메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-246

African-American Political Psychology: Identity, Opinion, and Action in the Post-Civil Rights Era

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 85026717058     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1057/9780230114340     Document Type: Book
Times cited : (2)

References (465)
  • 3
    • 0007245303 scopus 로고
    • Political efficacy and political trust among Black schoolchildren: Two explanations
    • Abramson, Paul. 1972. Political efficacy and political trust among Black schoolchildren: Two explanations. The Journal of Politics 34: 1243-75.
    • (1972) The Journal of Politics , vol.34 , pp. 1243-1275
    • Abramson, P.1
  • 5
    • 2942582811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction
    • ed. David R. Colburn and Jeffrey S. Adler. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
    • Adler, Jeffrey S. 2001. Introduction. In African-American mayors: Race, politics, and the American city, ed. David R. Colburn and Jeffrey S. Adler, 2-22. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
    • (2001) African-American mayors: Race, politics, and the American city , pp. 2-22
    • Adler, J.S.1
  • 7
    • 0027736612 scopus 로고
    • Minority proximity to whites in suburbs: An individual-level analysis of segregation
    • Alba, Richard D., and John R. Logan. 1993. Minority proximity to whites in suburbs: An individual-level analysis of segregation. The American Journal of Sociology 98(6): 1388-1427.
    • (1993) The American Journal of Sociology , vol.98 , Issue.6 , pp. 1388-1427
    • Alba, R.D.1    Logan, J.R.2
  • 9
    • 84976932759 scopus 로고
    • The media and social reality effects: Self and system orientations of Blacks
    • Allen, Richard L., and Hatchett, Shirley. 1986. The media and social reality effects: Self and system orientations of Blacks. Communication Research 13(1): 97-123.
    • (1986) Communication Research , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 97-123
    • Allen, R.L.1    Hatchett, S.2
  • 10
    • 84973973361 scopus 로고
    • A schema based approach to modeling an African-American racial belief system
    • Allen, Richard L., Michael C. Dawson, and Ronald E. Brown. 1989. A schema based approach to modeling an African-American racial belief system. American Political Science Review 83(2): 421-41.
    • (1989) American Political Science Review , vol.83 , Issue.2 , pp. 421-441
    • Allen, R.L.1    Dawson, M.C.2    Brown, R.E.3
  • 12
    • 85026701281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pre-and post-election survey [computer file]
    • American Psychological Association. 2010.
    • American national election study. 2008. Pre-and post-election survey [computer file]. American Psychological Association. 2010. http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/ psp/index.aspx.
    • (2008)
  • 13
    • 33846025232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Triple jeopardy: Black women and the growth of the feminist consciousness in SNCC, 1964-1975
    • ed. Kimberly Springer. New York: New York University Press.
    • Anderson-Bricker, Kristin. 1999. Triple jeopardy: Black women and the growth of the feminist consciousness in SNCC, 1964-1975. In Still lifting, still climbing: Contemporary African American women's activism, ed. Kimberly Springer, 49-69. New York: New York University Press.
    • (1999) Still lifting, still climbing: Contemporary African American women's activism , pp. 49-69
    • Anderson-Bricker, K.1
  • 14
    • 85026685472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of Black Psychologists. 2010. http://www.abpsi.org/index.php/ about-abpsi.
    • (2010)
  • 17
    • 84965693735 scopus 로고
    • African (Black) psychology: Issues and synthesis
    • Baldwin, Joseph A. 1986. African (Black) psychology: Issues and synthesis. Journal of Black Studies 16(3): 235-49.
    • (1986) Journal of Black Studies , vol.16 , Issue.3 , pp. 235-249
    • Baldwin, J.A.1
  • 19
    • 0242363017 scopus 로고
    • Stages of ethnicity: Implications for curriculum reform
    • ed. James A. Banks. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
    • Banks, James. 1981. Stages of ethnicity: Implications for curriculum reform. In Multiethnic Education: Theory and Practice, ed. James A. Banks, 129-139. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
    • (1981) Multiethnic Education: Theory and Practice , pp. 129-139
    • Banks, J.1
  • 21
    • 84937293659 scopus 로고
    • The policy priorities of African-American women in state legislatures
    • Barrett, Edith J. 1995. The policy priorities of African-American women in state legislatures. Legislative Studies Quarterly 20(2): 223-47.
    • (1995) Legislative Studies Quarterly , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 223-247
    • Barrett, E.J.1
  • 22
    • 0001887241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond biblical literalism and inerrancy: Conservative Protestants and the hermeneutic interpretation of scripture
    • Bartkowski, John. 1996. Beyond biblical literalism and inerrancy: Conservative Protestants and the hermeneutic interpretation of scripture. Sociology of Religion 57(3): 259-72.
    • (1996) Sociology of Religion , vol.57 , Issue.3 , pp. 259-272
    • Bartkowski, J.1
  • 26
    • 0012264256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of economic well-being: Health insurance, 1993 to 1995. Who loses coverage and for how long? U.S. Census Bureau Report
    • (August) (accessed January 11, 2010).
    • Bennefield, Robert. 1998. Dynamics of economic well-being: Health insurance, 1993 to 1995. Who loses coverage and for how long? U.S. Census Bureau Report. (August), http://www.census.gov/sipp/p70s/p70-64.pdf (accessed January 11, 2010).
    • (1998)
    • Bennefield, R.1
  • 30
    • 85050421021 scopus 로고
    • Sociology of religion and sociology of knowledge
    • Berger, Peter, and Thomas Luckmann. 1963. Sociology of religion and sociology of knowledge. Sociology and Social Research 47(4): 417-27.
    • (1963) Sociology and Social Research , vol.47 , Issue.4 , pp. 417-427
    • Berger, P.1    Luckmann, T.2
  • 31
    • 84984525561 scopus 로고
    • Social categorization and similarity in intergroup behaviour
    • Billig, Michael, and Henri Tajfel. 1973. Social categorization and similarity in intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology 3(1): 27-52.
    • (1973) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 27-52
    • Billig, M.1    Tajfel, H.2
  • 32
    • 0019844828 scopus 로고
    • The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events
    • Billings, Andrew G., and Rudolf H. Moos. 1981. The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 4(2): 139-57.
    • (1981) Journal of Behavioral Medicine , vol.4 , Issue.2 , pp. 139-157
    • Billings, A.G.1    Moos, R.H.2
  • 34
    • 85026693614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Usually, but not always": A report on the race gap in political interest, 1952-2004
    • Block, Ray, Jr. 2007. "Usually, but not always": A report on the race gap in political interest, 1952-2004. The Crisis: NAACP Special Edition 114: 13-17.
    • (2007) The Crisis: NAACP Special Edition , vol.114 , pp. 13-17
    • Block, R.1
  • 36
    • 84971688600 scopus 로고
    • Race, sociopolitical participation, and Black empowerment
    • Bobo, Lawrence, and Franklin D. Gilliam, Jr. 1990. Race, sociopolitical participation, and Black empowerment. The American Political Science Review 84(2): 377-93.
    • (1990) The American Political Science Review , vol.84 , Issue.2 , pp. 377-393
    • Bobo, L.1    Gilliam, F.D.2
  • 37
    • 0030318221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perceptions of racial group competition: Extending Blumer's theory of group position to a multiracial social context
    • Bobo, Lawrence, and Vincent L. Hutchings. 1996. Perceptions of racial group competition: Extending Blumer's theory of group position to a multiracial social context. American Sociological Review 61: 951-72.
    • (1996) American Sociological Review , vol.61 , pp. 951-972
    • Bobo, L.1    Hutchings, V.L.2
  • 38
    • 19744370807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A taste for punishment: Black and White Americans' views on the death penalty and the war on drugs
    • Bobo, Lawrence D., and Devon Johnson. 2004. A taste for punishment: Black and White Americans' views on the death penalty and the war on drugs. Dubois Review 1(1): 151-80.
    • (2004) Dubois Review , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 151-180
    • Bobo, L.D.1    Johnson, D.2
  • 39
    • 84883898846 scopus 로고
    • Opposition to race-targeting: Self-interest, stratification ideology, or racial attitudes?
    • Bobo, Lawrence, and James R. Kluegel. 1993. Opposition to race-targeting: Self-interest, stratification ideology, or racial attitudes? American Sociological Review 58: 443-64.
    • (1993) American Sociological Review , vol.58 , pp. 443-464
    • Bobo, L.1    Kluegel, J.R.2
  • 40
    • 0002433604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Status, ideology, and dimensions of Whites' racial beliefs and attitudes: Progress and stagnation
    • ed. Steven A. Tuch and Jack K. Martin. Westport, CT: Praeger.
    • Bobo, Lawrence, and James R. Kluegel. 1997. "Status, ideology, and dimensions of Whites' racial beliefs and attitudes: Progress and stagnation." In Race Attitudes in the 1990's: Continuity and Change, ed. Steven A. Tuch and Jack K. Martin, 93-120. Westport, CT: Praeger.
    • (1997) Race Attitudes in the 1990's: Continuity and Change , pp. 93-120
    • Bobo, L.1    Kluegel, J.R.2
  • 43
    • 0141783444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies.
    • Bositis, David A. 2000. Black elected officials. Washington, DC: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies.
    • (2000) Black elected officials
    • Bositis, D.A.1
  • 47
    • 8744247429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypothesis testing and multiplicative interaction terms
    • Fall
    • Braumoeller, Bear. 2004. Hypothesis testing and multiplicative interaction terms. International Organizations 58 (Fall): 807-20.
    • (2004) International Organizations , vol.58 , pp. 807-820
    • Braumoeller, B.1
  • 48
    • 0021731753 scopus 로고
    • Empirical validation of affect, behavior, and cognition as distinct components of attitude
    • Breckler, Steven J. 1984. Empirical validation of affect, behavior, and cognition as distinct components of attitude. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47(6): 1191-1205.
    • (1984) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.47 , Issue.6 , pp. 1191-1205
    • Breckler, S.J.1
  • 49
    • 26444459341 scopus 로고
    • In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis
    • Brewer, Marilynn B. 1979. In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin 86(2): 307-24.
    • (1979) Psychological Bulletin , vol.86 , Issue.2 , pp. 307-324
    • Brewer, M.B.1
  • 50
    • 0001418871 scopus 로고
    • The social self: On being the same and different at the same time
    • Brewer, Marilynn B. 1991. The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 17: 475-82.
    • (1991) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.17 , pp. 475-482
    • Brewer, M.B.1
  • 51
    • 0001613301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intergroup relations
    • ed. Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey. New York: McGraw-Hill.
    • Brewer, Marilynn B., and Rupert J. Brown. 1998. Intergroup relations. In Handbook of social psychology, ed. Daniel T. Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, 554-94. New York: McGraw-Hill.
    • (1998) Handbook of social psychology , pp. 554-594
    • Brewer, M.B.1    Brown, R.J.2
  • 52
    • 0002532848 scopus 로고
    • The puzzle of political participation in America
    • ed. Anthony King. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
    • Brody, Richard. 1978. The puzzle of political participation in America. In The new American political system, ed. Anthony King, 287-324. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
    • (1978) The new American political system , pp. 287-324
    • Brody, R.1
  • 53
    • 84928842041 scopus 로고
    • Racial group identifications among Black adults
    • Broman, Clifford, Harold Neighbors, and James Jackson. 1988. Racial group identifications among Black adults. Social Forces 67(1): 146-58.
    • (1988) Social Forces , vol.67 , Issue.1 , pp. 146-158
    • Broman, C.1    Neighbors, H.2    Jackson, J.3
  • 54
    • 26444433853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The protective role of ethnic and racial identity and aspects of an Africentric orientation against drug use among African American young adults
    • Brook, Judith S., and Kerstin Pahl. 2005. The protective role of ethnic and racial identity and aspects of an Africentric orientation against drug use among African American young adults. Journal of Genetic Psychology 166(3): 329-45.
    • (2005) Journal of Genetic Psychology , vol.166 , Issue.3 , pp. 329-345
    • Brook, J.S.1    Pahl, K.2
  • 55
    • 0035354424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Political contacts: Analyzing the role of similarity in theories of prejudice
    • Brown, Lisa M., and Gretchen E. Lopez. 2001. Political contacts: Analyzing the role of similarity in theories of prejudice. Political Psychology 22(2): 279-92.
    • (2001) Political Psychology , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 279-292
    • Brown, L.M.1    Lopez, G.E.2
  • 56
    • 84908893772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnicity and violence
    • ed. Montserrat Guiberman and John Rex. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
    • Brown, Michael E. 1997. Ethnicity and violence. In The ethnicity reader, ed. Montserrat Guiberman and John Rex, 80-100. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
    • (1997) The ethnicity reader , pp. 80-100
    • Brown, M.E.1
  • 59
    • 84974055132 scopus 로고
    • The relations of political science to history and to practice: Presidential address, fifth annual meeting of the American political science association
    • Bryce, James. 1909. The relations of political science to history and to practice: Presidential address, fifth annual meeting of the American political science association. American Political Science Review 3(1): 1-19.
    • (1909) American Political Science Review , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-19
    • Bryce, J.1
  • 61
    • 85047673929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of individual versus aggregate social comparison and the presence of others on self-evaluations
    • Buckingham, Justin T., and Mark D. Alicke. 2002. The influence of individual versus aggregate social comparison and the presence of others on self-evaluations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83: 1117-130.
    • (2002) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.83 , pp. 1117-1130
    • Buckingham, J.T.1    Alicke, M.D.2
  • 63
    • 67651178038 scopus 로고
    • The self: measurement requirements from an interactionist perspective
    • Burke, Peter J. 1980. The self: measurement requirements from an interactionist perspective. Social Psychology Quarterly 43(1): 18-29.
    • (1980) Social Psychology Quarterly , vol.43 , Issue.1 , pp. 18-29
    • Burke, P.J.1
  • 65
    • 0344098307 scopus 로고
    • Attraction as a linear function of proportion of positive reinforcements
    • Byrne, Donn, and Don Nelson. 1965. Attraction as a linear function of proportion of positive reinforcements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1(6): 659-63.
    • (1965) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.1 , Issue.6 , pp. 659-663
    • Byrne, D.1    Nelson, D.2
  • 66
    • 0030305725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African American churches and political mobilization: The psychological impact of organizational resources
    • Calhoun-Brown, Allison. 1996. African American churches and political mobilization: The psychological impact of organizational resources. The Journal of Politics 58(4): 935-53.
    • (1996) The Journal of Politics , vol.58 , Issue.4 , pp. 935-953
    • Calhoun-Brown, A.1
  • 67
    • 11544370986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The politics of Black Evangelicals: What hinders diversity in the Christian Right?
    • Calhoun-Brown, Allison. 1998. The politics of Black Evangelicals: What hinders diversity in the Christian Right?. American Politics Quarterly 26(1): 81-109.
    • (1998) American Politics Quarterly , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 81-109
    • Calhoun-Brown, A.1
  • 70
    • 0000213554 scopus 로고
    • Stereotypes and perception of group differences
    • Campbell, Donald T. 1967. Stereotypes and perception of group differences. American Psychologist 22: 812-29.
    • (1967) American Psychologist , vol.22 , pp. 812-829
    • Campbell, D.T.1
  • 72
    • 0030516465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The supply side of congressional redistricting: Race and strategic politicians, 1972-1992
    • Canon, David, Matthew Schousen, and Patrick Sellers. 1996. The supply side of congressional redistricting: Race and strategic politicians, 1972-1992. The Journal of Politics 58: 846-62.
    • (1996) The Journal of Politics , vol.58 , pp. 846-862
    • Canon, D.1    Schousen, M.2    Sellers, P.3
  • 74
    • 33845693977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racism and psychological and emotional injury: Recognizing and assessing race-based traumatic stress
    • Carter, Robert T. 2007. Racism and psychological and emotional injury: Recognizing and assessing race-based traumatic stress. Counseling Psychologist 35(1): 13-105.
    • (2007) Counseling Psychologist , vol.35 , Issue.1 , pp. 13-105
    • Carter, R.T.1
  • 75
    • 1842499815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Church based community activism: A comparison of Black and White Catholic congregations
    • Cavendish, James C. 2000. Church based community activism: A comparison of Black and White Catholic congregations. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 39(4): 371-84.
    • (2000) Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , vol.39 , Issue.4 , pp. 371-384
    • Cavendish, J.C.1
  • 76
    • 2442433005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social network theory and predictors of religiosity for Black and White Catholics: Evidence of a "Black Sacred Cosmos?"
    • Cavendish, James C., Michael R. Welch, and David C. Leege. 1998. Social network theory and predictors of religiosity for Black and White Catholics: Evidence of a "Black Sacred Cosmos?" Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37(3): 397-410.
    • (1998) Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , vol.37 , Issue.3 , pp. 397-410
    • Cavendish, J.C.1    Welch, M.R.2    Leege, D.C.3
  • 77
    • 33846009944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women in elective office 2005 fact sheet
    • New Brunswick: Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey.
    • CAWP. 2005. "Women in elective office 2005 fact sheet." New Brunswick: Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey.
    • (2005)
  • 78
  • 79
    • 84933496274 scopus 로고
    • Comparing the community involvement of Black and White congregations
    • Chaves, Mark, and Lynn M. Higgins. 1992. Comparing the community involvement of Black and White congregations. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 31(4): 425-41.
    • (1992) Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , vol.31 , Issue.4 , pp. 425-441
    • Chaves, M.1    Higgins, L.M.2
  • 80
    • 27844560569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial solidarity and political participation
    • Chong, Dennis, and Reuel Rogers. 2005. Racial solidarity and political participation. Political Behavior 27(4): 347-74.
    • (2005) Political Behavior , vol.27 , Issue.4 , pp. 347-374
    • Chong, D.1    Rogers, R.2
  • 83
    • 0001886582 scopus 로고
    • White reactions to Black candidates: When does race matter?
    • Citrin, Jack, Donald Philip Green, and David O. Sears. 1990. White reactions to Black candidates: When does race matter? Public Opinion Quarterly 54(1): 74-96.
    • (1990) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.54 , Issue.1 , pp. 74-96
    • Citrin, J.1    Green, D.P.2    Sears, D.O.3
  • 84
    • 0002442479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial identification and preference of Negro children
    • ed. Theodore M. Newcomb and Eugene L. Hartley. New York: Holt.
    • Clark, Kenneth B., and Mamie P. Clark. Racial identification and preference of Negro children. In Readings in Social Psychology, ed. Theodore M. Newcomb and Eugene L. Hartley, 169-78. New York: Holt.
    • Readings in Social Psychology , pp. 169-178
    • Clark, K.B.1    Clark, M.P.2
  • 85
    • 33646422697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black women in Congress: Striking the balance
    • Clayton, Dewey M., and Angela M. Stallings. 2000. Black women in Congress: Striking the balance. Journal of Black Studies 30(4): 574-603.
    • (2000) Journal of Black Studies , vol.30 , Issue.4 , pp. 574-603
    • Clayton, D.M.1    Stallings, A.M.2
  • 87
    • 0024756137 scopus 로고
    • Social work practice with homeless mentally ill people: Engaging the client
    • Cohen, Marcia B. 1989. Social work practice with homeless mentally ill people: Engaging the client. Social Work 34(6): 505-9.
    • (1989) Social Work , vol.34 , Issue.6 , pp. 505-509
    • Cohen, M.B.1
  • 88
    • 0022115624 scopus 로고
    • Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis
    • Cohen, Sheldon, and Thomas A. Wills. 1985. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin 98(2): 310-57.
    • (1985) Psychological Bulletin , vol.98 , Issue.2 , pp. 310-357
    • Cohen, S.1    Wills, T.A.2
  • 91
    • 84934563716 scopus 로고
    • The influence of group identifications on political perception and evaluation
    • Conover, Pamela Johnston. 1984. The influence of group identifications on political perception and evaluation. The Journal of Politics 46(3): 760-85.
    • (1984) The Journal of Politics , vol.46 , Issue.3 , pp. 760-785
    • Conover, P.J.1
  • 92
    • 84974132725 scopus 로고
    • The role of social groups in political thinking
    • Conover, Pamela Johnston. 1988. The role of social groups in political thinking. British Journal of Political Science 18: 51-76.
    • (1988) British Journal of Political Science , vol.18 , pp. 51-76
    • Conover, P.J.1
  • 93
    • 84934349890 scopus 로고
    • Emotional reactions to the economy: I'm mad as hell and I'm not going to take it anymore
    • Conover, Pamela J., and Stanley Feldman. 1986. Emotional reactions to the economy: I'm mad as hell and I'm not going to take it anymore. American Journal of Political Science 30(1): 50-78.
    • (1986) American Journal of Political Science , vol.30 , Issue.1 , pp. 50-78
    • Conover, P.J.1    Feldman, S.2
  • 94
    • 84934563164 scopus 로고
    • Candidate perception in an ambiguous world: Campaigns, cues, and inference processes
    • Conover, Pamela J., and Stanley Feldman. 1989. Candidate perception in an ambiguous world: Campaigns, cues, and inference processes. American Journal of Political Science 33(4): 912-40.
    • (1989) American Journal of Political Science , vol.33 , Issue.4 , pp. 912-940
    • Conover, P.J.1    Feldman, S.2
  • 95
    • 0002320159 scopus 로고
    • The nature of belief systems in mass publics
    • ed. David Ernest Apter. London: Free Press of Glencoe.
    • Converse, Philip. 1964. The nature of belief systems in mass publics. In Ideology and discontent, ed. David Ernest Apter, 206-61. London: Free Press of Glencoe.
    • (1964) Ideology and discontent , pp. 206-261
    • Converse, P.1
  • 96
    • 84865589026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "What's race got to do, got to do with it?" Denial of racism on predominantly White college campuses
    • ed. Jean Lau Chin. Westport, CT: Praeger/Greenwood.
    • Corcoran, Carole Baroody, and Aisha Renée Thompson. 2004. "What's race got to do, got to do with it?" Denial of racism on predominantly White college campuses. In The psychology of prejudice and discrimination: Racism in America, vol. 1, ed. Jean Lau Chin, 137-76. Westport, CT: Praeger/Greenwood.
    • (2004) The psychology of prejudice and discrimination: Racism in America , vol.1 , pp. 137-176
    • Corcoran, C.B.1    Thompson, A.R.2
  • 99
    • 84934563200 scopus 로고
    • The denial of personal discrimination
    • Crosby, Faye. 1984. The denial of personal discrimination. American Behavioral Scientist 27: 371-86.
    • (1984) American Behavioral Scientist , vol.27 , pp. 371-386
    • Crosby, F.1
  • 100
    • 0001928491 scopus 로고
    • Discovering the Black referent: The psychology of Black liberation
    • ed. Vernon J. Dixon and Badi G. Foster. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
    • Cross, William E., Jr. 1971. Discovering the Black referent: The psychology of Black liberation. In Beyond Black and White: An alternative America, ed. Vernon J. Dixon and Badi G. Foster, 95-110. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
    • (1971) Beyond Black and White: An alternative America , pp. 95-110
    • Cross, W.E.1
  • 101
    • 84970305777 scopus 로고
    • The Thomas and Cross models of psychological Nigrescence: A review
    • Cross, William E., Jr. 1978. The Thomas and Cross models of psychological Nigrescence: A review. Journal of Black Psychology 5: 13-31.
    • (1978) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.5 , pp. 13-31
    • Cross, W.E.1
  • 104
    • 0013204294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A second chance for emotion
    • ed. Richard D. Lane and Lynn Nadel. New York: Oxford University Press.
    • Damasio, Antonio R. 2000. A second chance for emotion. In Cognitive neuroscience of emotion, ed. Richard D. Lane and Lynn Nadel, 12-23. New York: Oxford University Press.
    • (2000) Cognitive neuroscience of emotion , pp. 12-23
    • Damasio, A.R.1
  • 105
    • 84925905292 scopus 로고
    • A theory of Black political participation in the United States
    • Danigelis, Nicholas L. 1977. A theory of Black political participation in the United States. Social Forces 56(1): 31-47.
    • (1977) Social Forces , vol.56 , Issue.1 , pp. 31-47
    • Danigelis, N.L.1
  • 106
    • 84925912339 scopus 로고
    • Black political participation in the United States: Some recent evidence
    • (October)
    • Danigelis, Nicholas L. 1978. Black political participation in the United States: Some recent evidence. American Sociological Review 43(October): 756-71.
    • (1978) American Sociological Review , vol.43 , pp. 756-771
    • Danigelis, N.L.1
  • 107
    • 84925976958 scopus 로고
    • Race, class, and political involvement in the U.S
    • Danigelis, Nicholas L. 1982. Race, class, and political involvement in the U.S. Social Forces 61(2): 532-50.
    • (1982) Social Forces , vol.61 , Issue.2 , pp. 532-550
    • Danigelis, N.L.1
  • 108
    • 0031287974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The direction of race of interviewer effects among African-Americans: Donning the Black mask
    • Davis, Darren W. 1997. The direction of race of interviewer effects among African-Americans: Donning the Black mask. American Journal of Political Science 41(1): 309-22.
    • (1997) American Journal of Political Science , vol.41 , Issue.1 , pp. 309-322
    • Davis, D.W.1
  • 109
    • 0009466619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial identity and media orientations: xploring the nature of constraint
    • Davis, Jessica, and Oscar Gandy. 1999. Racial identity and media orientations: xploring the nature of constraint. Journal of Black Studies 29(3): 367-97.
    • (1999) Journal of Black Studies , vol.29 , Issue.3 , pp. 367-397
    • Davis, J.1    Gandy, O.2
  • 112
    • 29144434751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reparations: justice and greed in Black and White
    • Dawson, Michael C., and Rovana Popoff. 2004. "Reparations: justice and greed in Black and White." DuBois Review 1(1): 47-91.
    • (2004) DuBois Review , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 47-91
    • Dawson, M.C.1    Popoff, R.2
  • 113
    • 84929226993 scopus 로고
    • Racial belief systems, religious guidance, and African-American political participation
    • Dawson, Michael C., Ronald E. Brown, and Richard L. Allen. 1990. Racial belief systems, religious guidance, and African-American political participation. National Political Science Review 2: 22-44.
    • (1990) National Political Science Review , vol.2 , pp. 22-44
    • Dawson, M.C.1    Brown, R.E.2    Allen, R.L.3
  • 115
    • 84985848173 scopus 로고
    • Emotional reactions to ethnic minorities
    • Dijker, Anton J. M. 1987. Emotional reactions to ethnic minorities. European Journal of Social Psychology 17(3): 305-25.
    • (1987) European Journal of Social Psychology , vol.17 , Issue.3 , pp. 305-325
    • Dijker, A.J.M.1
  • 117
    • 84888168591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Slaveholding religion and the Christianity of Christ
    • ed. Milton C. Sernett. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
    • Douglass, Frederick. 1999. Slaveholding religion and the Christianity of Christ. In African American religious history: A documentary witness, ed. Milton C. Sernett, 102-11. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
    • (1999) African American religious history: A documentary witness , pp. 102-111
    • Douglass, F.1
  • 118
  • 120
    • 11044221426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Political preference formation: Competition, deliberation, and the (ir)relevance of framing effects
    • Druckman, James. 2004. "Political preference formation: Competition, deliberation, and the (ir)relevance of framing effects." American Political Science Review 98(4): 671-86.
    • (2004) American Political Science Review , vol.98 , Issue.4 , pp. 671-686
    • Druckman, J.1
  • 122
    • 0004209602 scopus 로고
    • New York: Bantam Books (1989 reprint of the 1903 edition).
    • Du Bois, W. E. B. 1903. The souls of Black folk. New York: Bantam Books (1989 reprint of the 1903 edition).
    • (1903) The souls of Black folk
    • Du Bois, W.E.B.1
  • 124
    • 0348150110 scopus 로고
    • Making something of absence: The "Year of the woman" and women's representation
    • ed. Georgia Duerst-Lahti and Rita Mae Kelly. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
    • Duerst-Lahti, Georgia, and Dayna Verstegen. 1995. Making something of absence: The "Year of the woman" and women's representation. In Gender power, leadership, and governance, ed. Georgia Duerst-Lahti and Rita Mae Kelly, 213-38. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
    • (1995) Gender power, leadership, and governance , pp. 213-238
    • Duerst-Lahti, G.1    Verstegen, D.2
  • 126
    • 33745072988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Free at last? Social dominance, loss aversion, and White and Black Americans' differing assessments of racial progress
    • Eibach, Richard P., and Thomas Keegan. 2006. Free at last? Social dominance, loss aversion, and White and Black Americans' differing assessments of racial progress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90(3): 453-67.
    • (2006) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.90 , Issue.3 , pp. 453-467
    • Eibach, R.P.1    Keegan, T.2
  • 127
    • 34249883226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring Parallel Beliefs about Self and Group: Development and Validation of the Individual-Group Belief Inventory
    • Unpublished manuscript.
    • Eidelson, Roy J. 2002. Measuring Parallel Beliefs about Self and Group: Development and Validation of the Individual-Group Belief Inventory. Unpublished manuscript.
    • (2002)
    • Eidelson, R.J.1
  • 129
    • 58149462234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Individual-Group Belief Framework: Predicting Life Satisfaction, Group Identification, and Support for the "War on Terror"
    • Eidelson, Roy J. 2009. An Individual-Group Belief Framework: Predicting Life Satisfaction, Group Identification, and Support for the "War on Terror." Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 15: 1-26.
    • (2009) Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology , vol.15 , pp. 1-26
    • Eidelson, R.J.1
  • 130
    • 0038238292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dangerous ideas: Five beliefs that propel groups toward conflict
    • Eidelson, Roy J., and Judy I. Eidelson. 2003. Dangerous ideas: Five beliefs that propel groups toward conflict. American Psychologist 58: 182-92.
    • (2003) American Psychologist , vol.58 , pp. 182-192
    • Eidelson, R.J.1    Eidelson, J.I.2
  • 131
  • 132
    • 0001768487 scopus 로고
    • The impact of candidate's sex on voter choice
    • Ekstrand, Laurie E., and William Eckert. 1981. The impact of candidate's sex on voter choice. Western Political Quarterly 34(1): 78-87.
    • (1981) Western Political Quarterly , vol.34 , Issue.1 , pp. 78-87
    • Ekstrand, L.E.1    Eckert, W.2
  • 133
    • 84983979301 scopus 로고
    • Identification and separatism: Religious involvement and racial orientations among Black Americans
    • Ellison, Christopher G. 1991. Identification and separatism: Religious involvement and racial orientations among Black Americans. The Sociological Quarterly 32(3): 477-94.
    • (1991) The Sociological Quarterly , vol.32 , Issue.3 , pp. 477-494
    • Ellison, C.G.1
  • 135
    • 84984077903 scopus 로고
    • Region, religious commitment, and life satisfaction among Black Americans
    • Ellison, Christopher G., and David A. Gay. 1990. Region, religious commitment, and life satisfaction among Black Americans. The Sociological Quarterly 31(1): 123-47.
    • (1990) The Sociological Quarterly , vol.31 , Issue.1 , pp. 123-147
    • Ellison, C.G.1    Gay, D.A.2
  • 136
    • 21344475453 scopus 로고
    • Southern intolerance: A fundamentalist effect?
    • Ellison, Christopher G., and Marc A. Musick. 1993. Southern intolerance: A fundamentalist effect? Social Forces 72(2): 379-98.
    • (1993) Social Forces , vol.72 , Issue.2 , pp. 379-398
    • Ellison, C.G.1    Musick, M.A.2
  • 137
    • 0031419031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cognitive structure of a moral crusade: Conservative Protestantism and opposition to pornography
    • Ellison, Christopher G., and Darren E. Sherkat. 1997. The cognitive structure of a moral crusade: Conservative Protestantism and opposition to pornography. Social Forces 75(3): 957-82.
    • (1997) Social Forces , vol.75 , Issue.3 , pp. 957-982
    • Ellison, C.G.1    Sherkat, D.E.2
  • 138
    • 0032622728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Public sympathy for O. J. Simpson: The roles of race, age, gender, income, and education
    • Enomoto, Carl E. 1999. Public sympathy for O. J. Simpson: The roles of race, age, gender, income, and education. American Journal of Economics and Sociology 58(1): 145-61.
    • (1999) American Journal of Economics and Sociology , vol.58 , Issue.1 , pp. 145-161
    • Enomoto, C.E.1
  • 141
    • 4644234910 scopus 로고
    • A theory of social comparison processes
    • Festinger, Leon. 1954. A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations 7: 117-40.
    • (1954) Human Relations , vol.7 , pp. 117-140
    • Festinger, L.1
  • 144
    • 84886316252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relations between well being, attitudinal and behavioral factors across three Black identity orientations: Assimilated, Afrocentric, and Multicultural
    • PhD dissertation, City University of New York Graduate Center.
    • Foster, Kenneth. 2004. The relations between well being, attitudinal and behavioral factors across three Black identity orientations: Assimilated, Afrocentric, and Multicultural. PhD dissertation, City University of New York Graduate Center.
    • (2004)
    • Foster, K.1
  • 146
  • 147
    • 84975997334 scopus 로고
    • Sex and politics: New alignment, old issues
    • Frankovic, Kathleen A. 1982. Sex and politics: New alignment, old issues. PS 15(3): 439-48.
    • (1982) PS , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 439-448
    • Frankovic, K.A.1
  • 148
    • 0141871284 scopus 로고
    • New York: Knopf. Original edition, 1963. . [1964]
    • Frazier, E. Franklin. [1964] 1974. The Black Church in America. New York: Knopf. Original edition, 1963.
    • (1974) The Black Church in America
    • Frazier, E.F.1
  • 149
    • 0000287750 scopus 로고
    • In defense of multiplicative terms in multiple regression equations
    • Freidrich, Robert J. 1982. In defense of multiplicative terms in multiple regression equations. American Journal of Political Science 1982(4): 797-833.
    • (1982) American Journal of Political Science , vol.1982 , Issue.4 , pp. 797-833
    • Freidrich, R.J.1
  • 150
    • 0003893572 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • Frijda, Nico H. 1986. The emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1986) The emotions
    • Frijda, N.H.1
  • 151
    • 0002125245 scopus 로고
    • The aversive form of racism
    • ed. John F. Dovidio and Samuel L. Gaertner. Orlando, FL: Academic.
    • Gaertner, Samuel, and John Dovidio. 1986. The aversive form of racism. In Prejudice, discrimination, and racism, ed. John F. Dovidio and Samuel L. Gaertner, 61-89. Orlando, FL: Academic.
    • (1986) Prejudice, discrimination, and racism , pp. 61-89
    • Gaertner, S.1    Dovidio, J.2
  • 152
    • 0004218798 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Gamson, William A. 1992. Talking politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1992) Talking politic
    • Gamson, W.A.1
  • 153
    • 0035622487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of Black congressional representation on political participation
    • Gay, Claudine. 2001. The effect of Black congressional representation on political participation. American Political Science Review 95(3): 589-602.
    • (2001) American Political Science Review , vol.95 , Issue.3 , pp. 589-602
    • Gay, C.1
  • 154
    • 0032016999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Doubly bound: The impact of gender and race on the politics of Black women
    • Gay, Claudine, and Katherine Tate. 1998. Doubly bound: The impact of gender and race on the politics of Black women. Political Psychology 19(1): 169-84.
    • (1998) Political Psychology , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 169-184
    • Gay, C.1    Tate, K.2
  • 155
    • 0033237341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of religiosity on race variations in abortion attitudes
    • Gay, David, and John Lynxwiler. 1999. The impact of religiosity on race variations in abortion attitudes. Sociological Spectrum 19: 359-77.
    • (1999) Sociological Spectrum , vol.19 , pp. 359-377
    • Gay, D.1    Lynxwiler, J.2
  • 156
    • 0002034108 scopus 로고
    • Implications of selected models of ethnic identity development for educators
    • Gay, Geneva. 1985. Implications of selected models of ethnic identity development for educators. Journal of Negro Education 54(1): 43-55.
    • (1985) Journal of Negro Education , vol.54 , Issue.1 , pp. 43-55
    • Gay, G.1
  • 157
    • 0030242156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Race coding' and White opposition to welfare
    • Gilens, Martin. 1996. "'Race coding' and White opposition to welfare." American Political Science Review 90(3): 593-604.
    • (1996) American Political Science Review , vol.90 , Issue.3 , pp. 593-604
    • Gilens, M.1
  • 159
    • 0034339661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prime suspects: The influence of local television news on the viewing public
    • Gilliam, Franklin D. Jr., and Shanto Iyengar. 2000. "Prime suspects: The influence of local television news on the viewing public." American Journal of Political Science 44(3): 560-73.
    • (2000) American Journal of Political Science , vol.44 , Issue.3 , pp. 560-573
    • Gilliam, F.D.1    Iyengar, S.2
  • 160
    • 0031693083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is there an empowerment life cycle: Long term Black empowerment and its influence on voter participation
    • Gilliam, Franklin, Jr., and Karen M. Kaufmann. 1998. Is there an empowerment life cycle: Long term Black empowerment and its influence on voter participation. Urban Affairs Review 33(6): 741-67.
    • (1998) Urban Affairs Review , vol.33 , Issue.6 , pp. 741-767
    • Gilliam, F.1    Kaufmann, K.M.2
  • 161
    • 84934563268 scopus 로고
    • Race, class and attitudes toward social welfare spending: An ethclass interpretation
    • Gilliam, Franklin D., Jr., and Kenny J. Whitby. 1989. "Race, class and attitudes toward social welfare spending: An ethclass interpretation." Social Science Quarterly 70(1): 88-100.
    • (1989) Social Science Quarterly , vol.70 , Issue.1 , pp. 88-100
    • Gilliam, F.D.1    Whitby, K.J.2
  • 162
  • 163
    • 0031490734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inter-regional migration and political resocialization: A study of racial attitudes under pressure
    • Glaser, James M., and Martin Gilens. 1997. Inter-regional migration and political resocialization: A study of racial attitudes under pressure. Public Opinion Quarterly 61(1): 72-86.
    • (1997) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.61 , Issue.1 , pp. 72-86
    • Glaser, J.M.1    Gilens, M.2
  • 164
    • 0037637918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ambivalent stereotypes as legitimizing ideologies: Differentiating paternalistic and envious prejudice
    • ed. John T. Jost and Brenda Major. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • Glick, Peter, and Susan Fiske. 2001. Ambivalent stereotypes as legitimizing ideologies: Differentiating paternalistic and envious prejudice. The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations, ed. John T. Jost and Brenda Major, 278-306. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2001) The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations , pp. 278-306
    • Glick, P.1    Fiske, S.2
  • 165
    • 0011540272 scopus 로고
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • Gosnell, Harold. 1935. Negro politicians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (1935) Negro politicians
    • Gosnell, H.1
  • 166
    • 34547838451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of thrombolysis decisions for Black and White patients
    • Green, Alexander R., Dana R. Carney, Daniel J. Pallin, Long H. Ngo, Kristal L. Raymond, Lisa Lezzoni, and Mahzarin Banaji. 2007. Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of thrombolysis decisions for Black and White patients. Journal of Internal Medicine, 24(1): 1231-38.
    • (2007) Journal of Internal Medicine , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 1231-1238
    • Green, A.R.1    Carney, D.R.2    Pallin, D.J.3    Ngo, L.H.4    Raymond, K.L.5    Lezzoni, L.6    Banaji, M.7
  • 169
    • 0029202423 scopus 로고
    • Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes
    • Greenwald, Anthony, and Mahzarin Banaji. 1995. Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review 102(1): 4-27.
    • (1995) Psychological Review , vol.102 , Issue.1 , pp. 4-27
    • Greenwald, A.1    Banaji, M.2
  • 170
    • 0032084985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test
    • Greenwald, Anthony, Debbie McGhee, and Jordan Schwartz. 1998. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74(6): 1464-80.
    • (1998) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.74 , Issue.6 , pp. 1464-1480
    • Greenwald, A.1    McGhee, D.2    Schwartz, J.3
  • 171
    • 0042549769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding and using the implicit association test: An improved scoring algorithm
    • Greenwald, Anthony G., Brian A. Nosek, and Mahzarin R. Banaji. 2003. Understanding and using the implicit association test: An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85(2): 197-216.
    • (2003) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.85 , Issue.2 , pp. 197-216
    • Greenwald, A.G.1    Nosek, B.A.2    Banaji, M.R.3
  • 172
    • 0000510873 scopus 로고
    • Women's gender consciousness
    • Gurin, Patricia. 1985. Women's gender consciousness. Public Opinion Quarterly 49: 143-63.
    • (1985) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.49 , pp. 143-163
    • Gurin, P.1
  • 173
    • 0002278106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Africentrism: Psychometric analysis of a self-report measure
    • Grills, Cheryl, and Douglas Longshore. 1996. Africentrism: Psychometric analysis of a self-report measure. Journal of Black Psychology 22(1): 86-106.
    • (1996) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 86-106
    • Grills, C.1    Longshore, D.2
  • 175
    • 84925926640 scopus 로고
    • Stratum identification and consciousness
    • Gurin, Patricia, Arthur Miller, and Gerald Gurin. 1980. Stratum identification and consciousness. Social Psychology Quarterly 43(1): 30-47.
    • (1980) Social Psychology Quarterly , vol.43 , Issue.1 , pp. 30-47
    • Gurin, P.1    Miller, A.2    Gurin, G.3
  • 177
    • 0348247899 scopus 로고
    • The psychology of Black Americans: An historical perspective
    • ed. Reginald L. Jones. New York: Harper & Row.
    • Guthrie, Robert V. 1980. The psychology of Black Americans: An historical perspective. In Black psychology, ed. Reginald L. Jones, 13-22. New York: Harper & Row.
    • (1980) Black psychology , pp. 13-22
    • Guthrie, R.V.1
  • 178
    • 84926274945 scopus 로고
    • Race, political orientation, and participation: An empirical test of four competing theories
    • Gutterbock, Thomas M., and Bruce London. 1983. Race, political orientation, and participation: An empirical test of four competing theories. American Sociological Review 48: 439-53.
    • (1983) American Sociological Review , vol.48 , pp. 439-453
    • Gutterbock, T.M.1    London, B.2
  • 179
    • 0000570442 scopus 로고
    • Projective techniques in marketing research
    • Haire, Mason. 1950. Projective techniques in marketing research. Journal of Marketing 14(5): 649-56.
    • (1950) Journal of Marketing , vol.14 , Issue.5 , pp. 649-656
    • Haire, M.1
  • 180
    • 0040603551 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive and affective processes in intergroup perception: The developing interface
    • ed. Diane M. Mackie and David L. Hamilton. San Diego: Academic Press.
    • Hamilton, David L., and Diane M. Mackie. 1993. Cognitive and affective processes in intergroup perception: The developing interface. In Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception, ed. Diane M. Mackie and David L. Hamilton, 1-11. San Diego: Academic Press.
    • (1993) Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception , pp. 1-11
    • Hamilton, D.L.1    Mackie, D.M.2
  • 182
    • 0003702871 scopus 로고
    • White identity development: A process oriented model for describing the racial consciousness of White Americans
    • ProQuest Information & Learning.
    • Hardiman, Rita. 1982. White identity development: A process oriented model for describing the racial consciousness of White Americans. ProQuest Information & Learning.
    • (1982)
    • Hardiman, R.1
  • 183
    • 84898326404 scopus 로고
    • Religion and resistance among antebellum Negroes, 1800-1860
    • ed. August Meier and Elliot Rudwick. New York: Atheneum.
    • Harding, Vincent. 1969. Religion and resistance among antebellum Negroes, 1800-1860. In The making of Black America: Essays in Negro life and history, ed. August Meier and Elliot Rudwick. New York: Atheneum.
    • (1969) The making of Black America: Essays in Negro life and history
    • Harding, V.1
  • 185
    • 0000290448 scopus 로고
    • A philosophical basis for an Afrocentric orientation
    • Harris, Norman. 1992. A philosophical basis for an Afrocentric orientation. The Western Journal of Black Studies 16(3): 154-59.
    • (1992) The Western Journal of Black Studies , vol.16 , Issue.3 , pp. 154-159
    • Harris, N.1
  • 186
    • 66349115423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial microaggression? How do you know?-Revisited
    • Harris, Rafael S., Jr. 2009. Racial microaggression? How do you know?-Revisited. American Psychologist 64(3): 220.
    • (2009) American Psychologist , vol.64 , Issue.3 , pp. 220
    • Harris, R.S.1
  • 187
    • 33845786079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The heart of the politics of race: Centering Black people in the study of White racial attitudes
    • Harris-Lacewell, Melissa V. 2003. The heart of the politics of race: Centering Black people in the study of White racial attitudes. Journal of Black Studies 34: 222-49.
    • (2003) Journal of Black Studies , vol.34 , pp. 222-249
    • Harris-Lacewell, M.V.1
  • 189
    • 84936527033 scopus 로고
    • Power in social work practice
    • Hasenfeld, Yeheskel. 1987. Power in social work practice. Social Service Review 61(3): 469-83.
    • (1987) Social Service Review , vol.61 , Issue.3 , pp. 469-483
    • Hasenfeld, Y.1
  • 191
    • 0033130462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pro-Black doesn't mean anti-White: The structure of African-American group identity
    • Herring, Mary, Thomas Jankowski, and Ronald Brown. 1999. Pro-Black doesn't mean anti-White: The structure of African-American group identity. Journal of Politics 61(2): 363-86.
    • (1999) Journal of Politics , vol.61 , Issue.2 , pp. 363-386
    • Herring, M.1    Jankowski, T.2    Brown, R.3
  • 194
    • 3843125365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White voters and African American candidates for Congress
    • Highton, Benjamin. 2004. White voters and African American candidates for Congress. Political Behavior 26(1): 1-25.
    • (2004) Political Behavior , vol.26 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-25
    • Highton, B.1
  • 195
    • 0002490140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knowledge accessibility and activation: subjectivity and suffering from unconscious sources
    • ed. James S. Uleman and John A. Bargh. New York: Guilford.
    • Higgins, E. Troy. 1996. Knowledge accessibility and activation: subjectivity and suffering from unconscious sources. In Unintended thought, ed. James S. Uleman and John A. Bargh, 75-123. New York: Guilford.
    • (1996) Unintended thought , pp. 75-123
    • Higgins, E.T.1
  • 196
  • 201
    • 84857442765 scopus 로고
    • Paradigms of political psychology
    • Horowitz, Irving Louis. 1979. Paradigms of political psychology. Political Psychology 1(2): 99-103.
    • (1979) Political Psychology , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 99-103
    • Horowitz, I.L.1
  • 202
    • 0014468452 scopus 로고
    • Internal versus external control and ethnic group membership: A cross-cultural comparison
    • Hsieh, Theodore T., John Shybut, and Erwin J. Lotsof. 1969. Internal versus external control and ethnic group membership: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 33(1)(02): 122-24.
    • (1969) Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , vol.33 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 122-124
    • Hsieh, T.T.1    Shybut, J.2    Lotsof, E.J.3
  • 203
    • 85050726620 scopus 로고
    • The consequences of gender stereotypes for women candidates at different levels and types of office
    • Huddy, Leonie, and Nayda Terkildsen. 1993a. The consequences of gender stereotypes for women candidates at different levels and types of office. Political Research Quarterly 46(3): 503-25.
    • (1993) Political Research Quarterly , vol.46 , Issue.3 , pp. 503-525
    • Huddy, L.1    Terkildsen, N.2
  • 204
    • 85055309612 scopus 로고
    • Gender stereotypes and the perception of male and female candidates
    • Huddy, Leonie, and Nayda Terkildsen. 1993b. Gender stereotypes and the perception of male and female candidates. American Journal of Political Science 37(1): 119-47.
    • (1993) American Journal of Political Science , vol.37 , Issue.1 , pp. 119-147
    • Huddy, L.1    Terkildsen, N.2
  • 205
    • 0036755580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The consequences of terrorism: Disentangling the effects of personal and national threat
    • Huddy, Leonie, Stanley Feldman, Theresa Capelos, and Colin Provost. 2002. The consequences of terrorism: Disentangling the effects of personal and national threat. Political Psychology 23: 485-509.
    • (2002) Political Psychology , vol.23 , pp. 485-509
    • Huddy, L.1    Feldman, S.2    Capelos, T.3    Provost, C.4
  • 206
    • 0011298538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How beliefs about poverty influence racial policy attitudes: A study of Whites, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians in the United States
    • ed. Donald O. Sears, Jim Sidanius, and Lawrence Bobo. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • Hughes, Michael, and Steven A. Tuch. 2000. How beliefs about poverty influence racial policy attitudes: A study of Whites, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians in the United States. In Racialized politics: The debate about racism in America, ed. Donald O. Sears, Jim Sidanius, and Lawrence Bobo, 165-90. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (2000) Racialized politics: The debate about racism in America , pp. 165-190
    • Hughes, M.1    Tuch, S.A.2
  • 207
    • 0040782542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Status, religion, and the "belief in a just world": Comparing African Americans, Latinos and Whites
    • Hunt, Matthew O. 2000. Status, religion, and the "belief in a just world": Comparing African Americans, Latinos and Whites. Social Science Quarterly 81(1): 325-43.
    • (2000) Social Science Quarterly , vol.81 , Issue.1 , pp. 325-343
    • Hunt, M.O.1
  • 208
    • 0036756169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Religion, race/ethnicity, and beliefs about poverty
    • Hunt, Matthew O. 2002. Religion, race/ethnicity, and beliefs about poverty. Social Science Quarterly 83(3): 810-31.
    • (2002) Social Science Quarterly , vol.83 , Issue.3 , pp. 810-831
    • Hunt, M.O.1
  • 209
    • 27844473248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining the great racial divide: Perceptions of fairness in the U.S
    • Hurwitz, Jon, and Mark Peffley. 2005. Explaining the great racial divide: Perceptions of fairness in the U.S. criminal justice system. The Journal of Politics 67(3): 762-83.
    • (2005) criminal justice system. The Journal of Politics , vol.67 , Issue.3 , pp. 762-783
    • Hurwitz, J.1    Peffley, M.2
  • 210
    • 24144492121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Playing the race card in the post-Willie Horton era: The impact of racialized code words on support for punitive crime policy
    • Hurwitz, Jon, and Mark Peffley. 2005. Playing the race card in the post-Willie Horton era: The impact of racialized code words on support for punitive crime policy. Public Opinion Quarterly 69(1): 99-112.
    • (2005) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.69 , Issue.1 , pp. 99-112
    • Hurwitz, J.1    Peffley, M.2
  • 212
    • 76149140509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Change or more of the same: Evaluating racial policy preferences in the Obama era
    • Hutchings, Vincent L. 2009. Change or more of the same: Evaluating racial policy preferences in the Obama era. Public Opinion Quarterly 73(5): 917-42.
    • (2009) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.73 , Issue.5 , pp. 917-942
    • Hutchings, V.L.1
  • 213
    • 40049098396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Driving the wedge: The structure and function of racial group cues in contemporary American politics
    • Paper presented at the 2003 American Political Science Association, August 27-31, in Philadelphia, PA.
    • Hutchings, Vincent L., and Nicholas A. Valentino. 2003. Driving the wedge: The structure and function of racial group cues in contemporary American politics. Paper presented at the 2003 American Political Science Association, August 27-31, in Philadelphia, PA.
    • (2003)
    • Hutchings, V.L.1    Valentino, N.A.2
  • 215
    • 8744241474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The compassion strategy: Race and the gender gap in campaign 2000
    • Hutchings, Vincent L., Nicholas A. Valentino, Tasha S. Philpot, and Ismail K. White. 2004. The compassion strategy: Race and the gender gap in campaign 2000. Public Opinion Quarterly 68(4): 512-41.
    • (2004) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.68 , Issue.4 , pp. 512-541
    • Hutchings, V.L.1    Valentino, N.A.2    Philpot, T.S.3    White, I.K.4
  • 216
    • 84995654525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial cues in campaign news: The effects of candidate strategies on group activation and political attentiveness among African Americans
    • ed. David Redlawsk. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
    • Hutchings, Vincent L., Nicholas A. Valentino, Tasha S. Philpot, and Ismail K. White. 2006. Racial cues in campaign news: The effects of candidate strategies on group activation and political attentiveness among African Americans. In Feeling politics: Emotion in political information processing, ed. David Redlawsk, 165-86. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
    • (2006) Feeling politics: Emotion in political information processing , pp. 165-186
    • Hutchings, V.L.1    Valentino, N.A.2    Philpot, T.S.3    White, I.K.4
  • 218
    • 0037976330 scopus 로고
    • NES Pilot Study Report, No. nes002253. Dataset(s): /1985 Pilot.
    • Iyengar, Shanto. 1986. Whither political information. NES Pilot Study Report, No. nes002253. Dataset(s): /1985 Pilot.
    • (1986) Whither political information
    • Iyengar, S.1
  • 219
    • 0010825103 scopus 로고
    • An overview of the field of political psychology
    • ed. Shanto Iyengar and William J. McGuire. Durham: Duke University Press.
    • Iyengar, Shanto. 1993. An overview of the field of political psychology. In Explorations in political psychology, ed. Shanto Iyengar and William J. McGuire, 3-8. Durham: Duke University Press.
    • (1993) Explorations in political psychology , pp. 3-8
    • Iyengar, S.1
  • 221
    • 84928465794 scopus 로고
    • The effects of racial group consciousness on political mobilization in American cities
    • Jackson, Bryan. 1987. The effects of racial group consciousness on political mobilization in American cities. Western Political Quarterly 40(4): 631-46.
    • (1987) Western Political Quarterly , vol.40 , Issue.4 , pp. 631-646
    • Jackson, B.1
  • 223
    • 0033268670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of racial-ethnic identity and social setting for Blacks, Whites, and Multiracials
    • Jaret, Charles, and Donald Reitzes. 1999. The importance of racial-ethnic identity and social setting for Blacks, Whites, and Multiracials. Sociological Perspectives 42(4): 711-37.
    • (1999) Sociological Perspectives , vol.42 , Issue.4 , pp. 711-737
    • Jaret, C.1    Reitzes, D.2
  • 224
    • 85026688048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Almost no Black psychologists teaching at America's highly ranked universities
    • JBHE Foundation. 1996. Almost no Black psychologists teaching at America's highly ranked universities. Journal of Blacks in Higher Education (12): 60-61.
    • (1996) Journal of Blacks in Higher Education , Issue.12 , pp. 60-61
  • 225
    • 84894913781 scopus 로고
    • Negro racial movements and leadership in the United States
    • Johnson, Guy B. 1937. Negro racial movements and leadership in the United States. American Journal of Sociology 43(6): 56-72.
    • (1937) American Journal of Sociology , vol.43 , Issue.6 , pp. 56-72
    • Johnson, G.B.1
  • 229
    • 8744251206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The partisan paradox: Religious commitment and the gender gap in party identification
    • Kaufmann, Karen M. 2004. The partisan paradox: Religious commitment and the gender gap in party identification. Public Opinion Quarterly 68(4): 491-511.
    • (2004) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.68 , Issue.4 , pp. 491-511
    • Kaufmann, K.M.1
  • 230
    • 0033466621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing politics of American men: Understanding the sources of the gender gap
    • Kaufmann, Karen M., and John R. Petrocik. 1999. The changing politics of American men: Understanding the sources of the gender gap. American Journal of Political Science 43(3): 864-87.
    • (1999) American Journal of Political Science , vol.43 , Issue.3 , pp. 864-887
    • Kaufmann, K.M.1    Petrocik, J.R.2
  • 231
    • 68949207076 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inequality, discrimination, and the power of the status quo: Direct evidence for a motivation to see the way things are as the way they should be
    • Kay, Aaron C., Danielle Gaucher, Jennifer M. Peach, Kristin Laurin, Justin Friesen, Mark P. Zanna, and Steven J. Spencer. 2009. Inequality, discrimination, and the power of the status quo: Direct evidence for a motivation to see the way things are as the way they should be. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97(3): 421-34.
    • (2009) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.97 , Issue.3 , pp. 421-434
    • Kay, A.C.1    Gaucher, D.2    Peach, J.M.3    Laurin, K.4    Friesen, J.5    Zanna, M.P.6    Spencer, S.J.7
  • 232
    • 0034222486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Personal-group discrepancy: Is there a common information basis of personal and group judgment?
    • Kessler, Thomas, Amelie Mummendey, and Utta-Kristin Leisse. 2000. The Personal-group discrepancy: Is there a common information basis of personal and group judgment? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79: 95-109.
    • (2000) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.79 , pp. 95-109
    • Kessler, T.1    Mummendey, A.2    Leisse, U.-K.3
  • 234
    • 4043054179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implicit methods in social psychology
    • ed. Carol Sansone, Carolyn Morf, and A. T. Panter. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • Kihlstrom, John. 2004. Implicit methods in social psychology. In The Sage handbook of methods in social psychology, ed. Carol Sansone, Carolyn Morf, and A. T. Panter, 195-212. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (2004) The Sage handbook of methods in social psychology , pp. 195-212
    • Kihlstrom, J.1
  • 235
    • 0002054960 scopus 로고
    • On behalf of an experimental political science
    • ed. Donald R. Kinder and Thomas R. Palfrey. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
    • Kinder, Donald R., and Thomas R. Palfrey. 1993. On behalf of an experimental political science. In Experimental foundations of political science, ed. Donald R. Kinder and Thomas R. Palfrey, 1-39. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
    • (1993) Experimental foundations of political science , pp. 1-39
    • Kinder, D.R.1    Palfrey, T.R.2
  • 237
    • 0001124785 scopus 로고
    • Prejudice and politics: Symbolic racism versus racial threats to the good life
    • Kinder, Donald R., and David O. Sears. 1981. Prejudice and politics: Symbolic racism versus racial threats to the good life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40(3): 414-31.
    • (1981) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.40 , Issue.3 , pp. 414-431
    • Kinder, D.R.1    Sears, D.O.2
  • 238
    • 0035529983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring the racial divide: Blacks, Whites, and opinion on national policy
    • Kinder, Donald R., and Nicholas Winter. 2001. "Exploring the racial divide: Blacks, Whites, and opinion on national policy." American Journal of Political Science 45(2): 439-56.
    • (2001) American Journal of Political Science , vol.45 , Issue.2 , pp. 439-456
    • Kinder, D.R.1    Winter, N.2
  • 239
    • 0000888166 scopus 로고
    • Oppression and power: The unique status of the Black woman in the American political system
    • King, Mae C. 1975. Oppression and power: The unique status of the Black woman in the American political system. Social Science Quarterly 56(1): 116-28.
    • (1975) Social Science Quarterly , vol.56 , Issue.1 , pp. 116-128
    • King, M.C.1
  • 240
    • 84925900468 scopus 로고
    • Trends in racial differences in political efficacy
    • Kleiman, Michael B. 1976. Trends in racial differences in political efficacy. Phylon 37: 159-62.
    • (1976) Phylon , vol.37 , pp. 159-162
    • Kleiman, M.B.1
  • 242
    • 0025630897 scopus 로고
    • Trends in whites' explanations of the gap in Black-White socioeconomic status, 1977-1989
    • Kluegel, James R. 1990. Trends in whites' explanations of the gap in Black-White socioeconomic status, 1977-1989. American Sociological Review 55: 512-25.
    • (1990) American Sociological Review , vol.55 , pp. 512-525
    • Kluegel, J.R.1
  • 243
    • 32544441035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical Cyclone Report, Hurricane Katrina, 23-30, August 2005, National Hurricane Center
    • Knabb, Richard D., Jamie R. Rhome, and Daniel P. Brown. 2005. Tropical Cyclone Report, Hurricane Katrina, 23-30, August 2005, National Hurricane Center. Online at http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL122005_Katrina.pdf.
    • (2005)
    • Knabb, R.D.1    Rhome, J.R.2    Brown, D.P.3
  • 245
    • 0018369540 scopus 로고
    • Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness
    • Kobasa, Suzanne C. 1979. Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37(1): 1-11.
    • (1979) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.37 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-11
    • Kobasa, S.C.1
  • 246
    • 58149474475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is political psychology sufficiently psychological? Distinguishing political psychology from psychological political science
    • ed. James H. Kuklinski. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • Krosnick, Jon A. 2002. Is political psychology sufficiently psychological? Distinguishing political psychology from psychological political science. In Thinking about political psychology, ed. James H. Kuklinski, 187-216. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2002) Thinking about political psychology , pp. 187-216
    • Krosnick, J.A.1
  • 247
    • 85003738080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction: Political psychology and the study of politics
    • ed. James H. Kuklinski. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • Kuklinski, James H. 2002. Introduction: Political psychology and the study of politics. In Thinking about political psychology, ed. James H. Kuklinski, 1-20. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2002) Thinking about political psychology , pp. 1-20
    • Kuklinski, J.H.1
  • 249
    • 34247680701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The schedule of racist events: A measure of racial discrimination and a study of its negative physical and mental health consequences
    • Landrine, Hope, and Elizabeth A. Klonoff. 1996b. The schedule of racist events: A measure of racial discrimination and a study of its negative physical and mental health consequences. Journal of Black Psychology 22(2): 144-68.
    • (1996) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 144-168
    • Landrine, H.1    Klonoff, E.A.2
  • 252
    • 84934563023 scopus 로고
    • Individual and contextual influences on group identification
    • Lau, Richard. 1989. Individual and contextual influences on group identification. Social Psychology Quarterly 52(3): 220-31.
    • (1989) Social Psychology Quarterly , vol.52 , Issue.3 , pp. 220-231
    • Lau, R.1
  • 253
    • 85026703051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York Times, October 18, 15.
    • Leavitt, David. 1998. The hate epidemic. New York Times, October 18, 15.
    • (1998) The hate epidemic
    • Leavitt, D.1
  • 254
    • 0002684596 scopus 로고
    • Religion and politics in theoretical perspective
    • ed. David C. Leege and Lyman A. Kellstedt. New York: M. E. Sharpe.
    • Leege, David C. 1993. Religion and politics in theoretical perspective. In Rediscovering the religious factor in American politics, ed. David C. Leege and Lyman A. Kellstedt, 3-25. New York: M. E. Sharpe.
    • (1993) Rediscovering the religious factor in American politics , pp. 3-25
    • Leege, D.C.1
  • 256
    • 0033235865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race, ethnicity, and political participation: Competing models and contrasting explanations
    • Leighley, Jan E., and Arnold Vedlitz. 1999. Race, ethnicity, and political participation: Competing models and contrasting explanations. The Journal of Politics 61: 1092-114.
    • (1999) The Journal of Politics , vol.61 , pp. 1092-1114
    • Leighley, J.E.1    Vedlitz, A.2
  • 257
    • 0002729103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unconscious attitudes and beliefs about women and men
    • ed. Ulla Pasero and Friederike. Braun. Opladen: Westdutscher Verlag.
    • Lemm, Kristi, and Mahzarin R. Banaji. 1999. Unconscious attitudes and beliefs about women and men. In Wahrnehmung and Herstellung von Geschlecht (Perceiving and performing Gender), ed. Ulla Pasero and Friederike. Braun, 215-33. Opladen: Westdutscher Verlag.
    • (1999) Wahrnehmung and Herstellung von Geschlecht (Perceiving and performing Gender) , pp. 215-233
    • Lemm, K.1    Banaji, M.R.2
  • 260
    • 84895083780 scopus 로고
    • The political mind of the Negro, 1865-1900
    • Lewis, Elsie M. 1955. The political mind of the Negro, 1865-1900. Journal of Southern History 21(2): 189-202.
    • (1955) Journal of Southern History , vol.21 , Issue.2 , pp. 189-202
    • Lewis, E.M.1
  • 262
  • 263
    • 33846011639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From three-fifths to zero: Implications of the Constitution for African American women, 1787-1870
    • ed. Cathy J. Cohen, Kathleen B. Jones, and Joan C. Tronto. New York: New York University Press.
    • Locke, Mamie E. 1997. From three-fifths to zero: Implications of the Constitution for African American women, 1787-1870. In Women transforming politics: An alternative reader, ed. Cathy J. Cohen, Kathleen B. Jones, and Joan C. Tronto, 377-86. New York: New York University Press.
    • (1997) Women transforming politics: An alternative reader , pp. 377-386
    • Locke, M.E.1
  • 264
    • 84973970723 scopus 로고
    • An impression-driven model of candidate evaluation
    • Lodge, Milton, Kathleen M. McGraw, and Patrick Stroh. 1989. An impression-driven model of candidate evaluation. American Political Science Review 83(2): 399-419.
    • (1989) American Political Science Review , vol.83 , Issue.2 , pp. 399-419
    • Lodge, M.1    McGraw, K.M.2    Stroh, P.3
  • 266
    • 76149089436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissecting the 2008 Electorate: Most Diverse in U.S. History
    • Pew Research Center.
    • Lopez, Mark Hugo, and Paul Taylor. 2009. Dissecting the 2008 Electorate: Most Diverse in U.S. History. Pew Research Center. http://pewhispanic.org/files/ reports/108.pdf.
    • (2009)
    • Lopez, M.H.1    Taylor, P.2
  • 269
    • 21744457324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Revisiting Du Bois: The relationship between African American double consciousness and beliefs about racial and national group experiences
    • Lyubansky, Mikhail, and Roy J. Eidelson. 2005. Revisiting Du Bois: The relationship between African American double consciousness and beliefs about racial and national group experiences. Journal of Black Psychology 31: 3-26.
    • (2005) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.31 , pp. 3-26
    • Lyubansky, M.1    Eidelson, R.J.2
  • 271
    • 0034303263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context
    • Mackie, Diane M., Thierry Devos, and Eliot R. Smith. 2000. Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79(4): 602-16.
    • (2000) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.79 , Issue.4 , pp. 602-616
    • Mackie, D.M.1    Devos, T.2    Smith, E.R.3
  • 272
    • 85056009213 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of racial prejudice
    • Mann, John H. 1959. The relationship between cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of racial prejudice. Journal of Social Psychology 49(2): 223-28.
    • (1959) Journal of Social Psychology , vol.49 , Issue.2 , pp. 223-228
    • Mann, J.H.1
  • 273
    • 84974079407 scopus 로고
    • Race trumps gender: The Thomas nomination in the Black community
    • Mansbridge, Jane, and Katherine Tate. 1992. Race trumps gender: The Thomas nomination in the Black community. PS: Political Science & Politics 25(3): 488-92.
    • (1992) PS: Political Science & Politics , vol.25 , Issue.3 , pp. 488-492
    • Mansbridge, J.1    Tate, K.2
  • 278
    • 0027764388 scopus 로고
    • The impact of perceived discrimination on the intimate relationships of Black lesbians
    • Mays, Vickie M., and Susan D. Cochran. 1993. The impact of perceived discrimination on the intimate relationships of Black lesbians. Journal of Homosexuality 25(4): 1.
    • (1993) Journal of Homosexuality , vol.25 , Issue.4 , pp. 1
    • Mays, V.M.1    Cochran, S.D.2
  • 280
    • 0037808531 scopus 로고
    • Expanding disciplinary boundaries: Black, Latino, and racial minority group politics in political science
    • ed. Ada Finifter. Washington, DC: American Political Science Association.
    • McClain, Paula D., and John A. Garcia. 1993. Expanding disciplinary boundaries: Black, Latino, and racial minority group politics in political science. In Political science: The state of the discipline ii, ed. Ada Finifter, 247-79. Washington, DC: American Political Science Association.
    • (1993) Political science: The state of the discipline ii , pp. 247-279
    • McClain, P.D.1    Garcia, J.A.2
  • 282
    • 53349090998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Struggling to be noticed: The civil rights movement as an academic agenda setter
    • McClerking, Harwood K., and Tasha S. Philpot. 2008. Struggling to be noticed: The civil rights movement as an academic agenda setter. PS: Political Science and Politics 41(4): 813-17.
    • (2008) PS: Political Science and Politics , vol.41 , Issue.4 , pp. 813-817
    • McClerking, H.K.1    Philpot, T.S.2
  • 283
    • 84971851038 scopus 로고
    • Self-interest versus racial attitudes as correlates of anti-busing attitudes in Louisville: Is it the buses or the Blacks?
    • McConahay, John B. 1982. Self-interest versus racial attitudes as correlates of anti-busing attitudes in Louisville: Is it the buses or the Blacks? Journal of Politics 44(3): 692-720.
    • (1982) Journal of Politics , vol.44 , Issue.3 , pp. 692-720
    • McConahay, J.B.1
  • 284
    • 44649184114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • God's party? Race, religion, and partisanship over time
    • McDaniel, Eric L., and Christopher G. Ellison. 2008. God's party? Race, religion, and partisanship over time. Political Research Quarterly 61(2): 180-191.
    • (2008) Political Research Quarterly , vol.61 , Issue.2 , pp. 180-191
    • McDaniel, E.L.1    Ellison, C.G.2
  • 285
    • 0002809763 scopus 로고
    • The poly-psy relationship: Three phases of a long affair
    • ed. Shanto Iyengar and William J. McGuire. Durham: Duke University Press.
    • McGuire, William J. 1993. The poly-psy relationship: Three phases of a long affair. In Explorations in political psychology, ed. Shanto Iyengar and William J. McGuire, 9-35. Durham: Duke University Press.
    • (1993) Explorations in political psychology , pp. 9-35
    • McGuire, W.J.1
  • 287
    • 0031511718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executing Hortons: Racial crime in the 1988 presidential campaign
    • Mendelberg, Tali. 1997. Executing Hortons: Racial crime in the 1988 presidential campaign. Public Opinion Quarterly 61(1): 134-57.
    • (1997) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.61 , Issue.1 , pp. 134-157
    • Mendelberg, T.1
  • 291
    • 33845995558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atlanta mayoral race: Meet the candidates: Gloria Bromell-Tinubu; driven by a people-first philosophy, long-shot hopeful challenges cronyism
    • October 21, 2001, 3H.
    • Miller, Jill Young. 2001. Atlanta mayoral race: Meet the candidates: Gloria Bromell-Tinubu; driven by a people-first philosophy, long-shot hopeful challenges cronyism. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, October 21, 2001, 3H.
    • (2001) The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
    • Miller, J.Y.1
  • 292
    • 33845979609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Franklin clinches money-making reign
    • November 3, 2001, 1.
    • Miller, Jill Young, and Alan Judd. 2001. Franklin clinches money-making reign. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, November 3, 2001, 1.
    • (2001) The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
    • Miller, J.Y.1    Judd, A.2
  • 293
    • 0034418768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • News media impact on the ingredients of presidential evaluations: Politically knowledgeable citizens are guided by trusted sources
    • Miller, Joanne, and Jon A. Krosnick. 2000. News media impact on the ingredients of presidential evaluations: Politically knowledgeable citizens are guided by trusted sources. American Journal of Political Science 44(2): 301-15.
    • (2000) American Journal of Political Science , vol.44 , Issue.2 , pp. 301-315
    • Miller, J.1    Krosnick, J.A.2
  • 295
    • 0031528891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A generalized personal/group discrepancy: Testing the domain specificity of a perceived higher effect of events on one's group than on oneself
    • Moghaddam, Fatali M., Alison J. Stolkin, and Lesley S. Hutcheson. 1997. A generalized personal/group discrepancy: Testing the domain specificity of a perceived higher effect of events on one's group than on oneself. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 23: 743-50.
    • (1997) Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , vol.23 , pp. 743-750
    • Moghaddam, F.M.1    Stolkin, A.J.2    Hutcheson, L.S.3
  • 296
    • 0017483374 scopus 로고
    • Is stimuli recognition a necessary condition for the occurrence of exposure effects?
    • Moreland, Richard L., and Robert B. Zajonc. 1977. Is stimuli recognition a necessary condition for the occurrence of exposure effects? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 35(4): 191-99.
    • (1977) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 191-199
    • Moreland, R.L.1    Zajonc, R.B.2
  • 297
    • 33750916283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment practices with African Americans: Combining standard assessment measures within an Africentric orientation
    • ed. Richard Henry Dana. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • Morris, Edward F. 2000. Assessment practices with African Americans: Combining standard assessment measures within an Africentric orientation. In Handbook of cross-cultural and multicultural personality assessment, ed. Richard Henry Dana, 573-603. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (2000) Handbook of cross-cultural and multicultural personality assessment , pp. 573-603
    • Morris, E.F.1
  • 299
    • 85026711538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General Social Survey: Study FAQs
    • (accessed January 11, 2010).
    • National Opinion Research Center. 2002a. General Social Survey: Study FAQs. http://www.norc.org/GSS+Website/FAQs/FAQs.htm (accessed January 11, 2010).
    • (2002)
  • 300
    • 85026696766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • America rebounds: A national study of public response to the September 11th terrorist attacks, preliminary findings
    • (October 25) (accessed January 11, 2010).
    • National Opinion Research Center. 2002b. America rebounds: A national study of public response to the September 11th terrorist attacks, preliminary findings. (October 25), http://www.norc.org/NR/rdonlyres/51AA73B5-EB68-4E2A-AC63-75D652AA7D41/0/pubresp.pdf (accessed January 11, 2010).
    • (2002)
  • 301
    • 2942634300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • America recovers: A follow-up to a national study of public response to the September 11th terrorist attacks
    • (August) (accessed January 11, 2010).
    • National Opinion Research Center. 2002c. America recovers: A follow-up to a national study of public response to the September 11th terrorist attacks. (August), http://www.norc.uchicago. edu/NR/rdonlyres/E80028D8-96BB-47EF-90A3-B69D253D8652/0/ pubresp2.pdf (accessed January 11, 2010).
    • (2002)
  • 302
    • 0030305730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Issue frames and group-centrism in American public opinion
    • Nelson, Thomas E., and Donald R. Kinder. 1996. Issue frames and group-centrism in American public opinion. The Journal of Politics 58(4): 1055-78.
    • (1996) The Journal of Politics , vol.58 , Issue.4 , pp. 1055-1078
    • Nelson, T.E.1    Kinder, D.R.2
  • 303
    • 0031286427 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Media framing of a civil liberties conflict and its effect on tolerance
    • Nelson, Thomas, Rosalee Clawson, and Zoe Oxley. 1997. Media framing of a civil liberties conflict and its effect on tolerance. American Political Science Review 91(3): 567-83.
    • (1997) American Political Science Review , vol.91 , Issue.3 , pp. 567-583
    • Nelson, T.1    Clawson, R.2    Oxley, Z.3
  • 305
    • 0000006023 scopus 로고
    • Cultural mistrust, opinions about mental illness, and Black students' attitudes toward seeking psychological help from White counselors
    • Nickerson, Kim J., Janet E. Helms, and Francis Terrell. 1994. Cultural mistrust, opinions about mental illness, and Black students' attitudes toward seeking psychological help from White counselors. Journal of Counseling Psychology 41(3): 378-85.
    • (1994) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.41 , Issue.3 , pp. 378-385
    • Nickerson, K.J.1    Helms, J.E.2    Terrell, F.3
  • 306
    • 84965631296 scopus 로고
    • Psychological nigrescence: An Afrocentric review
    • Nobles, Wade W. 1989. Psychological nigrescence: An Afrocentric review. The Counseling Psychologist 17(2): 253-57.
    • (1989) The Counseling Psychologist , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 253-257
    • Nobles, W.W.1
  • 307
    • 0033234211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of the gender gap
    • Norrander, Barbara. 1999a. The evolution of the gender gap. Public Opinion Quarterly 63(4): 566-76.
    • (1999) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.63 , Issue.4 , pp. 566-576
    • Norrander, B.1
  • 308
    • 0007263313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the gender gap growing?
    • ed. Herbert F. Weisberg and Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier. New York: Chatham House.
    • Norrander, Barbara. 1999b. Is the gender gap growing? In Reelection 1996: How Americans voted, ed. Herbert F. Weisberg and Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, 145-61. New York: Chatham House.
    • (1999) Reelection 1996: How Americans voted , pp. 145-161
    • Norrander, B.1
  • 310
    • 84973217004 scopus 로고
    • Internal-external control in black and white
    • Ogletree, Kathryn. 1976. Internal-external control in black and white. Black Books Bulletin 4: 26-31.
    • (1976) Black Books Bulletin , vol.4 , pp. 26-31
    • Ogletree, K.1
  • 311
    • 84968853293 scopus 로고
    • Social and political participation of Blacks
    • Olsen, Marvin. 1970. Social and political participation of Blacks. American Sociological Review 35(2): 682-96.
    • (1970) American Sociological Review , vol.35 , Issue.2 , pp. 682-696
    • Olsen, M.1
  • 313
    • 0011380911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trust in the federal government: The phenomenon and its antecedents
    • ed. John Hibbing, and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
    • Owen, Diana, and Jack Dennis. 2001. Trust in the federal government: The phenomenon and its antecedents. In What is it about Government that Americans dislike?, ed. John Hibbing, and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse, 209-26. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2001) What is it about Government that Americans dislike? , pp. 209-226
    • Owen, D.1    Dennis, J.2
  • 314
    • 84937288973 scopus 로고
    • Group-salient issues and group representation: Support for women candidates in the 1992 Senate elections
    • Paolino, Phillip. 1995. Group-salient issues and group representation: Support for women candidates in the 1992 Senate elections. American Journal of Political Science 39(2): 294-313.
    • (1995) American Journal of Political Science , vol.39 , Issue.2 , pp. 294-313
    • Paolino, P.1
  • 315
    • 0141797477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The strategic logic of suicide terrorism
    • Pape, Robert A. 2003. The strategic logic of suicide terrorism. The American Political Science Review 97(3): 343-61.
    • (2003) The American Political Science Review , vol.97 , Issue.3 , pp. 343-361
    • Pape, R.A.1
  • 318
    • 0032414651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Church culture as a strategy of action in the Black community
    • Pattilo-Mccoy. 1998. Church culture as a strategy of action in the Black community. American Sociological Review 63: 767-84.
    • (1998) American Sociological Review , vol.63 , pp. 767-784
    • Pattilo-Mccoy.1
  • 319
    • 0035376929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Political psychology as discipline and resource
    • Perez, Adela Garzon. 2001. Political psychology as discipline and resource. Political Psychology 22(2): 347-56.
    • (2001) Political Psychology , vol.22 , Issue.2 , pp. 347-356
    • Perez, A.G.1
  • 320
    • 33845990036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inside our dangerous ranks: The autobiography of Elaine Brown and the Black Panther Party
    • ed. Kimberly Springer. New York: New York University Press.
    • Perkins, Margo V. 1999. Inside our dangerous ranks: The autobiography of Elaine Brown and the Black Panther Party. In Still lifting, still climbing: Contemporary African American women's activism, ed. Kimberly Springer, 91-106. New York: New York University Press.
    • (1999) Still lifting, still climbing: Contemporary African American women's activism , pp. 91-106
    • Perkins, M.V.1
  • 321
    • 5044239383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A party of a different color? Race, campaign communication, and party politics
    • Philpot, Tasha S. 2004. A party of a different color? Race, campaign communication, and party politics. Political Behavior 26(3): 249-70.
    • (2004) Political Behavior , vol.26 , Issue.3 , pp. 249-270
    • Philpot, T.S.1
  • 323
    • 85048996480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An historic election in context: The 2001 Atlanta mayoral election
    • Philpot, Tasha S., and Hanes Walton. 2005. An historic election in context: The 2001 Atlanta mayoral election. National Political Science Review 10: 43-53.
    • (2005) National Political Science Review , vol.10 , pp. 43-53
    • Philpot, T.S.1    Walton, H.2
  • 324
    • 0025516399 scopus 로고
    • Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research
    • Phinney, Jean S. 1990. Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research. Psychological Bulletin 108(3): 499-514.
    • (1990) Psychological Bulletin , vol.108 , Issue.3 , pp. 499-514
    • Phinney, J.S.1
  • 327
    • 33845966178 scopus 로고
    • Black women state legislators: A profile
    • ed. Marianne Githens and Jewel Limar Prestage. New York: David McKay.
    • Prestage, Jewel Limar. 1977. Black women state legislators: A profile. In A portrait of marginality: The political behavior of the American woman, ed. Marianne Githens and Jewel Limar Prestage, 401-18. New York: David McKay.
    • (1977) A portrait of marginality: The political behavior of the American woman , pp. 401-418
    • Prestage, J.L.1
  • 328
    • 0000707246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • News values and public opinion: A theoretical account of media priming and framing
    • ed. Franklin.J. Boster and George Barnett. Norwood: Ablex.
    • Price, Vincent, and David Tewksbury. 1997. News values and public opinion: A theoretical account of media priming and framing. In Progress in communication sciences, ed. Franklin.J. Boster and George Barnett, 173-212. Norwood: Ablex.
    • (1997) Progress in communication sciences , pp. 173-212
    • Price, V.1    Tewksbury, D.2
  • 329
    • 0000009954 scopus 로고
    • Racism and prejudice as negative impacts on African American clients in therapy
    • Priest, Ronnie. 1991. Racism and prejudice as negative impacts on African American clients in therapy. Journal of Counseling & Development 70(1): 213-15.
    • (1991) Journal of Counseling & Development , vol.70 , Issue.1 , pp. 213-215
    • Priest, R.1
  • 333
    • 0002316462 scopus 로고
    • Strong feelings: Emotional responses to presidents
    • Ragsdale, Lyn. 1991. Strong feelings: Emotional responses to presidents. Political Behavior 13(1): 33-65.
    • (1991) Political Behavior , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 33-65
    • Ragsdale, L.1
  • 334
    • 1342276113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Political psychology and political science
    • ed. James H. Kuklinski. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • Rahn, Wendy M., John L. Sullivan, and Thomas J. Rudolph. 2002. Political psychology and political science. In Thinking about political psychology, ed. James H. Kuklinski, 155-86. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2002) Thinking about political psychology , pp. 155-186
    • Rahn, W.M.1    Sullivan, J.L.2    Rudolph, T.J.3
  • 335
    • 0019529217 scopus 로고
    • In praise of paradox: A social policy of empowerment over prevention
    • Rappaport, Julian. 1981. In praise of paradox: A social policy of empowerment over prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology 9(1): 1-25.
    • (1981) American Journal of Community Psychology , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-25
    • Rappaport, J.1
  • 336
    • 0023322294 scopus 로고
    • Terms of empowerment/exemplars of prevention: Toward a theory for community psychology
    • Rappaport, Julian. 1987. Terms of empowerment/exemplars of prevention: Toward a theory for community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology 15(2): 121-48.
    • (1987) American Journal of Community Psychology , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 121-148
    • Rappaport, J.1
  • 337
    • 84974277678 scopus 로고
    • The effects of religious messages on racial identity and system blame among African-Americans
    • Reese, Laura A., and Ronald E. Brown. 1995. The effects of religious messages on racial identity and system blame among African-Americans. The Journal of Politics 57: 24-43.
    • (1995) The Journal of Politics , vol.57 , pp. 24-43
    • Reese, L.A.1    Brown, R.E.2
  • 340
    • 84874818779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Quality of Work Life, Self-evaluation and Life Satisfaction among African Americans
    • African American Research Perspectives (accessed January 11, 2010).
    • Riley, Anna. 2000. The Quality of Work Life, Self-evaluation and Life Satisfaction among African Americans, African American Research Perspectives, 6(1). http://www.rcgd.isr.umich.edu/prba/perspectives/winter2000/ariley.pdf (accessed January 11, 2010).
    • (2000) , vol.6 , Issue.1
    • Riley, A.1
  • 343
    • 52649115477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The making of the vanguard center: Black feminist emergence in the 1960s and 1970s
    • ed. Kimberly Springer. New York: New York University Press.
    • Roth, Benita. 1999. The making of the vanguard center: Black feminist emergence in the 1960s and 1970s. In Still lifting, still climbing: Contemporary African American women's activism, ed. Kimberly Springer, 70-90. New York: New York University Press.
    • (1999) Still lifting, still climbing: Contemporary African American women's activism , pp. 70-90
    • Roth, B.1
  • 344
    • 33645753084 scopus 로고
    • The social contract, or principles of political right
    • Trans. G. D. H. Cole, rendered into HTML and text by Jon Roland of the Constitution Society (Accessed 10 July 2007).
    • Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1762. The social contract, or principles of political right. Trans. G. D. H. Cole, rendered into HTML and text by Jon Roland of the Constitution Society. http://www.constitution.org/jir/socon.htm (Accessed 10 July 2007).
    • (1762)
    • Rousseau, J.-J.1
  • 345
    • 0030188484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial and ethnic differences in students' attitudes and behavior toward organ donation
    • Rubens, Arthur J. 1996. Racial and ethnic differences in students' attitudes and behavior toward organ donation. Journal of the National Medical Association 88(7): 417-21.
    • (1996) Journal of the National Medical Association , vol.88 , Issue.7 , pp. 417-421
    • Rubens, A.J.1
  • 346
    • 84909359211 scopus 로고
    • Psychohistory and political psychology: A comparative analysis
    • ed. Shanto Iyengar and William J. McGuire. Durham: Duke University Press.
    • Runyan, William McKinley. 1993. Psychohistory and political psychology: A comparative analysis. In Explorations in political psychology, ed. Shanto Iyengar and William J. McGuire, 36-69. Durham: Duke University Press.
    • (1993) Explorations in political psychology , pp. 36-69
    • Runyan, W.M.1
  • 347
    • 0000551205 scopus 로고
    • Unlikely leaders, extreme circumstances: Older Black women building community households
    • Saegert, Susan. 1989. Unlikely leaders, extreme circumstances: Older Black women building community households. American Journal of Community Psychology 17(3): 295-316.
    • (1989) American Journal of Community Psychology , vol.17 , Issue.3 , pp. 295-316
    • Saegert, S.1
  • 349
    • 0031528269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The variable gender bias of electoral politics: Gender and context in the 1992 U.S
    • Sapiro, Virginia, and Pamela Johnston Conover. 1997. The variable gender bias of electoral politics: Gender and context in the 1992 U.S. election. British Journal of Political Science 27: 497-523.
    • (1997) election. British Journal of Political Science , vol.27 , pp. 497-523
    • Sapiro, V.1    Conover, P.J.2
  • 350
    • 43949138623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A broader view of racial microaggression in psychotherapy
    • Schacht, Thomas E. 2008. A broader view of racial microaggression in psychotherapy. American Psychologist 63(4): 273-79.
    • (2008) American Psychologist , vol.63 , Issue.4 , pp. 273-279
    • Schacht, T.E.1
  • 351
    • 0001812294 scopus 로고
    • Criteria for emotion-antecedent appraisal: A review
    • ed. Vernon Hamilton, Gordon H. Bower, and Nico H. Frijda. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
    • Scherer, Klaus R. 1988. Criteria for emotion-antecedent appraisal: A review. In Cognitive perspectives on emotion and motivation, ed. Vernon Hamilton, Gordon H. Bower, and Nico H. Frijda, 89-126. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
    • (1988) Cognitive perspectives on emotion and motivation , pp. 89-126
    • Scherer, K.R.1
  • 353
    • 84929064677 scopus 로고
    • The ecological niche of political psychology
    • Sears, David O. 1989. The ecological niche of political psychology. Political Psychology 10(3): 501-6.
    • (1989) Political Psychology , vol.10 , Issue.3 , pp. 501-506
    • Sears, D.O.1
  • 354
    • 84936418456 scopus 로고
    • Graduate education in political psychology
    • Sears, David O., and Carolyn L. Funk. 1991. Graduate education in political psychology. Political Psychology 12(2): 345-62.
    • (1991) Political Psychology , vol.12 , Issue.2 , pp. 345-362
    • Sears, D.O.1    Funk, C.L.2
  • 356
    • 0011377548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race in American politics: Framing the debates
    • ed. David O. Sears, Jim Sidanius, and Lawrence Bobo. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • Sears, David O., John J. Hetts, Jim Sidanius, and Lawrence Bobo. 2000. Race in American politics: Framing the debates. In Racialized politics: The debate about racism in America, ed. David O. Sears, Jim Sidanius, and Lawrence Bobo, 1-43. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    • (2000) Racialized politics: The debate about racism in America , pp. 1-43
    • Sears, D.O.1    Hetts, J.J.2    Sidanius, J.3    Bobo, L.4
  • 357
    • 0028997914 scopus 로고
    • Measuring empowerment in client-run self-help agencies
    • Segal, Steven P., Carol Silverman, and Tanya Temkin. 1995. Measuring empowerment in client-run self-help agencies. Community Mental Health Journal 31(3): 215-27.
    • (1995) Community Mental Health Journal , vol.31 , Issue.3 , pp. 215-227
    • Segal, S.P.1    Silverman, C.2    Temkin, T.3
  • 360
    • 0030761568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why are African Americans under-represented in medical research studies? Impediments to participation
    • Shavers-Hornaday, Vickie L., C. F. Lynch, L. F. Burmeister, and J. C. Torner. 1997. Why are African Americans under-represented in medical research studies? Impediments to participation. Ethnic Health 2: 31-45.
    • (1997) Ethnic Health , vol.2 , pp. 31-45
    • Shavers-Hornaday, V.L.1    Lynch, C.F.2    Burmeister, L.F.3    Torner, J.C.4
  • 363
    • 0002336715 scopus 로고
    • The psychology of group conflict and the dynamics of oppression: A social dominance perspective
    • ed. Shanto Iyengar and William McGuire. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
    • Sidanius, J. 1993. The psychology of group conflict and the dynamics of oppression: A social dominance perspective. In Explorations in political psychology, ed. Shanto Iyengar and William McGuire, 183-219. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
    • (1993) Explorations in political psychology , pp. 183-219
    • Sidanius, J.1
  • 364
    • 85200834455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reading, revelation and rebellion: The textual communities of Gabriel, Denmark Vesey and Nat Turner
    • ed. Kenneth S. Greenberg. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    • Sidbury, James. 2003. Reading, revelation and rebellion: The textual communities of Gabriel, Denmark Vesey and Nat Turner. In Nat Turner: A slave rebellion in history and memory, ed. Kenneth S. Greenberg, 119-33. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    • (2003) Nat Turner: A slave rebellion in history and memory , pp. 119-133
    • Sidbury, J.1
  • 365
    • 84937297527 scopus 로고
    • Black candidates, White voters: Understanding racial bias in political perceptions
    • Sigelman, Carol K., Lee Sigelman, Barbara J. Walkosz, and Michael Nitz. 1995. Black candidates, White voters: Understanding racial bias in political perceptions. American Journal of Political Science 39(1): 243-65.
    • (1995) American Journal of Political Science , vol.39 , Issue.1 , pp. 243-265
    • Sigelman, C.K.1    Sigelman, L.2    Walkosz, B.J.3    Nitz, M.4
  • 366
    • 84925975212 scopus 로고
    • Sexism, racism, and ageism in voting behavior: An experimental analysis
    • Sigelman, Lee, and Carol K. Sigelman. 1982. Sexism, racism, and ageism in voting behavior: An experimental analysis. Social Psychology Quarterly 45: 263-69.
    • (1982) Social Psychology Quarterly , vol.45 , pp. 263-269
    • Sigelman, L.1    Sigelman, C.K.2
  • 367
    • 84960607555 scopus 로고
    • Race, gender, and opinion toward Black and female presidential candidates
    • Sigelman, Lee, and Susan Welch. 1984. Race, gender, and opinion toward Black and female presidential candidates. Public Opinion Quarterly 48(2): 467-75.
    • (1984) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.48 , Issue.2 , pp. 467-475
    • Sigelman, L.1    Welch, S.2
  • 368
    • 21144461680 scopus 로고
    • The contact hypothesis revisited: Black-White interaction and positive racial attitudes
    • Sigelman, Lee, and Susan Welch. 1993. The contact hypothesis revisited: Black-White interaction and positive racial attitudes. Social Forces 71(3): 781-95.
    • (1993) Social Forces , vol.71 , Issue.3 , pp. 781-795
    • Sigelman, L.1    Welch, S.2
  • 369
    • 4444304723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The intersection of race and gender: An examination of Black feminist consciousness, race consciousness, and policy attitudes
    • Simien, Evelyn M., and Rosalee A. Clawson. 2004. The intersection of race and gender: An examination of Black feminist consciousness, race consciousness, and policy attitudes. Social Science Quarterly 85(3): 793-810.
    • (2004) Social Science Quarterly , vol.85 , Issue.3 , pp. 793-810
    • Simien, E.M.1    Clawson, R.A.2
  • 370
    • 84973985993 scopus 로고
    • Human nature in politics: The dialogue of psychology with political science
    • Simon, Herbert A. 1985. Human nature in politics: The dialogue of psychology with political science. American Political Science Review 79(2): 293-304.
    • (1985) American Political Science Review , vol.79 , Issue.2 , pp. 293-304
    • Simon, H.A.1
  • 371
    • 53349161598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black politics, the 2008 election, and (im)possibility of race transcendence
    • October
    • Sinclair-Chapman, Valeria, and Melanye Price. 2008. Black politics, the 2008 election, and (im)possibility of race transcendence. PS: Political Science and Politics 41(October): 739-45.
    • (2008) PS: Political Science and Politics , vol.41 , pp. 739-745
    • Sinclair-Chapman, V.1    Price, M.2
  • 372
    • 0011595245 scopus 로고
    • Inter-nation influence: A formal model
    • Singer, J. David. 1963. Inter-nation influence: A formal model. American Political Science Review 57(2): 420-30.
    • (1963) American Political Science Review , vol.57 , Issue.2 , pp. 420-430
    • Singer, J.D.1
  • 375
    • 0000102526 scopus 로고
    • Social identity and social emotions: Toward new conceptualizations of prejudice
    • ed. Diane M. Mackie and David L. Hamilton. San Diego: Academic Press.
    • Smith, Eliot R. 1993. Social identity and social emotions: Toward new conceptualizations of prejudice. In Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception, ed. Diane M. Mackie and David L. Hamilton, 297-315. San Diego: Academic Press.
    • (1993) Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception , pp. 297-315
    • Smith, E.R.1
  • 376
    • 84965629717 scopus 로고
    • Black racial identity development: Issues and concerns
    • Smith, Elsie M. J. 1989. Black racial identity development: Issues and concerns. The Counseling Psychologist 17(2): 277-88.
    • (1989) The Counseling Psychologist , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 277-288
    • Smith, E.M.J.1
  • 378
    • 0001923243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial self-designation, racial identity, and self-esteem revisited
    • Speight, Suzette L., Elizabeth M. Vera, and Kimberly B. Derrickson. 1996. Racial self-designation, racial identity, and self-esteem revisited. Journal of Black Psychology 22(1): 37-52.
    • (1996) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.22 , Issue.1 , pp. 37-52
    • Speight, S.L.1    Vera, E.M.2    Derrickson, K.B.3
  • 379
    • 85004899696 scopus 로고
    • Identity process among racial and ethnic minority children in America
    • Spencer, Margaret B., and Carol Markstrom-Adams. 1990. Identity process among racial and ethnic minority children in America. Child Development 61(2): 290-310.
    • (1990) Child Development , vol.61 , Issue.2 , pp. 290-310
    • Spencer, M.B.1    Markstrom-Adams, C.2
  • 380
    • 0025980064 scopus 로고
    • Affective and cognitive determinants of prejudice
    • Stangor, Charles, Linda A. Sullivan, and Thomas E. Ford. 1991. Affective and cognitive determinants of prejudice. Social Cognition 9(4): 359-80.
    • (1991) Social Cognition , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 359-380
    • Stangor, C.1    Sullivan, L.A.2    Ford, T.E.3
  • 381
    • 0026958472 scopus 로고
    • Young White adults: Did racial attitudes change in the 1980s?
    • Steeh, Charlotte, and Howard Schuman. 1992. Young White adults: Did racial attitudes change in the 1980s? American Journal of Sociology 98(2): 340-67.
    • (1992) American Journal of Sociology , vol.98 , Issue.2 , pp. 340-367
    • Steeh, C.1    Schuman, H.2
  • 382
    • 0031155092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance
    • (06/01).
    • Steele, Claude M. 1997. A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist 52(6)(06/01): 613-29.
    • (1997) American Psychologist , vol.52 , Issue.6 , pp. 613-629
    • Steele, C.M.1
  • 385
    • 84965383790 scopus 로고
    • The psychology of sexual racism and AIDS: An ongoing saga of distrust and the "sexual other"
    • Stevenson, Howard C. 1994. The psychology of sexual racism and AIDS: An ongoing saga of distrust and the "sexual other." Journal of Black Studies 25(1): 62-80.
    • (1994) Journal of Black Studies , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 62-80
    • Stevenson, H.C.1
  • 386
    • 0000854834 scopus 로고
    • Party government and the saliency of Congress
    • Stokes, Donald E., and Warren E. Miller. 1962. Party government and the saliency of Congress. Public Opinion Quarterly 26(4): 531-46.
    • (1962) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.26 , Issue.4 , pp. 531-546
    • Stokes, D.E.1    Miller, W.E.2
  • 390
    • 0014870599 scopus 로고
    • Experiments in intergroup discrimination
    • Tajfel, Henri. 1970. Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American 223(5): 96-102.
    • (1970) Scientific American , vol.223 , Issue.5 , pp. 96-102
    • Tajfel, H.1
  • 392
    • 0001868677 scopus 로고
    • The social identity theory of intergroup behavior
    • ed. Stephen Worchel and William G. Austin. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
    • Tajfel, Henri, and John C. Turner. 1986. The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In The psychology of intergroup relations, ed. Stephen Worchel and William G. Austin, 7-24. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
    • (1986) The psychology of intergroup relations , pp. 7-24
    • Tajfel, H.1    Turner, J.C.2
  • 396
    • 0037310508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black opinion on the legitimacy of racial redistricting and minoritymajority districts
    • Tate, Katherine. 2003. Black opinion on the legitimacy of racial redistricting and minoritymajority districts. American Political Science Review 97(1): 45-56.
    • (2003) American Political Science Review , vol.97 , Issue.1 , pp. 45-56
    • Tate, K.1
  • 397
    • 0002342195 scopus 로고
    • Talking about race, learning about racism: The application of racial identity development theory
    • Tatum, Beverly D. 1992. Talking about race, learning about racism: The application of racial identity development theory. Harvard Educational Review 62(1): 1-24.
    • (1992) Harvard Educational Review , vol.62 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-24
    • Tatum, B.D.1
  • 399
    • 85050785470 scopus 로고
    • When White voters evaluate Black candidates: The processing implications of candidate skin color, prejudice, and self-monitoring
    • Terkildsen, Nayda. 1993. When White voters evaluate Black candidates: The processing implications of candidate skin color, prejudice, and self-monitoring. American Journal of Political Science 37(4): 1032-53.
    • (1993) American Journal of Political Science , vol.37 , Issue.4 , pp. 1032-1053
    • Terkildsen, N.1
  • 400
    • 0027664815 scopus 로고
    • Level of cultural mistrust as a function of educational and occupational expectations among Black students
    • Terrell, Francis, Sandra L. Terrell, and Fayneese Miller. 1993. Level of cultural mistrust as a function of educational and occupational expectations among Black students. Adolescence 28(111): 573-78.
    • (1993) Adolescence , vol.28 , Issue.111 , pp. 573-578
    • Terrell, F.1    Terrell, S.L.2    Miller, F.3
  • 405
    • 84979380720 scopus 로고
    • Perceptions of control in vulnerable populations
    • Thompson, Suzanne C., and Shirlynn Spacapan. 1991. Perceptions of control in vulnerable populations. Journal of Social Issues 41(4): 1-21.
    • (1991) Journal of Social Issues , vol.41 , Issue.4 , pp. 1-21
    • Thompson, S.C.1    Spacapan, S.2
  • 408
    • 85044979661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race differences in congregational social service activity
    • Tsitsos, William. 2003. Race differences in congregational social service activity. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 42(2): 205-15.
    • (2003) Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , vol.42 , Issue.2 , pp. 205-215
    • Tsitsos, W.1
  • 409
    • 17644433695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whites' racial policy attitudes
    • Tuch, Steven A., and Michael Hughes. 1996. Whites' racial policy attitudes. Social Science Quarterly 77(4): 723-45.
    • (1996) Social Science Quarterly , vol.77 , Issue.4 , pp. 723-745
    • Tuch, S.A.1    Hughes, M.2
  • 410
    • 84983967866 scopus 로고
    • Race in the workplace: Black/ White differences in the sources of job satisfaction
    • Tuch, Steven A., and Jack K. Martin. 1991. Race in the workplace: Black/ White differences in the sources of job satisfaction. Sociological Quarterly 32: 103-116.
    • (1991) Sociological Quarterly , vol.32 , pp. 103-116
    • Tuch, S.A.1    Martin, J.K.2
  • 412
    • 0002881685 scopus 로고
    • Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group
    • ed. Henri Tajfel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • Turner, John C. 1982. Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group. In Social identity and intergroup relations, ed. Henri Tajfel, 15-40. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1982) Social identity and intergroup relations , pp. 15-40
    • Turner, J.C.1
  • 413
    • 0016264378 scopus 로고
    • Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases
    • Tversky, Amos, and Daniel Kahneman. 1974. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science 185(4157): 1124-31.
    • (1974) Science , vol.185 , Issue.4157 , pp. 1124-1131
    • Tversky, A.1    Kahneman, D.2
  • 414
    • 85026698653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Table B-7. Standard Errors for Homeownership Rates by Race and Ethnicity: 2001
    • (October 1) (accessed June 1, 2003).
    • U.S. Census Bureau. 2002a. Table B-7. Standard Errors for Homeownership Rates by Race and Ethnicity: 2001. (October 1), http://www.census.gov/ hhes/www/housing/hvs/annual02/ann02tb7.html (accessed June 1, 2003).
    • (2002)
  • 415
    • 85026691840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical Tables on Income Inequality
    • (October 1) (accessed June 1, 2003).
    • U.S. Census Bureau 2002b. Historical Tables on Income Inequality. (October 1), http:// www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/ineqtoc.html (accessed June 1, 2003).
    • (2002)
  • 416
    • 85026689576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Table A-2. Percent of People 25 Years Old and Over Who Have Completed High School or College, by Race, Hispanic Origin and Sex: Selected Years 1940 to 2002
    • (March 21) (accessed June 1, 2003).
    • U.S. Census Bureau. 2003. Table A-2. Percent of People 25 Years Old and Over Who Have Completed High School or College, by Race, Hispanic Origin and Sex: Selected Years 1940 to 2002. (March 21), http://www.census.gov/population/ socdemo/education/tabA-2.pdf (accessed June 1, 2003).
    • (2003)
  • 417
    • 0000398877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the stressful effects of racism: A review of instrumentation
    • Utsey, Shawn O. 1998. Assessing the stressful effects of racism: A review of instrumentation. Journal of Black Psychology 24(3): 269-88.
    • (1998) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.24 , Issue.3 , pp. 269-288
    • Utsey, S.O.1
  • 418
    • 0033197096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crime news and the priming of racial attitudes during evaluations of the president
    • Valentino, Nicholas A. 1999. Crime news and the priming of racial attitudes during evaluations of the president. Public Opinion Quarterly 63(3): 293-320.
    • (1999) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.63 , Issue.3 , pp. 293-320
    • Valentino, N.A.1
  • 419
    • 0036012220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cues that matter: How political ads prime racial attitudes during campaigns
    • Valentino, Nicholas A., Vincent L. Hutchings, and Ismail K. White. 2002. Cues that matter: How political ads prime racial attitudes during campaigns. American Political Science Review 96(1): 75-90.
    • (2002) American Political Science Review , vol.96 , Issue.1 , pp. 75-90
    • Valentino, N.A.1    Hutchings, V.L.2    White, I.K.3
  • 420
    • 84995654525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial cues in campaign news: The effects of candidate issue distance on emotional responses, political attentiveness, and vote choice
    • ed. David Redlawsk. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
    • Valentino, Nicholas A., Vincent L. Hutchings, Tasha S. Philpot, and Ismail K. White. 2006. Racial cues in campaign news: The effects of candidate issue distance on emotional responses, political attentiveness, and vote choice. In Feeling politics: Affect and emotion in political information processing, ed. David Redlawsk, 165-86. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
    • (2006) Feeling politics: Affect and emotion in political information processing , pp. 165-186
    • Valentino, N.A.1    Hutchings, V.L.2    Philpot, T.S.3    White, I.K.4
  • 422
    • 3042682314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Political involvement and apathy in Europe 1973-1998
    • Arbeitspapiere-Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung [Papers Mannheimer Center for European Social Research]/No 33. Mannheim.
    • van Deth, Jan. 2000. Political involvement and apathy in Europe 1973-1998. Arbeitspapiere-Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung [Papers Mannheimer Center for European Social Research]/No 33. Mannheim.
    • (2000)
    • van Deth, J.1
  • 423
    • 0001855670 scopus 로고
    • Applications of emotion theory and research to stereotyping and intergroup relations
    • ed. Diane M. Mackie and David L. Hamilton. San Diego: Academic Press.
    • Vanman, Eric J., and Norman Miller. 1993. Applications of emotion theory and research to stereotyping and intergroup relations. In Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception, ed. Diane M. Mackie and David L. Hamilton, 213-38. San Diego: Academic Press.
    • (1993) Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception , pp. 213-238
    • Vanman, E.J.1    Miller, N.2
  • 426
    • 79953704706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incarceration is not an equal opportunity punishment
    • Prison Policy Initiative. (June 28) (accessed January 11, 2010).
    • Wagner, Peter. 2005. Incarceration is not an equal opportunity punishment. Prison Policy Initiative. (June 28), http://www.prisonpolicy.org/articles/notequal. html (accessed January 11, 2010).
    • (2005)
    • Wagner, P.1
  • 427
    • 34547841360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barack Obama and the politics of Blackness
    • Walters, Ron. 2007. Barack Obama and the politics of Blackness. Journal of Black Studies 38(1): 7-29.
    • (2007) Journal of Black Studies , vol.38 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-29
    • Walters, R.1
  • 431
    • 84972278229 scopus 로고
    • The recent literature on Black politics
    • Walton, Hanes, Jr. 1985. The recent literature on Black politics. PS: Political Science and Politics 18(4): 769-80.
    • (1985) PS: Political Science and Politics , vol.18 , Issue.4 , pp. 769-780
    • Walton, H.1
  • 432
    • 85026716400 scopus 로고
    • The current literature on Black politics
    • Walton, Hanes, Jr. 1989. The current literature on Black politics. National Political Science Review 1: 152-68.
    • (1989) National Political Science Review , vol.1 , pp. 152-168
    • Walton, H.1
  • 436
    • 53349095275 scopus 로고
    • The pioneering books on Black politics and the political science community, 1903-1965
    • Walton, Hanes, Jr., Leslie Burl McLemore, and C. Vernon Gray. 1989. The pioneering books on Black politics and the political science community, 1903-1965. National Political Science Review 1: 197-218.
    • (1989) National Political Science Review , vol.1 , pp. 197-218
    • Walton, H.1    McLemore, L.B.2    Vernon Gray, C.3
  • 437
    • 85026684185 scopus 로고
    • The problem of preconceived perceptions in Black urban politics: The Harold Gosnell-James Q
    • Walton, Hanes, Jr., Leslie Burl McLemore, and C. Vernon Gray. 1992. The problem of preconceived perceptions in Black urban politics: The Harold Gosnell-James Q. Wilson legacy. National Political Science Review 3: 217-29.
    • (1992) Wilson legacy. National Political Science Review , vol.3 , pp. 217-229
    • Walton, H.1    McLemore, L.B.2    Vernon Gray, C.3
  • 438
    • 0039234443 scopus 로고
    • Race and political science: The dual traditions of race relations politics and African-American politics
    • ed. James Farr, John S. Dryzek, and Stephen T. Leonard. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • Walton, Hanes, Jr., Cheryl M. Miller, and Joseph P. McCormick, II. 1995. Race and political science: The dual traditions of race relations politics and African-American politics. In Political science in history: Research programs and political traditions, ed. James Farr, John S. Dryzek, and Stephen T. Leonard. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1995) Political science in history: Research programs and political traditions
    • Walton, H.1    Miller, C.M.2    McCormick, J.P.3
  • 439
    • 84937339139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The literature on African-American politics: The decades of the nineties
    • Walton, Hanes, Jr., Marion E. Orr, Shirley Geiger, and Mfanya Tryman. 2001. The literature on African-American politics: The decades of the nineties. Politics and Policy 29: 753-82.
    • (2001) Politics and Policy , vol.29 , pp. 753-782
    • Walton, H.1    Orr, M.E.2    Geiger, S.3    Tryman, M.4
  • 440
    • 0002179380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Raising resisters: The role of truth telling in the psychological development of African American girls
    • ed. Niobe Way. New York: New York University Press.
    • Ward, Janie Victoria. 1996. Raising resisters: The role of truth telling in the psychological development of African American girls. In Urban girls: Resisting stereotypes, creating identities, ed. Niobe Way, 85-99. New York: New York University Press.
    • (1996) Urban girls: Resisting stereotypes, creating identities , pp. 85-99
    • Ward, J.V.1
  • 442
    • 85026687255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WebCASPAR. 2010. www.webcaspar.nsf.gov
    • (2010)
  • 443
    • 53149145667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • We need to come together and raise our kids and our communities right": Black Males Rewriting Social Representations
    • Weis, Lois, Michelle Fine, Tracey Shepherd, and Kenny Foster. 1999. "We need to come together and raise our kids and our communities right": Black Males Rewriting Social Representations, The Urban Review 31(2): 125-52.
    • (1999) The Urban Review , vol.31 , Issue.2 , pp. 125-152
    • Weis, L.1    Fine, M.2    Shepherd, T.3    Foster, K.4
  • 444
    • 0004193332 scopus 로고
    • New York: Beacon Press.
    • West, Cornel. 1993. Race matters. New York: Beacon Press.
    • (1993) Race matters
    • West, C.1
  • 445
    • 84963107516 scopus 로고
    • Religion, group identification, and politics among American Blacks
    • Wilcox, Clyde, and Leopoldo Gomez. 1990. Religion, group identification, and politics among American Blacks. Sociological Analysis 51(3): 271-85.
    • (1990) Sociological Analysis , vol.51 , Issue.3 , pp. 271-285
    • Wilcox, C.1    Gomez, L.2
  • 446
    • 0002904478 scopus 로고
    • White/Black perceptions of the electability of Black political candidates
    • Williams, Linda. 1989. White/Black perceptions of the electability of Black political candidates. National Political Science Review 2: 45-64.
    • (1989) National Political Science Review , vol.2 , pp. 45-64
    • Williams, L.1
  • 449
    • 84928224065 scopus 로고
    • Why political scientists don't study Black politics, but historians and sociologists do
    • Wilson, Ernest J., III. 1985. Why political scientists don't study Black politics, but historians and sociologists do. PS 18(3): 600-607.
    • (1985) PS , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 600-607
    • Wilson, E.J.1
  • 451
    • 0038879171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behind blue eyes: Whiteness and contemporary U.S. racial politics
    • (September-October)
    • Winant, Howard. 1997. Behind blue eyes: Whiteness and contemporary U.S. racial politics. New Left Review (September-October): 73-88.
    • (1997) New Left Review , pp. 73-88
    • Winant, H.1
  • 452
    • 84963037005 scopus 로고
    • Reinterpreting the gender gap
    • Wirls, Daniel. 1986. Reinterpreting the gender gap. Public Opinion Quarterly 50(3): 316-30.
    • (1986) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.50 , Issue.3 , pp. 316-330
    • Wirls, D.1
  • 453
    • 21644485243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A two-stage method for the study of cultural bias in the diagnosis of schizophrenia in African Americans
    • Whaley, Arthur L. 2004. A two-stage method for the study of cultural bias in the diagnosis of schizophrenia in African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology 30(2): 167-86.
    • (2004) Journal of Black Psychology , vol.30 , Issue.2 , pp. 167-186
    • Whaley, A.L.1
  • 454
    • 84928458931 scopus 로고
    • Ethnic role identity among Black and White college students: An interactionist approach
    • White, Clovis, and Peter Burke. 1987. Ethnic role identity among Black and White college students: An interactionist approach. Sociological Perspectives 30: 310-31.
    • (1987) Sociological Perspectives , vol.30 , pp. 310-331
    • White, C.1    Burke, P.2
  • 455
    • 35348849253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When race matters and when it doesn't: Racial group differences in response to racial cues
    • White, Ismail K. 2007. When race matters and when it doesn't: Racial group differences in response to racial cues. American Political Science Review 101(2): 339-54.
    • (2007) American Political Science Review , vol.101 , Issue.2 , pp. 339-354
    • White, I.K.1
  • 456
    • 33846969600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feeling the pain of my people: Hurricane Katrina, racial inequality, and the psyche of Black America
    • White, Ismail K., Tasha S. Philpot, Kristin Wylie, and Ernest McGowen. 2007. Feeling the pain of my people: Hurricane Katrina, racial inequality, and the psyche of Black America. Journal of Black Studies 37: 523-38.
    • (2007) Journal of Black Studies , vol.37 , pp. 523-538
    • White, I.K.1    Philpot, T.S.2    Wylie, K.3    McGowen, E.4
  • 459
    • 84972172688 scopus 로고
    • Black political scientists: Where are the new PhDs?
    • Woodard, Maurice, and Michael B. Preston. 1985. Black political scientists: Where are the new PhDs? PS 18(1): 80-88.
    • (1985) PS , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 80-88
    • Woodard, M.1    Preston, M.B.2
  • 460
    • 0014149671 scopus 로고
    • Dimensions of verbal racial attitudes: Their identification and measurement
    • Woodmansee, John J., and Stuart W. Cook. 1967. Dimensions of verbal racial attitudes: Their identification and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 7(3): 240-50.
    • (1967) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 240-250
    • Woodmansee, J.J.1    Cook, S.W.2
  • 461
    • 33744547378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psycho-political correlates of political efficacy: The case of the 1994 New Orleans mayoral election
    • Wu, Chung Li. 2003. Psycho-political correlates of political efficacy: The case of the 1994 New Orleans mayoral election. Journal of Black Studies 33: 729-60.
    • (2003) Journal of Black Studies , vol.33 , pp. 729-760
    • Wu, C.L.1
  • 462
    • 85026692559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of speaking power: Black feminist orality in women's narratives of slavery
    • Young, Stephanie L. 2007. A review of speaking power: Black feminist orality in women's narratives of slavery. Howard Journal of Communications 18(2): 193-95.
    • (2007) Howard Journal of Communications , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 193-195
    • Young, S.L.1
  • 463
    • 45449083916 scopus 로고
    • Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences
    • Zajonc, Robert B. 1980. Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist 35(2): 151-75.
    • (1980) American Psychologist , vol.35 , Issue.2 , pp. 151-175
    • Zajonc, R.B.1
  • 464
    • 0001034149 scopus 로고
    • Taking aim on empowerment research: On the distinction between individual and psychological conceptions
    • Zimmerman, Marc A. 1990. Taking aim on empowerment research: On the distinction between individual and psychological conceptions. American Journal of Community Psychology 18(1): 169-77.
    • (1990) American Journal of Community Psychology , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 169-177
    • Zimmerman, M.A.1
  • 465
    • 0000420170 scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in voting for female candidates: Evidence from the 1982 election
    • Zipp, John F., and Eric Plutzer. 1985. Gender differences in voting for female candidates: Evidence from the 1982 election. Public Opinion Quarterly 49(2): 179-97.
    • (1985) Public Opinion Quarterly , vol.49 , Issue.2 , pp. 179-197
    • Zipp, J.F.1    Plutzer, E.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.