-2357.
44. Nishihara R, Wu K, Lochhead P, et al. Long-Term colorectal-cancer incidence and mortality after lower endoscopy. N Engl J Med. 2013; 369: 1095-1105.
45. Sonnenberg A, Delcò F. Cost-effectiveness of a single colonoscopy in screening for colorectal cancer. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162: 163-168.
46. Warren JL, Klabunde CN, Mariotto AB, et al. Adverse events after outpatient colonoscopy in theMedicare population. Ann InternMed. 2009; 150: 849-857.
47. Schonberg MA, Breslau ES, Hamel MB, et al. Colon cancer screening in US adults aged 65 and older according to life expectancy and age. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015; 63: 750-756.
48. Volk RJ, Linder SK, Lopez-Olivo MA, et al. Patient decision aids for colorectal cancer screening: a systematic review and meta-Analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2016; 51: 779-791.
49. Lewis CL, Golin CE, DeLeon C, et al. A targeted decision aid for the elderly to decide whether to undergo colorectal cancer screening: development and results of an uncontrolled trial. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2010; 10: 1.
50. Bechis SK, Carroll PR, Cooperberg MR. Impact of age at diagnosis on prostate cancer treatment and survival. J Clin Oncol. 2011; 29: 235-241.
51. Andriole GL, Crawford ED, Grubb RL III, et al. Mortality results from a randomized prostate-cancer screening trial. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360: 1310-1319.
52. Shoag JE, Mittal S, Hu JC. Reevaluating PSA testing rates in the PLCO trial. N Engl JMed. 2016; 374: 1795-1796.
53. Pinsky PF, Prorok PC, Yu K, et al. Extended mortality results for prostate cancer screening in the PLCO trial with median follow-up of 15 years. Cancer. 2017; 123: 592-599.
54. Crawford ED, Grubb R III, Black A, et al. Comorbidity and mortality results from a randomized prostate cancer screening trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010; 29: 355-361.
55. Schröder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, et al. Screening and prostatecancer mortality in a randomized European study. N Engl J Med. 2009; 2009: 1320-1328.
56. Schröder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, et al. Screening and prostate cancer mortality: results of the European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) at 13 years of follow-up. The Lancet. 2014; 384: 2027-2035.
57. Brawer MK. Prostate-specific antigen: current status. CA Cancer J Clin. 1999; 49: 264-281.
58. Loeb S, Carter HB, Berndt SI, et al. Complications after prostate biopsy: data from SEER-Medicare. J Urol. 2011; 186: 1830-1834.
59. Loeb S, Vellekoop A, Ahmed HU, et al. Systematic review of complications of prostate biopsy. Eur Urol. 2013; 64: 876-892.
60. Rosario DJ, Lane JA, Metcalfe C, et al. Short term outcomes of prostate biopsy in men tested for cancer by prostate specific antigen: prospective evaluation within ProtecT study. BMJ. 2012; 344: d7894.
61. Welch HG, Black WC. Overdiagnosis in cancer. J NatlCancer Inst. 2010; 102: 605-613.
62. Draisma G, Etzioni R, Tsodikov A, et al. Lead time and overdiagnosis in prostate-specific antigen screening: importance of methods and context. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009; 101: 374-383.
63. Roussel B, Ouellet GM, Mohile SG, et al. Prostate cancer in elderly men: screening, active surveillance, and definitive therapy. Clin Geriatr Med. 2015; 31: 615-629.
64. Moyer VA. Screening for prostate cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2012; 157: 120-134.
65. Walter LC, Bertenthal D, Lindquist K, et al. PSA screening among elderly men with limited life expectancies. JAMA. 2006; 296: 2336-2342.
66. Kotwal AA, Mohile SG, Dale W. Remaining life expectancy measurement and PSA screening of older men. J Geriatr Oncol. 2012; 3: 196-204.
67. Drazer MW, Prasad SM, Huo D, et al. National trends in prostate cancer screening among older American men with limited 9-year life expectancies: evidence of an increased need for shared decision making. Cancer. 2014; 120: 1491-1498.
68. Drazer MW, Huo D, Eggener SE. National prostate cancer screening rates after the 2012 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation discouraging prostate-specific antigen-based screening. J Clin Oncol. 2015; 33: 2416-2423.
69. Taylor KL, Williams RM, Davis K, et al. Decisionmaking in prostate cancer screening using decision aids vs usual care: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2013; 173: 1704-1712.
70. Barry MJ, Wexler RM, Brackett CD, et al. Responses to a decision aid on prostate cancer screening in primary care practices. Am J PrevMed. 2015; 49: 520-525.
71. American Cancer Society (ACS). Breast Cancer Facts &Figures 2015-2016. Table 1. Estimated New Female Breast Cancer Cases and Deaths by Age, US, 2015. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-And-statistics/breast-cancer-factsand-figures/breast-cancer-facts-And-figures-2015-2016.pdf. Accessed January 25, 2017.
72. Oeffinger KC, Fontham ET, Etzioni R, et al. Breast cancer screening for women at average risk: 2015 guideline update from the American Cancer Society. JAMA. 2015; 314: 1599-1614.
73. Pace LE, Keating NL. A systematic assessment of benefits and risks to guide breast cancer screening decisions. JAMA. 2014; 311: 1327-1335.
74. Nyström L, Andersson I, Bjurstam N, et al. Long-Term effects of mammography screening: updated overview of the Swedish randomised trials. Lancet. 2002; 359: 909-919.
75. Schonberg MA, Breslau ES, McCarthy EP. Targeting of mammography screening according to life expectancy in women aged 75 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013; 61: 388-395.
76. Barratt A, Howard K, Irwig L, et al. Model of outcomes of screening mammography: information to support informed choices. BMJ. 2005; 330: 936.
77. Walter LC, Schonberg MA. Screening mammography in older women: a review. JAMA. 2014; 311: 1336-1347.
78. Henderson LM, OMeara ES, Braithwaite D, et al. Performance of digital screeningmammography among olderwomen in theUnited States. Cancer. 2015; 121: 1379-1386.
79. Kerlikowske K, Hubbard RA, Miglioretti DL, et al. Comparative effectiveness of digital versus film-screen mammography in community practice in the United States: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2011; 155: 493-502.
80. McCarthy EP, Burns RB, Freund KM, et al. Mammography use, breast cancer stage at diagnosis, and survival among older women. J AmGeriatr Soc. 2000; 48: 1226-1233.
81. Braithwaite D, Zhu W, Hubbard RA, et al. Screening outcomes in older US women undergoing multiple mammograms in community practice: does interval, age, or comorbidity score affect tumor characteristics or false positive rates? J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013; 105: 334-341.
82. Schonberg MA, Silliman RA, Marcantonio ER. Weighing the benefits and burdens of mammography screening among women age 80 years or older. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27: 1774-1780.
83. Schonberg MA, Silliman RA, Ngo LH, et al. Older womens experience with a benign breast biopsy-A mixed methods study. J Gen Intern Med. 2014; 29: 1631-1640.
84. Schonberg MA, Marcantonio ER, Li D, et al. Breast cancer among the oldest old: tumor characteristics, treatment choices, and survival. J Clin Oncol. 2010; 28: 2038-2045.
85. Van Ravesteyn NT, Stout NK, Schechter CB, et al. Benefits and harms of mammography screening after age 74 years: model estimates of overdiagnosis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015; 107: djv103.
86. Etzioni R, Gulati R. Recognizing the limitations of cancer overdiagnosis studies: a first step towards overcoming them. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015; 108: djv345.
87. Jørgensen KJ, Gøtzsche PC, Kalager M, et al. Breast cancer screening in Denmark: a cohort study of tumor size and overdiagnosis. Ann Intern Med. 2017; 166: 313-323.
88. Bleyer A, Welch HG. Effect of three decades of screening mammography on breast-cancer incidence. N Engl JMed. 2012; 367: 1998-2005.
89. Schonberg MA, Hamel MB, Davis RB, et al. Development and evaluation of a decision aid on mammography screening for women 75 years and older. JAMA Intern Med. 2014; 174: 417-424.
90. American Cancer Society (ACS). Estimated new cases for the four major cancers by sex and age group, 2016. 2016. Available at: https://www.cancer org/research/cancer-facts-statistics/all-cancer-facts-figures/cancerfacts-figures-2016.html. Accessed January 27, 2017.
91. Alberg AJ, Samet JM. Epidemiology of lung cancer. Chest. 2003; 123 (1 suppl): 21S-49S.
92. Humphrey LL, Deffebach M, Pappas M, et al. Screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography: a systematic review to update the US Preventive services task force recommendation. Ann Intern Med. 2013; 159: 411-420.
93. Moyer VA. Screening for lung cancer: U. S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014; 160: 330-338.
94. Wender R, Fontham ET, Barrera E Jr, et al. American Cancer Society lung cancer screening guidelines. CA Cancer J Clin. 2013; 63: 106-117.
95. Prorok PC, Andriole GL, Bresalier RS, et al. Design of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial. Control Clin Trials. 2000; 21: 273S-309S.
96. Oken MM, Hocking WG, Kvale PA, et al. Screening by chest radiograph and lung cancer mortality: the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) randomized trial. JAMA. 2011; 306: 1865-1873.
97. Pinsky PF, Church TR, Izmirlian G, et al. The National Lung Screening Trial: results stratified by demographics, smoking history, and lung cancer histology. Cancer. 2013; 119: 3976-3983.
98. Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365: 395-409.
99. Bach PB, Mirkin JN, Oliver TK, et al. Benefits and harms of CT screening for lung cancer: a systematic review. JAMA. 2012; 307: 2418-2429.
100. Li F, Sone S, Abe H, et al. Lung cancers missed at low-dose helical CT screening in a general population: comparison of clinical, histopathologic, and imaging findings. Radiology. 2002; 225: 673-683.
101. Patz EF, Pinsky P, Gatsonis C, et al. Overdiagnosis in low-dose computed tomography screening for lung cancer. JAMA Intern Med. 2014; 174: 269-274.
102. Veronesi G, Maisonneuve P, Bellomi M, et al. Estimating overdiagnosis in low-dose computed tomography screening for lung cancer: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2012; 157: 776-784.
103. Tammemagi MC, Lam S. Screening for lung cancer using low dose computed tomography. BMJ. 2014; 348: g2253.
104. Harris RP, Sheridan SL, Lewis CL, et al. The harms of screening: a proposed taxonomy and application to lung cancer screening. JAMA Intern Med. 2014; 174: 281-286.
105. Lüchtenborg M, Riaz SP, Coupland VH, et al. High procedure volume is strongly associated with improved survival after lung cancer surgery. J ClinOncol. 2013; 31: 3141-3146.
106. Detterbeck FC, Mazzone PJ, Naidich DP, et al. Screening for lung cancer: diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013; 143(5 suppl): e78S-e92S.
107. Pinsky PF, Gierada DS, Black W, et al. Performance of Lung-RADS in the National Lung Screening Trial: a retrospective assessment. Ann Intern Med. 2015; 162: 485-491.
108. Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, et al. Baseline characteristics of participants in the randomized national lung screening trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010; 102: 1771-1779.
109. Wiener RS, Schwartz LM, Woloshin S, et al. Population-based risk for complications after transthoracic needle lung biopsy of a pulmonary nodule: an analysis of discharge records. Ann InternMed. 2011; 155: 137-144.
110. Kozower BD, Sheng S, OBrien SM, et al. STS database risk models: predictors of mortality and major morbidity for lung cancer resection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010; 90: 875-883.
111. Wender R, Fontham ET, Barrera E Jr, et al. American Cancer Society lung cancer screening guidelines. CA Cancer J Clin. 2013; 63: 107-117.
112. Falcoz PE, Conti M, Brouchet L, et al. The Thoracic Surgery Scoring System (Thoracoscore): risk model for in-hospital death in 15, 183 patients requiring thoracic surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007; 133: 325-332.
113. Scoring systems for ICU and surgical patients: Thoracoscore (the Thoracic Surgery Scoring System). Available at: http://www.sfar.org/scores2/thoracoscore2.php. Accessed January 30, 2017.
114. McMahon PM, Kong CY, Bouzan C, et al. Cost-effectiveness of computed tomography screening for lung cancer in the United States. J Thorac Oncol. 2011; 6: 1841-1848.
115. Centers for Medicare &Medicaid Services (CMS). Decision memo for screening for lung cancer with low dose computed tomography (LDCT). 2015. Available at: https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/details/nca-decision-memo.aspx?NCAId=274. Accessed January 26, 2017.
116. MSKCC. Lung Cancer Screening Decision Tool. 2014.Available at: http://nomograms.mskcc.org/Lung/Screening.aspx. Accessed January 27, 2017.
117. Kovalchik SA, Tammemagi M, Berg CD, et al. Targeting of low-dose CT screening according to the risk of lung-cancer death.N Engl JMed. 2013; 369: 245-254.
118. Katki HA, Kovalchik SA, Berg CD, et al. Development and validation of risk models to select ever-smokers for CT lung cancer screening. JAMA. 2016; 315: 2300-2311.
119. Volk RJ, Linder SK, Leal VB. Feasibility of a patient decision aid about lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography. Prev Med. 2014; 62: 60-63.
120. Veterans Affairs. Screening for lung cancer. 2014. Available at: http://www.prevention.va.gov/docs/LungCancerScreeningHandout.pdf. Accessed January 26, 2017.
121. Kinsinger LS, Anderson C, Kim J, et al. Implementation of lung cancer screening in the Veterans Health Administration. JAMA Intern Med. 2017; 177: 399-406.
122. Scherer LD, Caverly TJ, Burke J, et al. Development of the Medical Maximizer-Minimizer Scale. Health Psychol. 2016; 35: 1276-1287.
123. ePrognosis: Lee-Schonberg Index. Available at: http://eprognosis.ucsf.edu/leeschonberg.php. Accessed April 5th 2017.
124. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). United States Life Tables, 2012. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2012; 1-65.