Evolution of the Atlantic multidecadal variability in a model with an improved North Atlantic current

Journal of Climate

Volumn 30, Issue 14, 2017, Pages 5491-5512

  Drews, Annika ^a   Greatbatch, Richard J ^a,b  

^a GEOMAR HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KIEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

Coupled models; Multidecadal variability

Indexed keywords

GREENHOUSE GASES; OCEANOGRAPHY; SEA ICE;

AEROSOL LOADING; COUPLED CLIMATE MODEL; COUPLED MODELS; GREENHOUSE-GAS FORCING; MULTIDECADAL VARIABILITY; NORTH ATLANTIC CURRENTS; OCEAN HEAT CONTENT; TEMPORAL EVOLUTION;

CLIMATE MODELS;

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; ATLANTIC MULTIDECADAL OSCILLATION; ATMOSPHERIC FORCING; CLIMATE MODELING; DECADAL VARIATION; FLOW FIELD; GYRE; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE;

ARCTIC; ATLANTIC OCEAN; GREENLAND; IRMINGER SEA; LABRADOR SEA; NORTH ATLANTIC CURRENT;

EID: 85021144247     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0790.1     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Ba, J., N. S. Keenlyside, W. Park, M. Latif, E. Hawkins, and H. Ding, 2013: A mechanism for Atlantic multidecadal variability in the Kiel Climate Model. Climate Dyn., 41, 2133-2144, doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1633-4
2. Barrier, N., J. Deshayes, A.-M. Treguier, and C. Cassou, 2015: Heat budget in the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre: Impacts of atmospheric weather regimes on the 1995 warming event. Prog. Oceanogr., 130, 75-90, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2014.10.001
3. Belkin, I. M., 2004: Propagation of the "Great Salinity Anomaly" of the 1990s around the northern North Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L08306, doi:10.1029/2003GL019334
4. Belkin, I. M., S. Levitus, J. Antonov, and S.-A. Malmberg, 1998: "Great Salinity Anomalies" in the North Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr., 41, 1-68, doi:10.1016/S0079-6611(98)00015-9
5. Booth, B. B. B., N. J. Dunstone, P. R. Halloran, T. Andrews, and N. Bellouin, 2012: Aerosols implicated as a prime driver of twentieth-century North Atlantic climate variability. Nature, 484, 228-232, doi:10.1038/nature10946
6. Brown, P. T., M. S. Lozier, R. Zhang, and W. Li, 2016: The necessity of cloud feedback for a basin-scale Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 3955-3963, doi:10.1002/2016GL068303
7. Buckley, M. W., and J. Marshall, 2016: Observations, inferences, and mechanisms of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation: A review. Rev. Geophys., 54, 5-63, doi:10.1002/2015RG000493
8. Carton, J. A., and B. S. Giese, 2008: A reanalysis of ocean climate using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA). Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 2999-3017, doi:10.1175/2007MWR1978.1
9. Chafik, L., S. Häkkinen, M. H. England, J. A. Carton, S. Nigam, A. Ruiz-Barradas, A. Hannachi, and L. Miller, 2016: Global linkages originating from decadal oceanic variability in the subpolar North Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 10 909-10 919, doi:10.1002/2016GL071134
10. Chen, H., E. K. Schneider, and Z. Wu, 2016: Mechanisms of internally generated decadal-to-multidecadal variability of SST in the Atlantic Ocean in a coupled GCM. Climate Dyn., 46, 1517-1546, doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2660-8
11. Chylek, P., C. K. Folland, G. Lesins, M. K. Dubey, and M. Wang, 2009: Arctic air temperature change amplification and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L14801, doi:10.1029/2009GL038777
12. Clement, A., K. Bellomo, L. N. Murphy, M. A. Cane, T. Mauritsen, G. Rädel, and B. Stevens, 2015: The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation without a role for ocean circulation. Science, 350, 320-324, doi:10.1126/science.aab3980
13. Czeschel, L., D. P. Marshall, and H. L. Johnson, 2010: Oscillatory sensitivity of Atlantic overturning to high-latitude forcing. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L10601, doi:10.1029/2010GL043177
14. Danabasoglu, G., 2008: On multidecadal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in the Community Climate System Model version 3. J. Climate, 21, 5524-5544, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2019.1
15. Danabasoglu, G., L. Landrum, and S. Yeager, 2016: Impacts of ocean model parameterizations on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) variability in the Community Earth System Model (CESM). CLIVAR Open Science Conf., Qingdao, China, CLIVAR. [Available online at http://esaconferencebureau.com/docs/default-source/websit-test/abstract-book.pdf.]
16. Delworth, T. L., and R. J. Greatbatch, 2000: Multidecadal thermohaline circulation variability driven by atmospheric surface flux forcing. J. Climate, 13, 1481-1495, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<1481:MTCVDB>2.0.CO;2
17. Delworth, T. L., and F. Zeng, 2016: The impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on climate through its influence on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. J. Climate, 29, 941-962, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0396.1
18. Delworth, T. L., S. Manabe, and R. J. Stouffer, 1993: Interdecadal variations of the thermohaline circulation in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 6, 1993-2011, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<1993:IVOTTC>2.0.CO;2
19. Delworth, T. L., and Coauthors, 2012: Simulated climate and climate change in the GFDL CM2.5 high-resolution coupled climate model. J. Climate, 25, 2755-2781, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00316.1
20. Desbruyères, D., H. Mercier, and V. Thierry, 2015: On the mechanisms behind decadal heat content changes in the eastern subpolar gyre. Prog. Oceanogr., 132, 262-272, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2014.02.005
21. Dickson, R. R., J. Meincke, S.-A. Malmberg, and A. J. Lee, 1988: The "great salinity anomaly" in the northern North Atlantic 1968-1982. Prog. Oceanogr., 20, 103-151, doi:10.1016/0079-6611(88)90049-3
22. Dima, M., and G. Lohmann, 2007: A hemispheric mechanism for the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. J. Climate, 20, 2706-2719, doi:10.1175/JCLI4174.1
23. Drews, A., and R. J. Greatbatch, 2016: Atlantic multidecadal variability in a model with an improved North Atlantic Current. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 8199-8206, doi:10.1002/2016GL069815
24. Drews, A., R. J. Greatbatch, H. Ding, M. Latif, and W. Park, 2015: The use of a flow field correction technique for alleviating the North Atlantic cold bias with application to the Kiel Climate Model. Ocean Dyn., 65, 1079-1093, doi:10.1007/s10236-015-0853-7
25. Ebisuzaki, W., 1997: A method to estimate the statistical significance of a correlation when the data are serially correlated. J. Climate, 10, 2147-2153, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<2147:AMTETS>2.0.CO;2
26. Eden, C., and T. Jung, 2001: North Atlantic interdecadal variability: Oceanic response to the North Atlantic Oscillation (1865-1997). J. Climate, 14, 676-691, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<0676:NAIVOR>2.0.CO;2
27. Eden, C., and J. Willebrand, 2001: Mechanism of interannual to decadal variability of the North Atlantic circulation. J. Climate, 14, 2266-2280, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2266:MOITDV>2.0.CO;2
28. Enfield, D. B., A. M. Mestas-Nuñez, and P. J. Trimble, 2001: The Atlantic multidecadal oscillation and its relation to rainfall and river flows in the continental U.S. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2077-2080, doi:10.1029/2000GL012745
29. Escudier, R., J. Mignot, and D. Swingedouw, 2013: A 20-year coupled ocean-sea ice-atmosphere variability mode in the North Atlantic in an AOGCM. Climate Dyn., 40, 619-636, doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1402-4
30. Folland, C. K., T. N. Palmer, and D. E. Parker, 1986: Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperatures, 1901-85. Nature, 320, 602-607, doi:10.1038/320602a0
31. Friedman, A. R., G. Reverdin, M. Khodri, and G. Gastineau, 2017: A new record of Atlantic sea surface salinity from 1896 to 2013 reveals the signatures of climate variability and long-term trends. Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 1866-1876, doi:10.1002/2017GL072582
32. Gastineau, G., and C. Frankignoul, 2015: Influence of the North Atlantic SST variability on the atmospheric circulation during the twentieth century. J. Climate, 28, 1396-1416, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00424.1
33. Goldenberg, S. B., C. W. Landsea, A. M. Mestas-Nuñez, and W. M. Gray, 2001: The recent increase in Atlantic hurricane activity: Causes and implications. Science, 293, 474-479, doi:10.1126/science.1060040
34. Good, S. A., M. J. Martin, and N. A. Rayner, 2013: EN4: Quality controlled ocean temperature and salinity profiles and monthly objective analyses with uncertainty estimates. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 118, 6704-6716, doi:10.1002/2013JC009067
35. Griffies, S. M., and E. Tziperman, 1995: A linear thermohaline oscillator driven by stochastic atmospheric forcing. J. Climate, 8, 2440-2453, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<2440:ALTODB>2.0.CO;2
36. Guan, B., and S. Nigam, 2009: Analysis of Atlantic SST variability factoring interbasin links and the secular trend: Clarified structure of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. J. Climate, 22, 4228-4240, doi:10.1175/2009JCLI2921.1
37. Gulev, S. K., M. Latif, N. Keenlyside, W. Park, and K. P. Koltermann, 2013: North Atlantic Ocean control on surface heat flux on multidecadal timescales. Nature, 499, 464-467, doi:10.1038/nature12268
38. Haak, H., J. Jungclaus, U. Mikolajewicz, and M. Latif, 2003: Formation and propagation of great salinity anomalies. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1473, doi:10.1029/2003GL017065
39. Häkkinen, S., P. B. Rhines, and D. L. Worthen, 2011: Atmospheric blocking and Atlantic multidecadal ocean variability. Science, 334, 655-659, doi:10.1126/science.1205683
40. Hawkins, E., and R. Sutton, 2009: The potential to narrow uncertainty in regional climate predictions. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 90, 1095-1107, doi:10.1175/2009BAMS2607.1
41. Jungclaus, J. H., H. Haak, M. Latif, and U. Mikolajewicz, 2005: Arctic-North Atlantic interactions and multidecadal variability of the meridional overturning circulation. J. Climate, 18, 4013-4031, doi:10.1175/JCLI3462.1
42. Kayano, M. T., and V. B. Capistrano, 2014: How the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) modifies the ENSO influence on the South American rainfall. Int. J. Climatol., 34, 162-178, doi:10.1002/joc.3674
43. Keeley, S. P. E., R. T. Sutton, and L. C. Shaffrey, 2012: The impact of North Atlantic sea surface temperature errors on the simulation of North Atlantic European region climate. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 138, 1774-1783, doi:10.1002/qj.1912
44. Kim, W. M., S. Yeager, P. Chang, and G. Danabasoglu, 2016: Atmospheric conditions associated with Labrador Sea deep convection: New insights from a case study of the 2006/07 and 2007/08 winters. J. Climate, 29, 5281-5297, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0527.1
45. Knight, J. R., R. J. Allan, C. K. Folland, M. Vellinga, and M. E. Mann, 2005: A signature of persistent natural thermohaline circulation cycles in observed climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L20708, doi:10.1029/2005GL024233
46. Kushnir, Y., and I. M. Held, 1996: Equilibrium atmospheric response to North Atlantic SST anomalies. J. Climate, 9, 1208-1220, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<1208:EARTNA>2.0.CO;2
47. Kwon, Y.-O., and C. Frankignoul, 2012: Stochastically-driven multidecadal variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in CCSM3. Climate Dyn., 38, 859-876, doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1040-2
48. Latif, M., and N. S. Keenlyside, 2011: A perspective on decadal climate variability and predictability. Deep-Sea Res. II, 58, 1880-1894, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.066
49. Lazier, J. R. N., 1994: Observations in the northwest corner of the North Atlantic Current. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 1449-1463, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1994)024<1449:OITNCO>2.0.CO;2
50. Madec, G., 2008: NEMO ocean engine. Note du Pôle de modélisation 27, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, 300 pp
51. Manabe, S., and R. J. Stouffer, 1988: Two stable equilibria of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 1, 841-866, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1988)001<0841:TSEOAC>2.0.CO;2
52. Marshall, J., H. Johnson, and J. Goodman, 2001: A study of the interaction of the North Atlantic Oscillation with ocean circulation. J. Climate, 14, 1399-1421, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1399:ASOTIO>2.0.CO;2
53. McCabe, G. J., M. A. Palecki, and J. L. Betancourt, 2004: Pacific and Atlantic Ocean influences on multidecadal drought frequency in the United States. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101, 4136-4141, doi:10.1073/pnas.0306738101
54. McCarthy, G. D., I. D. Haigh, J. J.-M. Hirschi, J. P. Grist, and D. A. Smeed, 2015: Ocean impact on decadal Atlantic climate variability revealed by sea-level observations. Nature, 521, 508-510, doi:10.1038/nature14491
55. Mecking, J. V., N. S. Keenlyside, and R. J. Greatbatch, 2014: Stochastically-forced multidecadal variability in the North Atlantic: A model study. Climate Dyn., 43, 271-288, doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1930-6
56. Menary, M. B., D. L. R. Hodson, J. I. Robson, R. T. Sutton, R. A. Wood, and J. A. Hunt, 2015: Exploring the impact of CMIP5 model biases on the simulation of North Atlantic decadal variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 5926-5934, doi:10.1002/2015GL064360
57. Muir, L. C., and A. V. Fedorov, 2017: Evidence of the AMOC interdecadal mode related to westward propagation of temperature anomalies in CMIP5 models. Climate Dyn., 48, 1517-1535, doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3157-9
58. Nigam, S., and B. Guan, 2011: Atlantic tropical cyclones in the twentieth century: Natural variability and secular change in cyclone count. Climate Dyn., 36, 2279-2293, doi:10.1007/s00382-010-0908-x
59. Nigam, S., B. Guan, and A. Ruiz-Barradas, 2011: Key role of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation in 20th century drought and wet periods over the Great Plains. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L16713, doi:10.1029/2011GL048650
60. Omrani, N.-E., N. S. Keenlyside, J. Bader, and E. Manzini, 2014: Stratosphere key for wintertime atmospheric response to warm Atlantic decadal conditions. Climate Dyn., 42, 649-663, doi:10.1007/s00382-013-1860-3
61. O'Reilly, C. H., M. Huber, T. Woollings, and L. Zanna, 2016: The signature of low-frequency oceanic forcing in the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 2810-2818, doi:10.1002/2016GL067925
62. Ortega, P., J. Mignot, D. Swingedouw, F. Sévellec, and E. Guilyardi, 2015: Reconciling two alternative mechanisms behind bi-decadal variability in the North Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr., 137A, 237-249, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.06.009
63. Otterå, O. H., M. Bentsen, H. Drange, and L. Suo, 2010: External forcing as a metronome for Atlantic multidecadal variability. Nat. Geosci., 3, 688-694, doi:10.1038/ngeo955
64. Park, W., N. Keenlyside, M. Latif, A. Ströh, R. Redler, E. Roeckner, and G. Madec, 2009: Tropical Pacific climate and its response to global warming in the Kiel Climate Model. J. Climate, 22, 71-92, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2261.1
65. Peings, Y., and G. Magnusdottir, 2014: Forcing of the wintertime atmospheric circulation by the multidecadal fluctuations of the North Atlantic Ocean. Environ. Res. Lett., 9, 034018, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/3/034018
66. Rayner, N. A., D. E. Parker, E. B. Horton, C. K. Folland, L. V. Alexander, D. P. Rowell, E. C. Kent, and A. Kaplan, 2003: Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4407, doi:10.1029/2002JD002670
67. Roeckner, E., and Coauthors, 2003: The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5-Part 1. Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Rep. 349, 127 pp
68. Ruprich-Robert, Y., and C. Cassou, 2015: Combined influences of seasonal East Atlantic Pattern and North Atlantic Oscillation to excite Atlantic multidecadal variability in a climate model. Climate Dyn., 44, 229-253, doi:10.1007/s00382-014-2176-7
69. Ruprich-Robert, Y., R. Msadek, F. Castruccio, S. Yeager, T. Delworth, and G. Danabasoglu, 2017: Assessing the climate impacts of the observed Atlantic multidecadal variability using the GFDL CM2.1 and NCAR CESM1 global coupled models. J. Climate, 30, 2785-2810, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0127.1
70. Sausen, R., K. Barthel, and K. Hasselmann, 1988: Coupled ocean-atmosphere models with flux correction. Climate Dyn., 2, 145-163, doi:10.1007/BF01053472
71. Scaife, A. A., and Coauthors, 2011: Improved Atlantic winter blocking in a climate model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L23703, doi:10.1029/2011GL049573
72. Scaife, A. A., and Coauthors, 2014: Skillful long-range prediction of European and North American winters. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 2514-2519, doi:10.1002/2014GL059637
73. Schlesinger, M. E., and N. Ramankutty, 1994: An oscillation in the global climate system of period 65-70 years. Nature, 367, 723-726, doi:10.1038/367723a0
74. Sévellec, F., and A. V. Fedorov, 2013: The leading, interdecadal eigenmode of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in a realistic ocean model. J. Climate, 26, 2160-2183, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00023.1
75. Steinman, B. A., M. E. Mann, and S. K. Miller, 2015: Atlantic and Pacific multidecadal oscillations and Northern Hemisphere temperatures. Science, 347, 988-991, doi:10.1126/science.1257856
76. Sutton, R. T., and D. L. R. Hodson, 2005: Atlantic Ocean forcing of North American and European summer climate. Science, 309, 115-118, doi:10.1126/science.1109496
77. Swingedouw, D., P. Ortega, J. Mignot, E. Guilyardi, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. G. Butler, M. Khodri, and R. Séférian, 2015: Bidecadal North Atlantic Ocean circulation variability controlled by timing of volcanic eruptions. Nat. Commun., 6, 6545, doi:10.1038/ncomms7545
78. Tandon, N. F., and P. J. Kushner, 2015: Does external forcing interfere with the AMOC's influence on North Atlantic sea surface temperature? J. Climate, 28, 6309-6323, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00664.1
79. Timmermann, A., M. Latif, R. Voss, and A. Grötzner, 1998: Northern Hemispheric interdecadal variability: A coupled air-sea mode. J. Climate, 11, 1906-1931, doi:10.1175/1520-0442-11.8.1906
80. Ting, M., Y. Kushnir, R. Seager, and C. Li, 2009: Forced and internal twentieth-century SST trends in the North Atlantic. J. Climate, 22, 1469-1481, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2561.1
81. Valcke, S., 2006: OASIS3 User Guide. CERFACS PRISM Tech. Rep. TR/CMGC/06/73, 60 pp
82. Valcke, S., 2013: The OASIS3 coupler: A European climate modelling community software. Geosci. Model Dev., 6, 373-388, doi:10.5194/gmd-6-373-2013
83. Wang, C., L. Zhang, S.-K. Lee, L. Wu, and C. R. Mechoso, 2014: A global perspective on CMIP5 climate model biases. Nat. Climate Change, 4, 201-205, doi:10.1038/nclimate2118
84. Wouters, B., S. Drijfhout, and W. Hazeleger, 2012: Interdecadal North-Atlantic meridional overturning circulation variability in EC-EARTH. Climate Dyn., 39, 2695-2712, doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1366-4
85. Yeager, S. G., 2015: Topographic coupling of the Atlantic overturning and gyre circulations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 45, 1258-1284, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-14-0100.1
86. Yeager, S. G., and M. Jochum, 2009: The connection between Labrador Sea buoyancy loss, deep western boundary current strength, and Gulf Stream path in an ocean circulation model. Ocean Modell., 30, 207-224, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.06.014
87. Yuan, T., L. Oreopoulos, M. Zelinka, H. Yu, J. R. Norris, M. Chin, S. Platnick, and K. Meyer, 2016: Positive low cloud and dust feedbacks amplify tropical North Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 1349-1356, doi:10.1002/2016GL067679
88. Zhang, J., and R. Zhang, 2015: On the evolution of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation fingerprint and implications for decadal predictability in the North Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 5419-5426, doi:10.1002/2015GL064596
89. Zhang, R., 2008: Coherent surface-subsurface fingerprint of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20705, doi:10.1029/2008GL035463
90. Zhang, R., 2010: Latitudinal dependence of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) variations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L16703, doi:10.1029/2010GL044474
91. Zhang, R., and T. L. Delworth, 2006: Impact of Atlantic multidecadal oscillations on India/Sahel rainfall and Atlantic hurricanes. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L17712, doi:10.1029/2006GL026267
92. Zhang, R., and G. K. Vallis, 2006: Impact of great salinity anomalies on the low-frequency variability of the North Atlantic climate. J. Climate, 19, 470-482, doi:10.1175/JCLI3623.1
93. Zhang, R., T. L. Delworth, A. Rosati, W. G. Anderson, K. W. Dixon, H.-C. Lee, and F. Zeng, 2011: Sensitivity of the North Atlantic ocean circulation to an abrupt change in the Nordic Sea overflow in a high resolution global coupled climate model. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C12024, doi:10.1029/2011JC007240
94. Zhang, R., and Coauthors, 2013: Have aerosols caused the observed Atlantic multidecadal variability? J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 1135-1144, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-12-0331.1
95. Zhang, R., R. Sutton, G. Danabasoglu, T. L. Delworth, W. M. Kim, J. Robson, and S. G. Yeager, 2016: Comment on "The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation without a role for ocean circulation." Science, 352, 1527, doi:10.1126/science.aaf1660
96. Zhu, X., and J. Jungclaus, 2008: Interdecadal variability of the meridional overturning circulation as an ocean internal mode. Climate Dyn., 31, 731-741, doi:10.1007/s00382-008-0383-9