PUBLIC OPINION AND DEMOCRATIC ACCOUNTABILITY: HOW CITIZENS LEARN ABOUT POLITICS

Public Opinion and Democratic Accountability: How Citizens Learn About Politics

Volumn , Issue , 2021, Pages 1-174

  Hutchings, Vincent L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85195987934     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (195)

1. Abramowitz, Alan I. 1988. “Explaining Senate Election Outcomes.” American Political Science Review 82: 385-403.
2. Abramowitz, Alan I. 1995. “It’s Abortion Stupid: Policy Voting in the 1992 Presidential Election.” Journal of Politics 57: 176-86.
3. Adams, Greg D. 1997. “Abortion: Evidence of Issue Evolution.” American Journal of Political Science 41(3): 718-37.
4. Aldrich, John H., John L. Sullivan, and Eugene Borgida. 1989. “Foreign Affairs and Issue Voting: Do Presidential Candidates ‘Waltz Before a Blind Audience’?" American Political Science Review 83: 123-41.
5. Althaus, Scott L. 1998. “Information Effects in Collective Preferences.” American Political Science Review 92(2): 545-58.
6. Alvarez, R. Michael. 1997. Information and Elections. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
7. Alvarez, R. Michael, and Paul Gronke. 1996. “Constituents and Knowledge of Senate Roll Call Votes.” Presented at the American Political Science Association.
8. Ansolabehere, Stephen, Roy Behr, and Shanto Iyengar. 1993. The Media Game. New York: Macmillan.
9. Arnold, R. Douglas. 1990. The Logic of Congressional Action. New Haven: Y ale University Press.
10. Barker, David C., and Christopher Jan Carman. 1997. “Fundamentalist Religiosity and Ideological Constraint.” Presented at the Midwest Political Science Association.
11. Barone, Michael, and Grant Ujifusa. 1993. The Almanac of American Politics 1994. Washington, DC: National Journal.
12. Barone, Michael, and Grant Ujifusa. 1999. The Almanac of American Politics 2000. Washington, D.C.: National Journal.
13. Bartels, Larry M. 1991. “Constituency Opinion and Congressional Policy Making: The Reagan Defense Buildup.” American Political Science Review 85: 457-72.
14. Bartels, Larry M. 1992. “The Impact of Electioneering in the United States.” In Electioneering: A Comparative Study of Continuity and Change, ed. David Butler and Austin Ranney. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
15. Bartels, Larry M. 1996. “Uninformed Votes: Information Effects in Presidential Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 40(1): 194-230.
16. Bartels, Larry M. 1997. “How Campaigns Matter.” Princeton University. Ms.
17. Bennett, Stephen Earl. 1995. “Comparing Americans’ Political Information in 1988 and 1992.” Journal of Politics 57: 521-32.
18. Berelson, Bernard, Paul Lazarsfeld, and William McPhee. 1954. Voting. New York: Free Press.
19. Bimber, B. 1998. “The Internet and Political Transformation: Populism, Community and Accelerated Pluralism.” Polity 31: 133-60.
20. Bimber, B. 1999. “The Internet and Citizen Communication with Government: Does the Medium Matter?" Political Communication 16: 409-28.
21. Blumer, Herbert. 1948. “Public Opinion and Public Opinion Polling.” American Sociological Review 13: 542-54.
22. Bobo, Lawrence, and Franklin D. Gilliam Jr. 1990. “Race, Sociopolitical Participation, and Black Empowerment.” American Political Science Review 84: 377-93.
23. Boninger, David S., Jon A. Krosnick, and Matthew K. Berent. 1995. “Origins of Attitude Importance: Self-Interest, Social Identification, and Value Relevance.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68: 61-80.
24. Browning, G. 1996. Electronic Democracy: Using the Internet to Influence American Politics. Wilton, CT: Pemberton Press.
25. Burnham, Margaret A. 1992. “The Supreme Court Appointment Process and the Politics of Race and Sex.” In Race-ing Justice, En-Gendering Power, ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Pantheon Books.
26. Burns, Nancy, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Sidney Verba. 1997. “The Public Consequences of Private Inequality: Family Life and Citizen Participation.” American Political Science Review 91: 373-89.
27. Caldeira, Gregory A., and Charles E. Smith, Jr. 1996. “Campaigning for the Supreme Court: The Dynamics of Public Opinion on the Thomas Nomination.” Journal of Politics 58: 655-81.
28. Campbell, Andrea. 2003. How Policies Make Citizens: Senior Citizen Activism and the American Welfare State. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
29. Campbell, Angus, Phillip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes. 1960. The American Voter. New York: Wiley.
30. Carmines, Edward G., and James A. Stimson. 1980. “The Two Faces of Issue Voting.” American Political Science Review 74: 78-91.
31. Carmines, Edward G., and James A. Stimson. 1989. Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
32. Chaffee, Steven H., and Donna G. Wilson. 1977. “Media Rich, Media Poor: T wo Studies of Diversity in Agenda Holding.” Journalism Quarterly 54: 466-76.
33. Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de. [1785] 1976. Essai sur l’application de l’analyse a la probabilité des decisions rendues à la pluralité des voix. In Condorcet: Selected Writings, ed. Keith Michael Baker. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
34. Conover, Pamela Johnston. 1981. “Political Cues and the Perception of Candidates.” American Politics Quarterly 9: 427-48.
35. Conover, Pamela Johnston. 1984. “The Influence of Group Identifications on Political Perception and Evaluation.” Journal of Politics 46: 760-84.
36. Conover, Pamela Johnston. 1985. “The Impact of Group Economic Interests on Political Evaluations.” American Politics Quarterly 13: 139-66.
37. Conover, Pamela Johnston. 1988. “The Role of Social Groups in Political Thinking.” British Journal of Political Science 18: 51-76.
38. Conover, Pamela Johnston, and Stanley Feldman. 1981. “The Origins and Meanings of Liberal/Conservative Self Identification.” American Journal of Political Science 25: 617-45.
39. Converse, Philip E. 1964. “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics.” In Ideology and Discontent, ed. David Apter. New York: Free Press.
40. Converse, Philip E. 1975. “Public Opinion and Voting Behavior.” in Handbook of Political Science, vol. 4, ed. F. I. Greenstein and N. W. Polsby. Boston: Addison -Wesley.
41. Converse, Philip E. 1990. “Popular Representation and the Distribution of Information.” In Information and Democratic Processes, ed. J. Ferejohn and J. Kuklinski. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
42. Converse, Philip E., and Gregory Markus. 1979. " ‘Plus ça Change…': The New CPS Election Study Panel.” American Political Science Review 73: 32-49.
43. Cook, Elizabeth A., Ted G. Jelen, and Clyde Wilcox. 1992. Between Two Absolutes: Public Opinion and the Politics of Abortion. Boulder: Westview Press.
44. Cook, Elizabeth A., Ted G. Jelen, and Clyde Wilcox. 1994. “Issue Voting in Gubernatorial Elections: Abortion and Post-Webster Politics.” Journal of Politics 56: 187-99.
45. Cook, Elizabeth, Sue Thomas, and Clyde Wilcox. 1994. The Year of the Woman. Boulder: Westview Press.
46. Cook, Timothy E. 1989. Making Laws and Making News.Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
47. Curry, George E., and Trevor W. Coleman. 1996. “The Verdict on Judge Thomas.” Emerge 8(2): 38-48.
48. Dahl, Robert A. 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven: Y ale University Press.
49. Dalager, Jon K. 1996. “Voters, Issues, and Elections: Are the Candidates’ Messages Getting Through?" Journal of Politics 58: 486-515.
50. Davidson, Roger and Walter Oleszek. 1998. Congress and Its Members. Washington D. C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
51. Dawson, Michael C. 1994. Behind the Mule: Race and Class in African-American Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
52. Day, Christine L. 1990. What Older Americans Think. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
53. Day, Christine L. 1993. “Older Americans’ Attitude toward the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988.” Journal of Politics 55: 167-77.
54. Delli Carpini, Michael X., and Scott Keeter. 1996. What Americans Know about Politics and Why It Matters. New Haven: Y ale University Press.
55. Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.
56. Eaton, William J. 1988. “House Gives Plant-Closing, Trade Bills Big Send-Off.” Louisville Courier-Journal, July 14, A.
57. Epstein, Aaron. 1991. “Thomas: Time for Healing.' Battle Ends with Narrow Victory for Supreme Court Nominee.” Charlotte Observer, Oct. 16, A1.
58. Erbring, Lutz, Edie N. Goldenberg, and Arthur H. Miller. 1980. “Front-Page News and Real-World Cues: A New Look at Agenda Setting by the Media.” American Journal of Political Science 24: 16-49.
59. Erikson, Robert S. 1978. “Constituency Opinion and Congressional Behavior: A Reexamination of the Miller-Stokes Representation Data.” American Journal of Political Science 22: 511-35.
60. Erikson, Robert S., and Norman R. Luttbeg. 1973. American Public Opinion: Its Origins, Content, and Impact. New York: Wiley.
61. Erikson, Robert S., and Gerald C. Wright. 1989. “Voters, Candidates, and Issues in Congressional Elections.” In Congress Reconsidered, ed. Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly.
62. Fenno, Richard. 1978. Home Style: House Members in Their Districts. New York: Harper Collins.
63. Fenno, Richard. 1996. Senators on the Campaign Trail: The Politics of Representation. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
64. Finkel, Steven E. 1993. “Reexamining the ‘Minimal Effects’ Model in Recent Presidential Campaigns.” Journal of Politics 55: 1-21.
65. Fiorina, Morris P. 1974. Representatives, Roll Calls, and Constituencies. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.
66. Fiorina, Morris P. 1981. Retrospective Voting in American National Elections. New Haven: Y ale University Press.
67. Fiske, Susan T., and Shelly E. Taylor. 1991. Social Cognition. 2d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
68. Franklin, Charles H. 1984. “Issue Preferences, Socialization and the Evolution of Party Identification.” American Journal of Political Science 28: 459-78.
69. Franklin, Charles H. 1991. “Eschewing Obfuscation? Campaigns and the Perception of U.S. Senate Incumbents.” American Political Science Review 85: 1193-1214.
70. Gelman, Andrew, and Gary King. 1993. “Why Are American Presidential Election Campaign Polls So Variable When Votes Are So Predictable?" British Journal of Political Science 23: 409-51.
71. Goldenberg, Edie N., and Michael W. Traugott. 1987. “Mass Media Effects on Recognizing and Rating Candidates in U.S. Senate Elections.” In Campaigns in the News: Mass Media and Congressional Elections, ed. Jan P. Vermeer. New York: Greenwood Press.
72. Graber, Doris A. 1993. Mass Media and American Politics. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
73. Greene, William H. 1993. Econometric Analysis. 2d ed: New York: Macmillan.
74. Grofman, Benard, and Barbara Norrander. 1990. “Efficient Use of Reference Group Cues in a Single Dimension.” Public Choice 64: 213-27.
75. Gurin, Patricia. 1985. “Women’s Changing Roles.” Public Opinion Quarterly 49: 143-63.
76. Hall, Richard, and Frank Wayman. 1990. “Buying Time: Moneyed Interests and the Mobilization of Bias in Congressional Committees.” American Political Science Review 84(3): 797-820.
77. Hamilton, Alexander, James Madison, and John Jay. 1961. The Federalist Papers. New York: New American Library.
78. Hansen, Susan B. 1997. “Talking about Politics: Gender and Contextual Effects on Political Proselytizing.” Journal of Politics 59: 73-103.
79. Hauben, M. and R. Hauben 1997. Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and the Internet. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.
80. Hill, K. A., and J. E. Hughes. 1998. Cyberpolitics: Citizen Activism in the Age of the Internet. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
81. Huckfeldt, Robert. 1986. Politics in Context: Assimilation and Conflict in Urban Neighborhoods. New York: Agathon Press.
82. Huckfeldt, Robert, and John Sprague. 1995. Citizens, Politics, and Social Communication: Information and Influence in an Election Campaign. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
83. Hutchings, Vincent L. 1998. “Issue Salience and Support for Civil Rights Legislation among Southern Democrats.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 23(4): 521-44.
84. Hutchings, Vincent L. 2001. “Political Context, Issue Salience, and Selective Attentiveness: Constituent Knowledge of the Clarence Thomas Confirmation Vote.” Journal of Politics 63(3): 846-68.
85. Hutchings, Vincent L., Harwood McClerking, and Guy-Uriel Charles. 2000. “When Does Race Matter for Congressional Responsiveness? An Examination of Support for Black Interests in the 101st through 103rd Congress.” Presented at the National Conference of Black Political Scientists, Washington, DC.
86. Hutchings, Vincent L., Nicholas A. Valentino, Tasha S. Philpot, and Ismail White. 2001. “Compassionate Conservatism or Drive-by Photo Opportunity? Candidate Distance, Group Threat, and Campaign Communications.” Presented at the American Political Science Association, San Francisco.
87. Iyengar, Shanto. 1990. “Shortcuts to Political Knowledge: The Role of Selective Attention and Accessibility.” In Information and Democratic Processes, ed. J. Ferejohn and J. Kuklinski. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
88. Iyengar, Shanto, and Donald R. Kinder. 1987. News That Matters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
89. Jaccard, James, Robert Turrisi, and Choi K. Wan. 1990. Interaction Effects in Multiple Regression. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
90. Jackson, John E., and David C. King. 1989. “Public Goods, Private Interests, and Representation.” American Political Science Review 83: 1193-64.
91. Jacobs, Lawrence R., and Robert Y. Shapiro. 1994. “Issues, Candidate Images, and Priming: The Use of Private Polls in Kennedy’s 1960 Presidential Campaign.” American Political Science Review 88: 527-40.
92. Jacobson, Gary C. 1989. “Strategic Politicians and the Dynamics of U.S. House Elections, 1946-1986.” American Political Science Review 83: 775-93.
93. Jacobson, Gary C. 1992. The Politics of Congressional Elections. New York: Harper Collins.
94. Jacobson, Gary C., and Samuel Kernell, 1981. Strategy and Choice in Congressional Elections. New Haven: Y ale University Press.
95. Jennings, M. Kent. 1992. “Ideology among Mass Publics and Political Elites.” Public Opinion Quarterly 56: 419-41.
96. Kahn, Kim Fridkin. 1991. “Senate Elections in the News: Examining Campaign Coverage.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 16: 349-76.
97. Kahn, Kim Fridkin. 1995. “Characteristics of Press Coverage in Senate and Gubernatorial Elections: Information Available to Voters.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 20: 23-35.
98. Kahn, Kim Fridkin, and Patrick J. Kenny. 1999. The Spectacle of U.S. Senate Campaigns. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
99. Key, V.O. 1961. Public Opinion and American Democracy. New York: Knopf.
100. Key, V.O. 1966. The Responsible Electorate: Rationality in Presidential Voting, 1936-1960. Cambridge: Har vard University Press.
101. Kinder, Donald R., and Roderick D. Kiewiet. 1981. “Sociotropic Politics.” British Journal of Political Science 11: 129-61.
102. Kinder, Donald R., and Lynn Sanders. 1996. Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
103. Kingdon, John W. 1989. Congressmen’s Voting Decisions. 3d ed. New York: Harper and Row.
104. Kingdon, John W., and John E. Jackson. 1992. “Ideology, Interest Group Scores, and Legislative Votes.” American Journal of Political Science 36: 805-23.
105. Knight, Kathleen. 1985. “Ideology in the 1980 Election: Ideological Sophistication Does Matter.” Journal of Politics 47: 828-53.
106. Knight, Kathleen. 1990. “Ideology and Public Opinion.” Micropolitics 3: 59-82.
107. Kollman, Ken. 1998. Outside Lobbying: Public Opinion and Interest Group Strategies. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
108. Krosnick, Jon A. 1988. “The Role of Attitude Importance in Social Evaluation: A Study of Policy Preferences, Presidential Candidate Evaluations, and Voting Behavior.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55: 240-55.
109. Krosnick, Jon A. 1990a. “Expertise and Political Psychology.” Social Cognition 8: 1-8.
110. Krosnick, Jon A. 1990b. “Government Policy and Citizen Passion: A Study of Issue Publics in Contemporary America.” Political Behavior 12: 59-92.
111. Krosnick, Jon A. 1993. “The Impact of the Gulf War on the Ingredients of Presidential Evaluations: Multidimensional Effects of Political Involvement.” American Political Science Review 87: 963-75.
112. Krosnick, Jon A., Matthew K. Berent, and David S. Boninger. 1994. “Pockets of Responsibility in the American Electorate: Findings of a Research Program on Attitude Importance.” Political Communication 11: 391-411.
113. Krosnick, Jon A., and Laura Brannon. 1993. “The Impact of the Gulf War on the Ingredients of Presidential Evaluations: Multidimensional Effects of Political Involvement.” American Political Science Review 87: 963-78.
114. Krosnick, Jon A., and Donald R. Kinder. 1990. “Altering the Foundations of Support for the President through Priming.” American Political Science Review 84: 497-512.
115. Kuklinski, James H., Michael D. Cobb, and Martin Gilens. 1997. “Racial Attitudes and the ‘New South.'" Journal of Politics 59: 323-49.
116. Lau, Richard R., Thad A. Brown, and David O. Sears. 1978. “Self-Interest and Civilians’ Attitudes toward the Vietnam War.” Public Opinion Quarterly 42(4): 464-83.
117. Lau, Richard R., and David O. Sears, eds. 1986. Political Cognition: The 19th Annual Carnegie Symposium on Cognition. Hillsdale, NJ.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
118. Lazarsfeld, Paul, Bernard Berelson, and Helen Gaudet. 1944. The People’s Choice. New York: Duell, Sloane, and Pearce.
119. Lipset, Seymour Martin. [1959] 1981. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
120. Lodge, Milton, Kathleen M. McGraw, and Patrick Stroh. 1989. “An Impression-Driven Model of Candidate Evaluation.” American Political Science Review 83: 399-419.
121. Lodge, Milton, Marco R. Steenbergen, and Shawn Brau. 1995. “The Responsive Voter: Campaign Information and the Dynamics of Candidate Evaluation.” American Political Science Review 89: 309-26.
122. Lublin, David. 1997. The Paradox of Representation: Racial Gerrymandering and Minority Interests in Congress. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
123. Luker, Kristin. 1984. Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
124. Lupia, Arthur. 1994. “Shortcuts versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections.” American Political Science Review 88: 63-76.
125. Lupia, Arthur, and Matthew D. McCubbins. 1998. The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
126. Luskin, Robert C. 1990. “Explaining Political Sophistication.” Political Behavior 12: 331-61.
127. McGraw, Kathleen M., and Neil Pinney. 1990. “The Effects of General and Domain-Specific Expertise on Political Memory and Judgement.” Social Cognition 8: 9-30.
128. McKelvey, Richard D., and Peter C. Ordeshook. 1990. “Information and Elections: Retrospective Voting and Rational Expectations.” In Information and Democratic Processes, ed. J. Ferejohn and J. Kuklinski. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
129. Mann, Thomas E., and Raymond E. Wolfinger. 1980. “Candidates and Parties in Congressional Elections.” American Political Science Review 74: 617-32.
130. Mansbridge, Jane, and Katherine Tate. 1992. “Race Trumps Gender: The Thomas Nomination in the Black Community.” PS: Political Science and Politics 25: 488-92.
131. Marable, Manning. 1992. “Clarence Thomas and the Crisis of Black Political Culture.” In Race-ing Justice, En-Gendering Power, ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Pantheon Books.
132. Marcus, George E., and Michael B. MacKuen. 1993. “Anxiety, Enthusiasm, and the Vote: The Emotional Underpinnings of Learning and Involvement during Presidential Campaigns.” American Political Science Review 87: 672-85.
133. Margolis, Michael. 1977. “From Confusion to Confusion: Issues and the American Voter (1956-1972).” American Political Science Review 71: 31-43.
134. Markus, Gregory B. 1988. “The Impact of Personal and National Economic Conditions on the Presidential Vote: A Pooled Cross-Sectional Analysis.” American Journal of Political Science 32(1): 137-54.
135. Mayhew, David R. 1974. Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven: Y ale University Press.
136. Mendelberg, Tali. 2001. The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
137. Miller, Warren E., and Donald E. Stokes. 1963. “Constituency Influence in Congress.” American Political Science Review 57(1): 45-57.
138. Mueller, John E. 1994. Policy and Opinion in the Gulf War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
139. Negroponte N. 1995. Being Digital. New York: Knopf.
140. Nie, Norman, Jane Junn, and Kenneth Stehlik-Barry. 1996. Education and Democratic Citizenship in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
141. Nie, Norman, Sidney Verba, and John R. Petrocik. 1976. The Changing American Voter. Cambridge: Har vard University Press.
142. Niemi, Richard G., and Larry M. Bartels. 1985. “New Measures of Issue Salience: An Evaluation.” Journal of Politics 47: 1221-30.
143. Niemi, Richard G., and Herbvert F.Weisberg. 1993. Controversies in Voting Behavior. 3d ed. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
144. Nueman, W. Russell. 1986. The Paradox of Mass Politics: Knowledge and Opinion in the American Electorate. Cambridge: Har vard University Press.
145. Nye, Mary Alice, and Charles S. Bullock III. 1992. “Civil Rights Support: A Comparison of Southern and Border State Representatives.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 17: 81-94.
146. Overby, L. Marvin, Beth M. Henschen, Michael H.Walsh, and Julie Strauss. 1992. “Courting Constituents? An Analysis of the Senate Confirmation Vote on Justice Clarence Thomas.” American Political Science Review 86: 997-1003.
147. Page, Benjamin I. 1978. Choices and Echoes in Presidential Elections: Rational Man and Electoral Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
148. Page, Benjamin I., and Richard A. Brody. 1972. “Policy Voting and the Electoral Process: The Vietnam War Issue.” American Political Science Review 66(3): 979-95.
149. Page, Benjamin I., and Robert Y. Shapiro. 1992. The Rational Public. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
150. Paolino, Phillip. 1995. “Group Salient Issues and Group Representation: Support for Women Candidates in the 1992 Senate Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 39: 294-313.
151. Patterson, Thomas E. 1994. Out of Order. New York: Vintage Books.
152. Patterson, Thomas, and Robert McClure. 1976. The Unseeing Eye: The Myth of Television Power in National Politics. New York: Putnam.
153. Petrocik, John R. 1987. “Realignment: New Party Coalitions and the Nationalization of the South.” Journal of Politics 49: 347-75.
154. Petrocik, John R. 1996. “Issue Ownership in Presidential Elections, with a 1980 Case Study.” American Journal of Political Science 40: 825-50.
155. Pinderhughes, Dianne M. 1992. “Divisions in the Civil Rights Community.” PS: Political Science and Politics 25: 485-87.
156. Pomper, Gerald M. 1972. “From Confusion to Clarity: Issues and American Voters, 1956-1968.” American Political Science Review 66: 415-28.
157. Popkin, Samuel L. 1991. The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuation in Presidential Campaigns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
158. Popkin, Samuel L., J. W. Gorman, C. Phillips, and J. A. Smith. 1976. “What Have You Done for Me Lately? Toward an Investment Theory of Voting.” American Political Science Review 70: 779-805.
159. Powell, Lynda W. 1982. “Issue Representation in Congress.” Journal of Politics 44: 658-78.
160. Price, Vincent, and John Zaller. 1993. “Who Gets the News?" Public Opinion Quarterly 57(2): 133-64.
161. Rabinowitz, George, and Stuart Elaine Macdonald. 1989. “A Directional Theory of Issue Voting.” American Political Science Review 83: 93-121.
162. Rabinowitz, George, James W. Prothro, and William Jacoby. 1982. “Salience as a Factor in the Impact of Issues on Candidate Evaluation.“Journal of Politics 44: 41-63.
163. Repass, David E. 1971. “Issue Salience and Party Choice.” American Political Science Review 65: 389-400.
164. Rokeach, M. 1968. Beliefs, Attitudes, and Values. San Francisco: Josey-Bass.
165. Rokeach, M. 1973. The Nature of Human Values. New York: Free Press.
166. Rosenstone, Steven J., and John Mark Hansen. 1993. Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Macmillan.
167. Sapiro, Virginia, and Pamela Johnston Conover. 1997. “The Variable Gender Basis of Electoral Politics: Gender and Context in the 1992 U.S. Election.” British Journal of Political Science 27: 497-523.
168. Schuman, Howard, Charlotte G. Steeh, and Lawrence Bobo. 1985. Racial Attitudes in American: Trends and Interpretations. Cambridge: Har vard University Press.
169. Scott, Jacqueline, and Howard Schuman. 1988. “Attitude Strength and Social Action in the Abortion Dispute.” American Sociological Review 53(5): 785-93.
170. Sears, David O., and J. L. Freedman. 1967. “Selective Exposure to Information: A Critical Review.” Public Opinion Quarterly 31: 194-213.
171. Shapiro, Catherine R., David W. Brady, Richard A. Brody, and John Ferejohn. 1990. “Linking Consituency Opinion and Senate Voting Scores: A Hybrid Explanation.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 15: 599-621.
172. Shapiro, Robert Y., and Harpreet Mahajan. 1986. “Gender Differences in Policy Preferences: A Summary of Trends from the 1960‘s to the 1980‘s.” Public Opinion Quarterly 50: 42-61.
173. Smith, Eric R.A.N. 1989. The Unchanging American Voter. Berkeley: University of California Press.
174. Smith, Robert C. 1996. We Have No Leaders: African Americans in the Post-Civil Rights Era. Albany: State University of New York Press.
175. Smith, Tom W. 1984. “The Polls: Gender and Attitudes about Violence.” Public Opinion Quarterly 48: 384-96.
176. Sniderman, Paul M., and Thomas Piazza. 1993. The Scar of Race. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
177. Squire, Peverill, and Christina Fastnow. 1994. “Comparing Gubernatorial and Senatorial Elections.” Political Research Quarterly 47: 705-20.
178. Stokes, Donald E., and Warren E. Miller. 1962. “Party Government and the Saliency of Congress.” Public Opinion Quarterly 77: 945-56.
179. Sullivan, J. L., J. E. Piereson, and G. E. Marcus. 1979. “An Alternative Conceptualization of Political Tolerance: Illusor y Increases, 1950s-1970s.” American Political Science Review 73: 781-94.
180. Sunstein, C. 2001. Republic.com. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
181. Tate, Katherine. 1993. From Protest to Politics: The New Black Voters in American Elections. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
182. Tidmarch, Charles M., Lisa J. Hyman, Jill E. Sorkin. 1984. “Press Issue Agendas in the 1982 Congressional and Gubernatorial Election Campaigns.” The Journal of Politics 46: 1226-42.
183. Truman, David B. 1971. The Governmental Process. New York: Knopf.
184. Valentino, Nicholas A., Vincent L. Hutchings, and Ismail K. White. 2002. “Cues That Matter: How Political Ads Prime Racial Attitudes during Campaigns.” American Political Science Review 96(1): 75-90.
185. Verba, Sidney, Nancy Burns, and Kay Lehman Schlozman. 1997. “Knowing and Caring about Politics: Gender and Political Engagement.” Journal of Politics 59: 1051-72.
186. Verba, Sidney, and Norman H. Nie. 1972. Participation in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
187. Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge: Har vard University Press.
188. West, Darrell M. 1994. “Political Advertising and News Coverage in the 1992 California U.S. Senate Campaigns.” Journal of Politics 56: 1053-75.
189. Whitby, Kenny J., and Franklin D. Gilliam, Jr. 1991. “A Longitudinal Analysis of Competing Explanations for the Transformation of Southern Congressional Politics” Journal of Politics. 53: 504-18.
190. Wolfinger, Raymond, and Steven J. Rosenstone. 1980. Who Votes? New Haven: Yale University Press.
191. Wolpert, Robin M., and James G. Gimpel. 1997. “Information, Recall, and Accountability: The Electorate’s Response to the Clarence Thomas Nomination.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 22: 535-50.
192. Wright, Gerald C., and Michael B. Berkman. 1986. “Candidates and Policy in the United States Senate Elections.” American Political Science Review 80: 565-88.
193. Yeric, Jerry L., and John R. Todd. 1996. Public Opinion: The Visible Politics. 3d ed. Itasca, IL: Peabody Publishers.
194. Zaller, John R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
195. Zaller, John R. 1996. “The Myth of Massive Media Impact Revived: New Support for a Discredited Idea.” In Political Persuasion and Attitude Change, ed. Diana C. Mutz, Paul M. Sniderman, and Richard A. Brody. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.