ESPEN expert group recommendations for action against cancer-related malnutrition

Clinical Nutrition

Volumn 36, Issue 5, 2017, Pages 1187-1196

  Arends, J ^a,b   Baracos, V ^c   Bertz, H ^a,b   Bozzetti, F ^d   Calder, P C ^e   Deutz, N E P ^f   Erickson, N ^g   Laviano, A ^h   Lisanti, M P ⁱ   Lobo, D N ^j   McMillan, D C ^k   Muscaritoli, M ^h   Ockenga, J ^l   Pirlich, M ^m   Strasser, F ⁿ   de van der Schueren, M ^o,p   Van Gossum, A ^q   Vaupel, P ^r   Weimann, A ^s  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^e UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL SOUTHAMPTON NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^f TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^h SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF SALFORD   (United Kingdom)

^j NIHR NOTTINGHAM BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

^k UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^l KLINIKUM BREMEN MITTE   (Germany)

^m Department of Pulmonary Medicine   (Germany)

ⁿ CANTONAL HOSPITAL ST GALLEN   (Switzerland)

^o VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^p HAN UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES   (Netherlands)

^q ERASME HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

^r TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^s Klinikum St Georg   (Germany)

more..

Author keywords

Anorexia; Cachexia; Cancer; Malnutrition; Nutritional intervention; Sarcopenia

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ANOREXIA; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; CACHEXIA; COLORECTAL CANCER; DIETARY INTAKE; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CANCER; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE NEED; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; IMMUNE RESPONSE; MALIGNANT NEOPLASM; MALNUTRITION; METABOLIC STRESS; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; NUTRITIONAL COUNSELING; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PATIENT CARE; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; RESTING ENERGY EXPENDITURE; REVIEW; STOMACH CANCER; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT; DIET; EXERCISE; NEOPLASM; NOMENCLATURE; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; PREVALENCE;

BODY COMPOSITION; BODY MASS INDEX; DIET; EXERCISE; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HUMANS; MALNUTRITION; NEOPLASMS; NUTRITION ASSESSMENT; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; PREVALENCE; TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC;

EID: 85021835932     PISSN: 02615614     EISSN: 15321983     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.06.017     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Pressoir, M., Desne, S., Berchery, D., Rossignol, G., Poiree, B., Meslier, M., et al. Prevalence, risk factors and clinical implications of malnutrition in French Comprehensive Cancer Centres. Br J Cancer 102:6 (2010), 966–971.
2. Wie, G.A., Cho, Y.A., Kim, S.Y., Kim, S.M., Bae, J.M., Joung, H., Prevalence and risk factors of malnutrition among cancer patients according to tumor location and stage in the National Cancer Center in Korea. Nutrition 26:3 (2010), 263–268.
3. Sesterhenn, A.M., Szalay, A., Zimmermann, A.P., Werner, J.A., Barth, P.J., Wiegand, S., [Significance of autopsy in patients with head and neck cancer]. Laryngorhinootologie 91:6 (2012), 375–380.
4. Hebuterne, X., Lemarie, E., Michallet, M., de Montreuil, C.B., Schneider, S.M., Goldwasser, F., Prevalence of malnutrition and current use of nutrition support in patients with cancer. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 38:2 (2014), 196–204.
5. Planas, M., Alvarez-Hernandez, J., Leon-Sanz, M., Celaya-Perez, S., Araujo, K., Garcia de Lorenzo, A., et al. Prevalence of hospital malnutrition in cancer patients: a sub-analysis of the PREDyCES study. Support Care Cancer 24:1 (2016), 429–435.
6. Attar, A., Malka, D., Sabate, J.M., Bonnetain, F., Lecomte, T., Aparicio, T., et al. Malnutrition is high and underestimated during chemotherapy in gastrointestinal cancer: an AGEO prospective cross-sectional multicenter study. Nutr Cancer 64:4 (2012), 535–542.
7. Gyan, E., Raynard, B., Durand, J.P., Lacau Saint Guily, J., Gouy, S., Movschin, M.L., et al. Malnutrition in patients with cancer. J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2017, 10.1177/0148607116688881 [Epub ahead of print].
8. Arends, J., Bachmann, P., Baracos, V., Barthelemy, N., Bertz, H., Bozzetti, F., et al. ESPEN guidelines on nutrition in cancer patients. Clin Nutr 36:1 (2017), 11–48.
9. Cederholm, T., Barazzoni, R., Austin, P., Ballmer, P., Biolo, G., Bischoff, S.C., et al. ESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition. Clin Nutr 36:1 (2017), 49–64.
10. Fearon, K., Strasser, F., Anker, S.D., Bosaeus, I., Bruera, E., Fainsinger, R.L., et al. Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus. Lancet Oncol 12:5 (2011), 489–495.
11. Muscaritoli, M., Anker, S.D., Argiles, J., Aversa, Z., Bauer, J.M., Biolo, G., et al. Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) “cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases” and “nutrition in geriatrics”. Clin Nutr 29:2 (2010), 154–159.
12. Prado, C.M., Cushen, S.J., Orsso, C.E., Ryan, A.M., Sarcopenia and cachexia in the era of obesity: clinical and nutritional impact. Proc Nutr Soc 75:2 (2016), 188–198.
13. Ryan, A.M., Power, D.G., Daly, L., Cushen, S.J., Ni Bhuachalla, E., Prado, C.M., Cancer-associated malnutrition, cachexia and sarcopenia: the skeleton in the hospital closet 40 years later. Proc Nutr Soc 75:2 (2016), 199–211.
14. Dev, R., Hui, D., Chisholm, G., Delgado-Guay, M., Dalal, S., Del Fabbro, E., et al. Hypermetabolism and symptom burden in advanced cancer patients evaluated in a cachexia clinic. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 6:1 (2015), 95–98.
15. Tewari, N., Awad, S., Lobo, D.N., Regulation of food intake after surgery and the gut brain axis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 16:5 (2013), 569–575.
16. Dewys, W.D., Begg, C., Lavin, P.T., Band, P.R., Bennett, J.M., Bertino, J.R., et al. Prognostic effect of weight loss prior to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Am J Med 69:4 (1980), 491–497.
17. Silva, F.R., de Oliveira, M.G., Souza, A.S., Figueroa, J.N., Santos, C.S., Factors associated with malnutrition in hospitalized cancer patients: a cross-sectional study. Nutr J, 14, 2015, 123.
18. Freijer, K., Tan, S.S., Koopmanschap, M.A., Meijers, J.M., Halfens, R.J., Nuijten, M.J., The economic costs of disease related malnutrition. Clin Nutr 32:1 (2013), 136–141.
19. Aaldriks, A.A., van der Geest, L.G., Giltay, E.J., le Cessie, S., Portielje, J.E., Tanis, B.C., et al. Frailty and malnutrition predictive of mortality risk in older patients with advanced colorectal cancer receiving chemotherapy. J Geriatr Oncol 4:3 (2013), 218–226.
20. Fukuda, Y., Yamamoto, K., Hirao, M., Nishikawa, K., Maeda, S., Haraguchi, N., et al. Prevalence of malnutrition among gastric cancer patients undergoing gastrectomy and optimal preoperative nutritional support for preventing surgical site infections. Ann Surg Oncol 22:Suppl 3 (2015), 778–785.
21. Maasberg, S., Knappe-Drzikova, B., Vonderbeck, D., Jann, H., Weylandt, K.H., Grieser, C., et al. Malnutrition predicts clinical outcome in patients with neuroendocrine neoplasias. Neuroendocrinology 104:1 (2017), 11–25.
22. Martin, L., Senesse, P., Gioulbasanis, I., Antoun, S., Bozzetti, F., Deans, C., et al. Diagnostic criteria for the classification of cancer-associated weight loss. J Clin Oncol 33:1 (2015), 90–99.
23. Fearon, K., Arends, J., Baracos, V., Understanding the mechanisms and treatment options in cancer cachexia. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 10:2 (2013), 90–99.
24. Farhangfar, A., Makarewicz, M., Ghosh, S., Jha, N., Scrimger, R., Gramlich, L., et al. Nutrition impact symptoms in a population cohort of head and neck cancer patients: multivariate regression analysis of symptoms on oral intake, weight loss and survival. Oral Oncol 50:9 (2014), 877–883.
25. Gellrich, N.C., Handschel, J., Holtmann, H., Kruskemper, G., Oral cancer malnutrition impacts weight and quality of life. Nutrients 7:4 (2015), 2145–2160.
26. Roxburgh, C.S., McMillan, D.C., Cancer and systemic inflammation: treat the tumour and treat the host. Br J Cancer 110:6 (2014), 1409–1412.
27. Laird, B.J., Fallon, M., Hjermstad, M.J., Tuck, S., Kaasa, S., Klepstad, P., et al. Quality of life in patients with advanced cancer: differential association with performance status and systemic inflammatory response. J Clin Oncol 34:23 (2016), 2769–2775.
28. Laird, B.J., Kaasa, S., McMillan, D.C., Fallon, M.T., Hjermstad, M.J., Fayers, P., et al. Prognostic factors in patients with advanced cancer: a comparison of clinicopathological factors and the development of an inflammation-based prognostic system. Clin Cancer Res 19:19 (2013), 5456–5464.
29. McMillan, D.C., The systemic inflammation-based Glasgow Prognostic Score: a decade of experience in patients with cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 39:5 (2013), 534–540.
30. Dantzer, R., Cytokine-induced sickness behaviour: a neuroimmune response to activation of innate immunity. Eur J Pharmacol 500:1–3 (2004), 399–411.
31. Costa, M.D., Vieira de Melo, C.Y., Amorim, A.C., Cipriano Torres Dde, O., Dos Santos, A.C., Association between nutritional status, inflammatory condition, and prognostic indexes with postoperative complications and clinical outcome of patients with gastrointestinal neoplasia. Nutr Cancer 68:7 (2016), 1108–1114.
32. Tsoli, M., Moore, M., Burg, D., Painter, A., Taylor, R., Lockie, S.H., et al. Activation of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue and dysregulated lipid metabolism associated with cancer cachexia in mice. Cancer Res 72:17 (2012), 4372–4382.
33. Argiles, J.M., Busquets, S., Stemmler, B., Lopez-Soriano, F.J., Cancer cachexia: understanding the molecular basis. Nat Rev Cancer 14:11 (2014), 754–762.
34. Fukawa, T., Yan-Jiang, B.C., Min-Wen, J.C., Jun-Hao, E.T., Huang, D., Qian, C.N., et al. Excessive fatty acid oxidation induces muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia. Nat Med 22:6 (2016), 666–671.
35. Martinez-Outschoorn, U.E., Peiris-Pages, M., Pestell, R.G., Sotgia, F., Lisanti, M.P., Cancer metabolism: a therapeutic perspective. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 14:1 (2017), 11–31.
36. Tsoli, M., Robertson, G., Cancer cachexia: malignant inflammation, tumorkines, and metabolic mayhem. Trends Endocrinol Metab 24:4 (2013), 174–183.
37. McAllister, S.S., Weinberg, R.A., The tumour-induced systemic environment as a critical regulator of cancer progression and metastasis. Nat Cell Biol 16:8 (2014), 717–727.
38. Patel, H.J., Patel, B.M., TNF-alpha and cancer cachexia: molecular insights and clinical implications. Life Sci 170 (2017), 56–63.
39. Bing, C., Lipid mobilization in cachexia: mechanisms and mediators. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 5:4 (2011), 356–360.
40. 2 histography. Antioxid Redox Signal 9 (2007), 1221–1235.
41. Renner, K., Singer, K., Koehl, G.E., Geissler, E.K., Peter, K., Siska, P.J., et al. Metabolic hallmarks of tumor and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol, 8, 2017, 248.
42. Vaupel, P., Mayer, A., The clinical importance of assessing tumor hypoxia: relationship of tumor hypoxia to prognosis and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 22:10 (2015), 878–880.
43. Walsh, J.C., Lebedev, A., Aten, E., Madsen, K., Marciano, L., Kolb, H.C., The clinical importance of assessing tumor hypoxia: relationship of tumor hypoxia to prognosis and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 21:10 (2014), 1516–1554.
44. Vaupel, P., Mayer, A., Tumor hypoxia: causative mechanisms, microregional heterogeneities, and the role of tissue-based hypoxia markers. Adv Exp Med Biol 923 (2016), 77–86.
45. Curtis, K.K., Wong, W.W., Ross, H.J., Past approaches and future directions for targeting tumor hypoxia in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 103 (2016), 86–98.
46. Mir, O., Coriat, R., Blanchet, B., Durand, J.P., Boudou-Rouquette, P., Michels, J., et al. Sarcopenia predicts early dose-limiting toxicities and pharmacokinetics of sorafenib in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One, 7(5), 2012, e37563.
47. Cushen, S.J., Power, D.G., Teo, M.Y., Maceneaney, P., Maher, M.M., McDermott, R., et al. Body composition by computed tomography as a predictor of toxicity in patients with renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib. Am J Clin Oncol 40:1 (2017), 47–52.
48. Thompson, K.L., Elliott, L., Fuchs-Tarlovsky, V., Levin, R.M., Voss, A.C., Piemonte, T., Oncology evidence-based nutrition practice guideline for adults. J Acad Nutr Diet 117:2 (2017), 297–310.
49. Muscaritoli, M., Molfino, A., Gioia, G., Laviano, A., Rossi Fanelli, F., The “parallel pathway”: a novel nutritional and metabolic approach to cancer patients. Intern Emerg Med 6:2 (2011), 105–112.
50. Dupuis, M., Kuczewski, E., Villeneuve, L., Bin-Dorel, S., Haine, M., Falandry, C., et al. Age Nutrition Chirugie (ANC) study: impact of a geriatric intervention on the screening and management of undernutrition in elderly patients operated on for colon cancer, a stepped wedge controlled trial. BMC Geriatr, 17(1), 2017, 10.
51. McSorley, S.T., Black, D.H., Horgan, P.G., McMillan, D.C., The relationship between tumour stage, systemic inflammation, body composition and survival in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Nutr, 2017, 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.05.017 [Epub ahead of print].
52. Rollins, K.E., Tewari, N., Ackner, A., Awwad, A., Madhusudan, S., Macdonald, I.A., et al. The impact of sarcopenia and myosteatosis on outcomes of unresectable pancreatic cancer or distal cholangiocarcinoma. Clin Nutr 35:5 (2016), 1103–1109.
53. Prado, C.M., Lieffers, J.R., McCargar, L.J., Reiman, T., Sawyer, M.B., Martin, L., et al. Prevalence and clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in patients with solid tumours of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol 9:7 (2008), 629–635.
54. Boutin, R.D., Yao, L., Canter, R.J., Lenchik, L., Sarcopenia: current concepts and imaging implications. AJR Am J Roentgenol 205:3 (2015), W255–W266.
55. Baracos, V., Kazemi-Bajestani, S.M., Clinical outcomes related to muscle mass in humans with cancer and catabolic illnesses. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 45:10 (2013), 2302–2308.
56. Gibson, D.J., Burden, S.T., Strauss, B.J., Todd, C., Lal, S., The role of computed tomography in evaluating body composition and the influence of reduced muscle mass on clinical outcome in abdominal malignancy: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Nutr 69:10 (2015), 1079–1086.
57. Brown, J.C., Harhay, M.O., Harhay, M.N., Patient-reported versus objectively-measured physical function and mortality risk among cancer survivors. J Geriatr Oncol 7:2 (2016), 108–115.
58. Purcell, S.A., Elliott, S.A., Baracos, V.E., Chu, Q.S., Prado, C.M., Key determinants of energy expenditure in cancer and implications for clinical practice. Eur J Clin Nutr 70:11 (2016), 1230–1238.
59. Bozzetti, F., Pagnoni, A.M., Del Vecchio, M., Excessive caloric expenditure as a cause of malnutrition in patients with cancer. Surg Gynecol Obstet 150:2 (1980), 229–234.
60. Ferriolli, E., Skipworth, R.J., Hendry, P., Scott, A., Stensteth, J., Dahele, M., et al. Physical activity monitoring: a responsive and meaningful patient-centered outcome for surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy?. J Pain Symptom Manag 43:6 (2012), 1025–1035.
61. Bauer, J., Biolo, G., Cederholm, T., Cesari, M., Cruz-Jentoft, A.J., Morley, J.E., et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group. J Am Med Dir Assoc 14:8 (2013), 542–559.
62. Bozzetti, F., Tailoring the nutritional regimen in the elderly cancer patient. Nutrition 31:4 (2015), 612–614.
63. Stanga, Z., Brunner, A., Leuenberger, M., Grimble, R.F., Shenkin, A., Allison, S.P., et al. Nutrition in clinical practice-the refeeding syndrome: illustrative cases and guidelines for prevention and treatment. Eur J Clin Nutr 62:6 (2008), 687–694.
64. Guinan, E.M., Doyle, S.L., O'Neill, L., Dunne, M.R., Foley, E.K., O'Sullivan, J., et al. Effects of a multimodal rehabilitation programme on inflammation and oxidative stress in oesophageal cancer survivors: the ReStOre feasibility study. Support Care Cancer 25:3 (2017), 749–756.
65. Lee, J.L., Leong, L.P., Lim, S.L., Nutrition intervention approaches to reduce malnutrition in oncology patients: a systematic review. Support Care Cancer 24:1 (2016), 469–480.
66. Baldwin, C., The effectiveness of nutritional interventions in malnutrition and cachexia. Proc Nutr Soc 74:4 (2015), 397–404.
67. Engelen, M.P., Safar, A.M., Bartter, T., Koeman, F., Deutz, N.E., High anabolic potential of essential amino acid mixtures in advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 26:9 (2015), 1960–1966.
68. Deutz, N.E., Safar, A., Schutzler, S., Memelink, R., Ferrando, A., Spencer, H., et al. Muscle protein synthesis in cancer patients can be stimulated with a specially formulated medical food. Clin Nutr 30:6 (2011), 759–768.
69. Camargo Cde, Q., Mocellin, M.C., Pastore Silva Jde, A., Fabre, M.E., Nunes, E.A., Trindade, E.B., Fish oil supplementation during chemotherapy increases posterior time to tumor progression in colorectal cancer. Nutr Cancer 68:1 (2016), 70–76.
70. Sanchez-Lara, K., Turcott, J.G., Juarez-Hernandez, E., Nunez-Valencia, C., Villanueva, G., Guevara, P., et al. Effects of an oral nutritional supplement containing eicosapentaenoic acid on nutritional and clinical outcomes in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: randomised trial. Clin Nutr 33:6 (2014), 1017–1023.
71. van der Meij, B.S., Langius, J.A., Spreeuwenberg, M.D., Slootmaker, S.M., Paul, M.A., Smit, E.F., et al. Oral nutritional supplements containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids affect quality of life and functional status in lung cancer patients during multimodality treatment: an RCT. Eur J Clin Nutr 66:3 (2012), 399–404.
72. Hamza, N., Darwish, A., O'Reilly, D.A., Denton, J., Sheen, A.J., Chang, D., et al. Perioperative enteral immunonutrition modulates systemic and mucosal immunity and the inflammatory response in patients with periampullary cancer scheduled for pancreaticoduodenectomy: a randomized clinical trial. Pancreas 44:1 (2015), 41–52.
73. Song, G.M., Tian, X., Liang, H., Yi, L.J., Zhou, J.G., Zeng, Z., et al. Role of enteral immunonutrition in patients undergoing surgery for gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore), 94(31), 2015, e1311.
74. Talvas, J., Garrait, G., Goncalves-Mendes, N., Rouanet, J., Vergnaud-Gauduchon, J., Kwiatkowski, F., et al. Immunonutrition stimulates immune functions and antioxidant defense capacities of leukocytes in radiochemotherapy-treated head & neck and esophageal cancer patients: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr 34:5 (2015), 810–817.
75. Yildiz, S.Y., Yazicioglu, M.B., Tiryaki, C., Ciftci, A., Boyacioglu, Z., The effect of enteral immunonutrition in upper gastrointestinal surgery for cancer: a prospective study. Turk J Med Sci 46:2 (2016), 393–400.
76. Manzanares Campillo, M.D., Martin Fernandez, J., Amo Salas, M., Casanova Rituerto, D., A randomized controlled trial of preoperative oral immunonutrition in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer: hospital stay and health care costs. Cir Cir, 2016, 10.1016/j.circir.2016.10.029 [Epub ahead of print].
77. Qiang, H., Hang, L., Shui, S.Y., The curative effect of early use of enteral immunonutrition in postoperative gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol, 2016 [Epub ahead of print].
78. Osland, E., Hossain, M.B., Khan, S., Memon, M.A., Effect of timing of pharmaconutrition (immunonutrition) administration on outcomes of elective surgery for gastrointestinal malignancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 38:1 (2014), 53–69.
79. Braga, M., Wischmeyer, P.E., Drover, J., Heyland, D.K., Clinical evidence for pharmaconutrition in major elective surgery. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 37:5 Suppl. (2013), 66S–72S.
80. Cerantola, Y., Hubner, M., Grass, F., Demartines, N., Schafer, M., Immunonutrition in gastrointestinal surgery. Br J Surg 98:1 (2011), 37–48.
81. Marimuthu, K., Varadhan, K.K., Ljungqvist, O., Lobo, D.N., A meta-analysis of the effect of combinations of immune modulating nutrients on outcome in patients undergoing major open gastrointestinal surgery. Ann Surg 255:6 (2012), 1060–1068.
82. Stene, G.B., Helbostad, J.L., Balstad, T.R., Riphagen, I.I., Kaasa, S., Oldervoll, L.M., Effect of physical exercise on muscle mass and strength in cancer patients during treatment – a systematic review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 88:3 (2013), 573–593.
83. Horowitz, M., Neeman, E., Sharon, E., Ben-Eliyahu, S., Exploting the critical perioperative period to improve long-term cancer outcomes. Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 2015, 213–226.
84. Ljungqvist, O., Scott, M., Fearon, K.C., Enhanced recovery after surgery: a review. JAMA Surg 152:3 (2017), 292–298.
85. Gustafsson, U.O., Oppelstrup, H., Thorell, A., Nygren, J., Ljungqvist, O., Adherence to the ERAS protocol is associated with 5-year survival after colorectal cancer surgery: a retrospective cohort study. World J Surg 40:7 (2016), 1741–1747.
86. Weimann, A., Braga, M., Carli, F., Higashiguchi, T., Hubner, M., Klek, S., et al. ESPEN guideline: clinical nutrition in surgery. Clin Nutr 36:3 (2017), 623–650.
87. Kabata, P., Jastrzebski, T., Kakol, M., Krol, K., Bobowicz, M., Kosowska, A., et al. Preoperative nutritional support in cancer patients with no clinical signs of malnutrition – prospective randomized controlled trial. Support Care Cancer 23:2 (2015), 365–370.
88. Minnella, E.M., Bousquet-Dion, G., Awasthi, R., Scheele-Bergdahl, C., Carli, F., Multimodal prehabilitation improves functional capacity before and after colorectal surgery for cancer: a five-year research experience. Acta Oncol 56 (2017), 295–300.
89. Prevost, V., Grach, M.C., Nutritional support and quality of life in cancer patients undergoing palliative care. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 21:5 (2012), 581–590.
90. Druml, C., Ballmer, P.E., Druml, W., Oehmichen, F., Shenkin, A., Singer, P., et al. ESPEN guideline on ethical aspects of artificial nutrition and hydration. Clin Nutr 35:3 (2016), 545–556.