The centrality of race in American politics

Annual Review of Political Science

Volumn 7, Issue , 2004, Pages 383-408

  Hutchings, Vincent L ^a   Valentino, Nicholas A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

African american; Black; Racial; Racism; White

Indexed keywords

EID: 3142770615     PISSN: 10942939     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.012003.104859     Document Type: Review

References (181)

1. Abramowitz AI. 1994. Issue evolution reconsidered: racial attitudes and partisanship in the U.S. electorate. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 39:1-24
2. Abramson PR, Aldrich JH, Ronde DW. 2003. Change and Continuity in the 2000 and 2002 Elections. Washington DC: CQ Press
3. Adorno TW, Frankel-Brunswick E, Levinson DJ, Sanford RN. 1950. The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper & Row
4. Alien RL. 2001. The Concept of Self: A Study of Black Identity and Self Esteem. Detroit, MI: Wayne State Univ. Press
5. Allport GW. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor
6. Alvarez MR, Brehm J. 1997. Are Americans ambivalent toward racial policies? Am. J. Polit. Sci. 41:345-74
7. Barker LJ, Jones MH, Tate K. 1999. African Americans and the American Political System. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
8. Berinsky AJ. 1999. The two faces of public opinion. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 43:1209-30
9. Berinsky AJ. 2002. Political context and the survey response: the dynamics of racial policy opinion. J. Polit. 64:567-84
10. Black E, Black M. 1992. The Vital South: How Presidents Are Elected. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
11. Blumer H. 1958. Race prejudice as a sense of group position. Pac. Soc. Rev. 1:3-7
12. Bobo LD. 1983. Whites' opposition to busing: symbolic racism or realistic group conflict? J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 45:1195-210
13. Bobo LD. 2000. Race and beliefs about affirmative action: assessing the effects of interests, group threat, ideology, and racism. See Sears et al. 2000c, pp. 137-64
14. Bobo LD Jr, Gilliam FD. 1990. Race, sociopolitical participation, and black empowerment. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 84:377-93
15. Bobo LD, Hutchings VL. 1996. Perceptions of racial group competition: extending Blumer's theory of group position to a multiracial social context. Am. Soc. Rev. 61:951-72
16. Bobo LD, Kluegel JR. 1993. Opposition to racetargeting: self-interest, stratification ideology, or racial attitudes? Am. Soc. Rev. 58:443-64
17. Bobo LD, Kluegel JR. 1997. Status, ideology, and dimensions of whites' racial beliefs and attitudes: progress and stagnation. See Tuch & Martin 1997, pp. 93-120
18. Bobo LD, Kluegel JR., Smith RA. 1997. Laissez-faire racism: the crystallization of a kinder, gentler, antiblack ideology. See Tuch & Martin 1997, pp. 15-41
19. Bogle D. 1989. Blacks in American Films and Television: An Encyclopedia. New York: Simon & Schuster
20. Bratton KA, Haynie KL. 1999. Agenda setting and legislative success in state legislatures: the effects of gender and race. J. Polit. 61:658-79
21. Brown RA, Shaw TC. 2002. Separate nations: two attitudinal dimensions of black nationalism. J. Polit. 64:22-44
22. Bullock CS. 1995. The impact of changing the racial composition of congressional districts on legislators' roll call behavior. Am. Polit. Q. 23:141-58
23. Cameron C, Epstein D, O'Halloran S. 1996. Do majority-minority districts maximize substantive black representation in Congress? Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 90:794-12
24. Campbell BA. 1977a. Change in the southern electorate. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 21:37-64
25. Campbell BA. 1977b. Patterns of change in the partisan loyalties of native southerners. J. Polit. 39:730-61
26. Campbell CP. 1995. Race, Myth and the News. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
27. Campbell DT. 1965. Ethnocentric and other altruistic motives. In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, ed. R Levine, pp. 283-311. Lincoln: Univ. Nebr. Press
28. Canon DT. 1999. Race, Redistricting, and Representation: The Unintended Consequences of Black Majority Districts. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
29. Carmines EG, Merriman WR Jr. 1993. The changing American dilemma: liberal values and racial policies. In Prejudice, Politics, and the American Dilemma, ed. PM Sniderman, PE Tetlock, EG Carmines, pp. 237-55. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
30. Carmines EG, Stanley H. 1990. Ideological realignment in the contemporary South: where have all the conservatives gone? In The Disappearing South? Studies in Regional Change and Continuity, ed. RP Steed, LW Moreland, TA Baker, pp. 21-33. Tuscaloosa: Univ. Ala, Press
31. Carmines EG, Stimson JA. 1989. Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
32. Cataldo EF, Holm JD. 1983. Voting on school finances: a test of competing theories. Western Polit. Q. 36:619-31
33. Citrin J, Green DP, Sears DO. 1990. White reactions to black candidates: When does race matter? Public Opin. Q. 54:74-96
34. Cobb MD, Jenkins JA. 2001. Race and the representation of blacks' interests during reconstruction. Polit. Res. Q. 54:181-204
35. Cohen CJ. 1999. The Boundaries of Blackness: AIDS and the Breakdown of Black Politics. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
36. Davis DW, Brown RE. 2002. The antipathy of black nationalism: behavioral and attitudinal implications of an African American ideology. Am, J. Polit. Sci. 46:239-52
37. Dawson MC. 1994. Behind the Mule:Race and Class in African American Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
38. Dawson MC. 2001. Black Visions: The Roots of Contemporary African-American Political Ideologies. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
39. Dawson MC, Wilson EJ III. 1991. Paradigms and paradoxes: political science and African American politics. In Political Science: Looking to the Future, ed. W Crotty, pp. 189-234. Evanston, IL: Northwestern Univ. Press
40. Dixon TL, Linz D. 2000. Overrepresentation and underrepresentation of African Americans and Latinos as lawbreakers on television news. J. Comm. 50:131-54
41. Dubois WEB. 1969 (1903). The Souls of Black Folk. New York: Penguin Books
42. Edsall TB, Edsall MD. 1991. Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics. New York: Norton
43. Entman R. 1992. Blacks in the news: television, modern racism and cultural change. Journ. Q. 69:341-61
44. Entman R. 1994. Representation and reality in the portrayal of blacks on network television news. Journ. Q. 71:9-20
45. Entman R, Rojecki A. 2000. The Black Image in the White Mind: Media and Race in America. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
46. Fazio RH, Jackson JR, Dunton BC, Williams CJ. 1995. Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: a bona fide pipeline. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 69:1013-27
47. Federico C, Sidanius J. 2002. Racism, ideology, and affirmative action revisited: the antecedents and consequences of principled objections to affirmative action. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 82:488-502
48. Fleisher R. 1993. Explaining the change in rollcall voting behavior in southern Democrats. J. Polit. 55:327-41
49. Frymer P. 1999. Uneasy Alliances: Race and Party Competition in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
50. Gamson WA, Modigliani A. 1987. The changing culture of affirmative action. Res. Polit. Soc. 3:137-77
51. Gandy O. 1998. Communication and Race. London: Arnold
52. Gay C. 2001. The effect of black congressional representation on political participation. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 95:589-602
53. Gilens M. 1999. Why Americans Hate Welfare. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
54. Giles MW, Buckner MA. 1993. David Duke and black threat: an old hypothesis revisited. J. Polit. 57:221-28
55. Giles MW, Buckner MA. 1996. Comment. J. Polit. 58:1171-80
56. Gilliam FD Jr, Iyengar S. 2000. Prime suspects: the influence of local television news on the viewing public. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 44:560-73
57. Gilliam FD Jr, Iyengar S, Simon A, Wright O. 1996. Crime in black and white: the scary world of local news. Harvard Int. J. Press/Polit. 1:6-23
58. Gilliam FD Jr, Kaufmann KM. 1998. Is there an empowerment lifecycle?: Long-term black empowerment and its influence on voter participation. Urban Aff. Q. 33:655-85
59. Gilliam FD Jr, Valentino NA, Beckmann M. 2002. Where you live and what you watch: neighborhood racial context as a moderator of news exposure effects. Polit. Res. Q. 55:755-80
60. Glaser JM. 1994. Back to the black belt: racial environment and white racial attitudes in the south. J. Polit. 56:21-41
61. Glaser JM. 2002. White voters, black schools: structuring racial choices with a checklist ballot. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 46:35-46
62. Glaser JM, Gilens M. 1997. Interregional migration and political resocialization: a study of racial attitudes under pressure. Public Opin. Q. 61:72-86
63. Gray H. 1995. Watching Race: Television and the Struggle for "Blackness." Minneapolis: Univ. Minn. Press
64. Green DP, Strolovitch DZ, Wong JS. 1998. Defended neighborhoods, integration, and racially motivated crime. Am. J. Soc. 104: 372-403
65. Green JC, Kellstedt LA, Smidt CE, Guth JL. 1998. In The New Politics of the Old South: An Introduction to Southern Politics, ed. CS Bullock III, MJ Rozell, pp. 261-76. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefleld
66. Greenberg BS, Brand JE. 1994. Minorities and the mass media: 1970's to 1990's. In Media Effects: Advances in Theory and Research, ed. J Bryant, D Zillman, pp. 272-314. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
67. Grutter v. Bollinger. 2003. 539 U.S. 02-241
68. Gurin P, Hatchett S, Jackson J. 1989. Hope and Independence: Blacks' Response to Electoral and Party Politics. New York: Russell Sage Fdn.
69. Hajnal ZL. 2001. White residents, black incumbents, and a declining racial divide. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 95:603-17
70. Hall S. 1997. Representation. London: Sage
71. Harris-Lacewell MV. 2004. Barbershops, Bibles, and B.E.T.: Everyday Talk and Black Political Talk. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
72. Herring M, Jankowski TB, Brown RE. 1999. Pro-black doesn't mean anti-white: the structure of African-American group identity. J. Polit. 61:363-86
73. Hill KA. 1995. Does the creation of majority black districts aid Republicans? An analysis of the 1992 congressional elections in eight southern states. J. Polit. 57(2):384-401
74. Hughes M. 1997. Symbolic racism, old-fashioned racism, and whites' opposition to affirmative action. See Tuch & Martin 1997, pp. 45-75
75. Hurwitz J, Peffley M. 1997. Public perceptions of race and crime: the role of racial stereotypes. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 41:375-401
76. Hurwitz J, Peffley M. 1998. Introduction. In Perception and Prejudice: Race and Politics in the United States, ed. J Hurwitz, M Peffley, pp. 1-16. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
77. Hutchings VL. 1998. Issue salience and support for civil rights legislation among southern Democrats. Leg. Stud. Q. 23:521-44
78. Hutchings VL, McClerking HK, Charles G. 2004. Congressional representation of black interests: recognizing the importance of stability. J. Polit. 66:450-68
79. Iyengar S. 1991. Is Anyone Responsible? Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
80. Iyengar S, Kinder D. 1987. News that Matters. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
81. Jackman M. 1994. The Velvet Glove: Paternalism and Conflict in Gender, Class, and Race Relations. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press
82. Jamieson KH. 1992. Dirty Politics. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press
83. Jeffries JJ. 2002. Press coverage of black statewide candidates: the case of L. Douglas Wilder of Virginia. J. Black Stud. 32:673-97
84. Jhally S, Lewis J. 1992. Enlightened Racism. Boulder, CO: Westview
85. Kellstedt P.M. 2003. The Mass Media and the Dynamics of American Racial Attitudes. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
86. Key VO. 1949. Southern Politics in State and Nation. Knoxville: Univ. Tenn. Press
87. Kinder DR. 2003. Communication and politics in the age of information. In Handbook of Political Psychology, ed. DO Sears, LH Huddy, R Jervis, pp. 357-93. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press
88. Kinder DR, Mendelberg T. 1995. Cracks in American apartheid. J. Polit. 57:402-24
89. Kinder DR, Mendelberg T. 2000. Individualism reconsidered: principles and prejudice in contemporary American opinion. See Sears et al. 2000e, pp. 44-74
90. Kinder DR, Sanders L. 1996. Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
91. Kinder DR, Sears DO. 1981. Prejudice and politics: symbolic racism versus racial threats to the good life. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 40:414-31
92. Kinder DR, Winter N. 2001. Exploring the national divide: blacks, whites, and opinion on national policy. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 45:439-56
93. Klapper JT. 1960. The Effects of Mass Communication. Glencoe, IL: Free
94. Knuckey J, Orey BD. 2000. Symbolic racism in the 1995 Louisiana gubernatorial election. Soc. Sci. Q. 81:1027-35
95. Kuklinski JH, Cobb MD, Gilens M. 1997a. Racial attitudes and the "new South." J. Polit. 59:323-49
96. Kuklinski JH, Sniderman PM, Knight K, Piazza T, Tetlock PE, et al. 1997b. Racial prejudice and attitudes toward affirmative action. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 41:402-19
97. Layman GC, Carsey TM. 2002. Party polarization and "conflict extension" in the American electorate, Am. J. Polit. Sci. 46:786-802
98. Lee T. 2002. Mobilizing Public Opinion: Black Insurgency and Racial Attitudes in the Civil Rights Era. Chicago: Chicago Univ. Press
99. Lublin D. 1997. The Paradox of Representation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
100. Lublin D, Voss S. 2000. Racial redistricting and realignment in southern state legislatures. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 44:792-10
101. Lublin D, Voss DS. 2003. The missing middle; why median-voter theory can't save Democrats from singing the boll-weevil blues. J. Polit. 65:227-37
102. Lyman SL. 1990. Race, sex and servitude: images of blacks in American cinema. Int. J. Polit. Cult. Soc. 4:49-77
103. Mayer JD. 2002. Running on Race: Racial Politics in Presidential Campaigns, 1960-2000. New York: Random House
104. Mayhew DR. 2002. Electoral Realignments; A Critique of an American Genre. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
105. McClerking HK. 1999. The Civil Rights Movement and blacks in political science discourse. Presented at Annu. Meet. Natl. Conf. Black Polit. Sci., Baton Rouge, LA
106. McClerking HK. 2001. Looking for "threats" in all the wrong places: a critique of the current use of race as a contextual effect in political science. Polit. Policy 29:637-49
107. McConahay JB. 1982. Self-interest versus racial attitudes as correlates of anti-busing attitudes in Louisville: Is it the buses or the blacks? J. Polit. 44:692-720
108. McDermott ML. 1998. Race and gender cues in low-information elections. Polit. Res. Q. 51:895-918
109. Mendelberg T. 2001. The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
110. Merelman RM. 1995. Representing Black Culture: Racial Conflict and Cultural Politics in the U.S. New York: Routledge
111. Metz DH, Tate K. 1995. The color of urban campaigns. In Classifying by Race, ed. P Peterson, pp. 262-77. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
112. Miller WE, Shanks JM. 1996. The New American Voter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
113. Myrdal G. 1944. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. 2 vols. New York: Harper & Brothers
114. Nelson T, Kinder DR. 1996. Issue frames and group-centrism in American public opinion. J. Polit. 58:1055-78
115. Oliver MB. 1994. Portrayals of crime, race, and aggression in "reality-based" police shows: a content analysis. J. Broadcast. Elec. Media 38:179-93
116. Oliver JE, Mendelberg T. 2000. Reconsidering the environmental determinants of racial attitudes. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 44:574-89
117. Orey BD. 2001. A new racial threat in the new South? (A conditional) yes! Am. Rev. Polit. 22:233-55
118. Overby LM, Cosgrove KM. 1996. Unintended consequences: racial redistricting and the representation of minority interests. J. Polit. 58:540-50
119. Peer L, Ettema JS. 1998. The mayor's race: campaign coverage and the discourse of race in America's three largest cities. Crit. Stud. Mass Commun. 15:255-79
120. Peffley M, Hurwitz J, Sniderman PM. 1997. Racial stereotypes and whites' political views of blacks in the context of welfare and crime. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 41:30-60
121. Petrocik JR. 1987. Realignment: new party coalitions and the nationalization of the South. J. Polit. 49:347-75
122. Petrocik JR, Desposato SW. 1998. The partisan consequences of majority-minority redistricting in the South, 1992 and 1994. J. Polit. 60:613-33
123. Philpot TS. 2003. Inclusion or illusion? Race cues, political symbols, and party politics. PhD thesis. Univ. Mich. 263 pp.
124. Reeves K. 1997. Voting Hopes or Fears?: White Voters, Black Candidates and Racial Politics in America. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
125. Schuman H, Steeh C, Bobo L, Krysan M. 1997. Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press. Rev. ed.
126. Sears DO. 1988. Symbolic racism. In Eliminating Racism: Profiles in Controversy, ed. PA Katz, DA Taylor, pp. 53-84. New York: Plenum
127. Sears DO, Citrin J, Kosterman R. 1987. Jesse Jackson and the southern white electorate in 1984. In Blacks in Southern Politics, ed. RP Steed, LW Moreland, TA Baker, pp. 209-25. New York: Praeger
128. Sears DO, Henry PJ. 2003. The origins of symbolic racism. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 85(2): 259-75
129. Sears DO, Henry PJ, Kosterman R. 2000a. Egalitarian values and contemporary racial politics. See Sears et al. 2000c, pp. 75-117
130. Sears DO, Hensler CP, Speer LK, 1979. Whites' opposition to "busing": self-interest or symbolic politics? Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 73:369-84
131. Sears DO, Herts JJ, Sidanius J, Bobo LD. 2000b. Race in American politics: framing the debates. See Sears et al. 2000c, pp. 1-43
132. Sears DO, Kinder DR. 1971. Racial tensions and voting in Los Angeles. In Los Angeles: Viability and Prospects for Metropolitan Leadership, ed. WZ Hirsch, pp. 51-88. New York: Praeger
133. Sears DO, Kinder DR. 1985. Whites' opposition to busing: on conceptualizing and operationalizing group conflict. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 48:1148-61
134. Sears DO, Lau RR, Tyler TR, Allen HM Jr. 1980. Self-interest vs. symbolic politics in policy attitudes and presidential voting. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 74:670-84
135. Sears DO, McConahay JB. 1973. The Politics of Violence: The New Urban Blacks and the Watts Riot. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin
136. Sears DO, Sidanius J, Bobo L, eds. 2000c. Racialized Politics: The Debate about Racism in America. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
137. Sears DO, van Laar C, Carrillo M, Kosterman R. 1997. Is it really racism? The origins of white Americans' opposition to race-targeted policies. Public Opin. Q. 61:16-53
138. Shorts KW. 2001. The effects of majority-minority mandates on partisan gerrymandering. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 45:120-35
139. Shotts KW. 2003a. Does racial redistricting cause conservative policy outcomes? Policy preferences of southern representatives in the 1980's and 1990's. J. Polit. 65:216-26
140. Shotts KW. 2003b. Racial redistricting's alleged perverse effects: theory, data, and "reality." J. Polit. 65:238-43
141. Sidanius J, Pratto F. 1999. Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press
142. Sidanius J, Pratto F, Bobo LD. 1996. Racism, conservatism, affirmative action and intellectual sophistication: a matter of principled conservatism or group dominance? J. Pers. Soc. Pyschol. 70:476-90
143. Sidanius J, Devereux E, Pratto F. 1992. A comparison of symbolic racism theory and social dominance theory as explanations for racial policy attitudes. J. Soc. Psychol. 132:377-95
144. Sidanius J, Singh P, Hetts JJ, Federico C. 2000. It's not affirmative action, it's the blacks: the continuing relevance of race in American politics. See Sears et al. 2000c, pp. 191-235
145. Sigelman CK, Sigelman L, Walkosz BJ, Nitz M. 1995. Black candidates, white voters: understanding racial bias in political perceptions. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 39:243-65
146. Sinclair-Chapman V. 2002. Presence, promise, and progress; black representation in the U.S. Congress. PhD thesis. Ohio State Univ. 162 pp.
147. Smith RC, Seltzer R. 2000. Contemporary Controversies and the American Racial Divide. Oxford, UK: Rowman & Littlefield
148. Sniderman PM, Carmines EG. 1997. Reaching Beyond Race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
149. Sniderman PM, Crosby GC, Howell WG. 2000. The politics of race. See Sears et al. 2000c, pp. 236-79
150. Sniderman PM, Piazza T. 1993. The Scar of Race. Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard Univ. Press
151. Sniderman PM, Piazza T. 2002. Black Pride and Black Prejudice. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
152. Sniderman PM, Tetlock PE. 1986. Symbolic racism: problems of motive attribution in political analysis. J. Soc. Issues 42:129-50
153. Soss J, Langbein L, Metelko AR. 2003. Why do white Americans support the death penalty? J. Polit. 65:397-421
154. Steeh C, Schuman H. 1992. Changes in racial attitudes among young white adults, 19841990. Am. J. Soc. 96:340-67
155. Steed RP, Moreland LW, Baker TA. 1990. Searching for the mind of the South in the second Reconstruction. In The Disappearing South? Studies in Regional Change and Continuity, ed. RP Steed, LW Moreland, TA Baker, pp. 125-40. Tuscaloosa: Univ. Ala. Press
156. Stoker L. 1998. Understanding whites' resistance to affirmative action: the role of principled commitments and racial prejudice. In Perception and Prejudice: Race and Politics in the United States, ed. J Hurwitz, M Peffley, pp. 135-70. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press
157. Swain CM. 1993. Black Faces, Black Interests. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
158. Tarman C, Sears DO. 2003. The conceptualization and measurement of symbolic racism. Work. Pap., Dep. Polit. Sci., Univ. Calif., Los Angeles
159. Tate K. 1993. From Protest to Politics: The New Black Voters in American Elections. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
160. Tate K. 2003. Black Faces in the Mirror: African Americans and Their Representatives in the US. Congress. Princeton/Oxford: Princeton Univ. Press
161. Taylor MC. 2000. The significance of racial context. See Sears et al. 2000c, pp. 118-36
162. Terkildsen N. 1993. When white voters evaluate black candidates: the processing implications of candidate skin color, prejudice and self-monitoring. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 37:1032-53
163. Terkildsen N, Damore DF. 1999. The dynamics of racialized media coverage in congressional elections. J. Polit. 61:680-99
164. Tetlock PE. 1994. Political psychology or politicized psychology: Is the road to scientific hell paved with good moral intentions? Polit. Psychol. 15:509-29
165. Thernstrom AM. 1987. Whose Votes Count? Affirmative Action and Minority Voting Rights. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press
166. Thernstrom S, Thernstrom A. 1997. America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible. New York: Simon & Schuster
167. Tuch SA, Hughes M. 1996. Whites' racial policy attitudes. Soc. Sci. Q. 77:723-45
168. Tuch SA, Martin JK. 1997. Regional differences in whites' racial policy attitudes. See Tuch & Martin 1997, pp. 165-76
169. Tuch SA, Martin JK, eds. 1997. Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and Change. Westport, CT: Praeger
170. Valentino NA. 1999. Crime news and the priming of racial attitudes during evaluations of the president. Public Opin. Q. 63:293-320
171. Valentino NA, Hutchings VL, White IK. 2002. Cues that matter: how political ads prime racial attitudes during campaigns. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 96:75-90
172. Virtanen SV, Huddy L. 1998. Old-fashioned racism and new forms of racial prejudice. J. Polit. 60:311-32
173. Voss DS. 1996a. Beyond racial threat: failure of an old hypothesis in the new South. J. Polit. 58:1156-70
174. Voss DS. 1996b. Familiarity doesn't breed contempt: a rejoinder to "Comment." J. Polit. 58:1181-83
175. Walton H Jr. 1985. Invisible Politics: Black Political Behavior. Albany: State Univ. NY Press
176. Walton H Jr, Miller C, McCormick JP. 1995. Race and political science: the dual traditions of race relations and African American politics. In Political Science in History, ed. J Dryzek, J Fair, S Leonard, pp. 145-74. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
177. Walton H Jr, Smith RC. 2000. American Politics and the African American Quest for Universal Freedom. New York: Addison Wesley Longman
178. Welch S, Sigelman L, Bledsoe T, Combs M. 2001. Race & Place: Race Relations in an American City. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press
179. Whitby KJ. 1997. The Color of Representation: Congressional Behavior and Black Constituents. Ann Arbor: Univ. Mich. Press
180. Whitby KJ, Krause GA. 2001. Race, issue heterogeneity and public policy: the Republican revolution in the 104th US Congress and the representation of African-American policy interesls. Br. J. Polit. Sci. 31:555-72
181. Wong C, Bowers J. 1997. Meaning and measures: a validity test of symbolic racism. Presented at Annu. Meet Midwest Polit. Sci. Assoc., Chicago, IL