Obesity & inflammation: The linking mechanism & the complications

Archives of Medical Science

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 851-863

  Ellulu, Mohammed S ^a   Patimah, Ismail ^a   Khaza'ai, Huzwah ^a   Rahmat, Asmah ^a   Abed, Yehia ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY PUTRA MALAYSIA   (Malaysia)

^b AL QUDS UNIVERSITY   (Palestine)

Author keywords

Adiponectin; C reactive protein; Inflammation; Interleukin 6; Linking mechanism; Obesity

Indexed keywords

ADIPONECTIN; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 6; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR;

ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CORONARY ARTERY CALCIFICATION; CYTOKINE RELEASE; CYTOKINE RESPONSE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE MARKER; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOADIPONECTINEMIA; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN SECRETION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE;

EID: 85020925358     PISSN: 17341922     EISSN: 18969151     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.58928     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. Romano M. Inflammation resolution: does the bone marrow have a say? Am J Hematol 2008; 83: 435-6.
2. Feuerstein GZ, Libby P, Mann DL. Inflammation -A new frontier in cardiac disease and therapeutics. In: Inflammation and cardiac diseases. Feuerstein GZ, Libby P, Mann DL (eds.). Birkhauser Basel 2003; 1-5.
3. Seki H, Tani Y, Arita M. Omega-3 PUFA derived anti-inflammatory lipid mediator resolvin E1. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2009; 89: 126-30.
4. Bassuk SS, Rifai N, Ridker PM. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: clinical importance. Curr Probl Cardiol 2004; 29: 439-43.
5. Lafontan M. Fat cells: Afferent and efferent messages define new approaches to treat obesity. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2004; 45: 119-46.
6. Stepien M, Stepien A, Wlazeł RN, Paradowski M, Banach M, Rysz J. Obesity indices and inflammatory markers in obese non-diabetic normo-And hypertensive patients: A comparative pilot study. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13: 29.
7. Brichory FM, Misek DE, Yim AM, et al. An immune response manifested by the common occurrence of annexins I and II autoantibodies and high circulating levels of IL-6 in lung cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98: 9824-9.
8. Stenlof K, Wernstedt I, Fjallman T, Wallenius V, Wallenius K, Jansson JO. Interleukin-6 levels in the central nervous system are negatively correlated with fat mass in overweight/obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 4379-83.
9. Papanicolau DA, Vgontzas AN. Interleukin-6: The endocrine cytokine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 1331-2.
10. Scheller J, Chalaris A, Schmidt-Arras D, Rose-John S. The pro-And anti-inflammatory properties of the cytokine interleukin-6. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1813: 878-88.
11. Rahmanian M, Kelishadi R, Qorbani M, et al. Dual burden of body weight among Iranian children and adolescents in 2003 and 2010: The CASPIAN-III study. Arch Med Sci 2014; 10: 96-103.
12. Krzysztoszek J, Wierzejska E, Zielinska A. Obesity. An analysis of epidemiological and prognostic research. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11: 24-33.
13. Curat CA, Miranville A, Sengenes C, et al. From blood monocytes to adipose tissue-resident macrophages induction of diapedesis by human mature adipocytes. Diabetes 2004; 53: 1285-92.
14. Cypess AM, Lehman S, Williams G, et al. Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 1509-17.
15. Karastergiou K, Mohamed-Ali V. The autocrine and paracrine roles of adipokines. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 318: 69-78.
16. Fantuzzi G. Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115: 911-9.
17. Straub RH, Hense HW, Andus J, Scholmerich J, Riegger AJ, Schunkert H. Hormone replacement therapy and interrelation between serum interleukin-6 and body mass index in postmenopause women: A population- based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 1340-4.
18. Fontana L, Eagon JC, Trujillo ME, Scherer PE, Klein S. Visceral fat adipokine secretion is associated with systemic inflammation in obese humans. Diabetes 2007; 56: 1010-3.
19. Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature 2006; 444: 860-7.
20. Halberg N, Wernstedt-Asterholm I, Scherer PE. The adipocyte as an endocrine cell. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2008; 37: 753-68.
21. Cinti S, Mitchell G, Barbatelli G, et al. Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. J Lipid Res 2005; 46: 2347-55.
22. Trayhurn P, Wood I. Adipokines: inflammation and the pleiotropic role of white adipose tissue. Br J Nutr 2004; 92: 347-55.
23. Zhang S, Liu Q, Wang J, Harnish DC. Suppression of interleukin-6-induced C-reactive protein expression by FXR agonists. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 379: 476-9.
24. Ellulu MS, Khaza'ai H, Abed Y, Rahmat A, Ismail P, Ranneh Y. Role of fish oil in human health and possible mechanism to reduce the inflammation. Inflammopharmacology 2015; 23: 79-89.
25. Rocha VZ, Libby P. Obesity, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol 2009; 6: 399-409.
26. Illan-Gomez F, Gonzalvez-Ortega M, Orea-Soler I, et al. Obesity and inflammation: change in adiponectin, C-reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor-Alpha and interleukin-6 after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 2012; 22: 950-5.
27. Arnardottir ES, Maislin G, Schwab RJ, et al. The interaction of obstructive sleep apnea and obesity on the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein and interleukin- 6: The Icelandic Sleep Apnea Cohort. Sleep 2012; 35: 921.
28. Wannamethee SG, Whincup PH, Rumley A, Lowe G. Inter-relationships of interleukin-6, cardiovascular risk factors and the metabolic syndrome among older men. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5: 1637-43.
29. Warnberg J, Moreno LA, Mesana MI, Marcos A; The AVENA group. Inflammatory mediators in overweight and obese Spanish adolescents. The AVENA Study. Int J Obes 2004; 28: S59-S63.
30. Sansone P, Bromberg J. Targeting the interleukin-6/Jak/Stat pathway in human malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30: 1005-14.
31. Danesh J, Kaptoge S, Mann AG, et al. Long-Term interleukin- 6 levels and subsequent risk of coronary heart disease: Two new prospective studies and a systematic review. PLoS Med 2008; 5: E78.
32. Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1685-95.
33. Adar SD, D'Souza J, Mendelsohn-Victor K, et al. Markers of inflammation and coagulation after long-Term exposure to coarse particulate matter: A cross-sectional analysis from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Environ Health Perspect 2015; 123: 541-8.
34. Sarvottam K, Yadav RK. Adiponectin, interleukin-6, and endothelin-1 correlate with modifiable cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight/obese men. J Altern Complement Med 2014; 20: 419-20.
35. Chen SJ, Yen CH, Huang YC, Lee BJ, Hsia S, Lin PT. Relationships between inflammation, adiponectin, and oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome. PLoS One 2012; 7: E45693.
36. Von Eynatten M, Hamann A, Twardella D, Nawroth P, Brenner H, Rothenbacher D. Relationship of adiponectin with markers of systemic inflammation, atherogenic dyslipidaemia, and heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease. Clin Chem 2006; 52: 853-9.
37. Fernandez-Real JM, Monteserrat M, Richart C, et al. Circulating interleukin 6 levels, blood pressure, and insulin sensitivity in apparently healthy men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1154-9.
38. Pradhan A, Manson J, Rifai N, Buring J, Ridker P. C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2001; 682: 327-34.
39. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Meir J, Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH. Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation 2000; 101: 1767-72.
40. Taniguchi K, Karin M. IL-6 and related cytokines as the critical lynchpins between inflammation and cancer. Semin Immunol 2014; 26: 54-74.
41. Zhou B, Liu J, Wang Z, Xi T. C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 and lung cancer risk: A meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7: E43075.
42. Ara T, DeClerck Y. Interleukin-6 in bone metastasis and cancer progression. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46: 1223-31.
43. Matura LA, Ventetuolo CE, Palevsky HI, et al. Interleukin- 6 and tumor necrosis factor-Alpha are associated with quality of life-related symptoms in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2015; 12: 370-5.
44. Gluba A, Mikhailidis DP, Lip GY, Hannam S, Rysz J, Banach M. Metabolic syndrome and renal disease. Int J Cardiol 2013; 164: 141-50.
45. Fujishima S, Watanabe H, Kawaguchi M, et al. Involvement of IL-17F via the induction of IL-6 in psoriasis. Arch Dermatol Res 2010; 302: 499-505.
46. Gabay C. Interleukin-6 and chronic inflammation. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8: S3.
47. Di Cesare PE, Chang E, Preston CF, Liu CJ. Serum interleukin- 6 as a marker of periprosthetic infection following total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005; 87: 1921-7.
48. Arican O, Aral M, Sasmaz S, Ciragil P. Serum levels of TNF-Alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-17, and IL-18 in patients with active psoriasis and correlation with disease severity. Mediators Inflamm 2005; 2005: 273-9.
49. Musselman D, Miller A, Porter M, et al. Higher than normal plasma interleukin-6 concentrations in cancer patients with depression: preliminary findings. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1252-7.
50. Wirtz DC, Heller KD, Miltner O, Zilkens KW, Wolff JM. Interleukin-6: A potential inflammatory marker after total joint replacement. Int Orthop 2000; 24: 194-6.
51. Elder JT, Sartor CI, Boman DK, Benrazavi S, Fisher GJ, Pittelkow MR. Interleukin-6 in psoriasis: Expression and mitogenicity studies. Arch Dermatol Res 1992; 284: 324-32.
52. Backes JM, Howard PA, Moriarty P. Role of C-reactive protein in cardiovascular disease. Ann Pharmacother 2004; 38: 110-8.
53. Ishii S, Karlamangla A, Bote M, et al. Gender, obesity and repeated elevation of C-reactive protein: data from the CARDIA Cohort. PLoS One 2012; 7: E36062.
54. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: Application to clinical and public health practice: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2003; 107: 499-511.
55. Danesh J, Wheeler JG, Hirschfield GM, et al. C-reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1387-97.
56. Kasapis C, Thompson PD. The effects of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: A systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1563-9.
57. Ledue TB, Rifai N. Preanalytic and analytic sources of variations in C-reactive protein measurement: implications for cardiovascular disease risk assessment. Clin Chem 2003; 49: 1258-71.
58. Wang CH, Li SH, Weisel RD, et al. C-reactive protein upregulates angiotensin type 1 receptors in vascular smooth muscle. Circulation 2003; 107: 1783-90.
59. Vadakayil AR, Dandekeri S, Kambil SM, Ali NM. Role of C-reactive protein as a marker of disease severity and cardiovascular risk in patients with psoriasis. Indian Dermatol Online J 2015; 6: 322-5.
60. Takahashi H, Iinuma S, Honma M, Iizuka H. Increased serum C-reactive protein level in Japanese patients of psoriasis with cardio-And cerebrovascular disease. J Dermatol 2014; 41: 981-5.
61. Ma A, Pan X, Xing Y, Wu M, Wang Y, Ma C. Elevation of serum CXCL16 level correlates well with atherosclerotic ischemic stroke. Arch Med Sci 2014; 10: 47-52.
62. Kosus N, Kosus A, Turhan N. Relation between abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue thickness and inflammatory markers during pregnancy. Arch Med Sci 2014; 10: 739-45.
63. Kurtoglu E, Korkmaz H, Akturk E, Yilmaz M, Altas Y, Uckan A. Association of mitral annulus calcification with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, which is a marker of inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012: 606207.
64. Rajendran K, Devarajan N, Ganesan M, Ragunathan M. Obesity, inflammation and acute myocardial infarction - expression of leptin, IL-6 and high sensitivity-CRP in Chennai based population. Thromb J 2012; 10: 13.
65. Woodard G, Mehta V, Mackey R, et al. C-reactive protein is associated with aortic stiffness in a cohort of African American and white women transitioning through menopause. Menopause 2011; 18: 1291-7.
66. Lee S, Kim IT, Park HB, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein can predict major adverse cardiovascular events in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes. J Kor Med Sci 2011; 26: 1322-7.
67. Kalhan R, Tran BT, Colangelo LA, et al. Systemic inflammation in young adults is associated with abnormal lung function in middle age. PLoS One 2010; 5: E11431.
68. Den Hertog HM, van Rossum JA, van der Worp HB, et al. C-reactive protein in the very early phase of acute ischemic stroke: Association with poor outcome and death. J Neurol 2009; 256: 2003-8.
69. Devaraj S, Yun J, Adamson G, Galvez J, Jialal I. C-reactive protein impairs the endothelial glycocalyx resulting in endothelial dysfunction. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 84: 479-84.
70. Cirillo P, Sautin Y, Kanellis J, et al. Systemic inflammation, metabolic syndrome and progressive renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24: 1384-7.
71. Hubel C, Powers R, Snaedal S, et al. CRP is elevated 30 years after eclamptic pregnancy. Hypertension 2008; 51: 1499-505.
72. Trichopoulos D, Psaltopoulou T, Orfanos P, Trichopoulou A, Boffetta P. Plasma C-reactive protein and risk of cancer: A prospective study from Greece. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15: 381-4.
73. Erlinger TP, Platz EA, Rifai N, Helzlsouer K. C-reactive protein and the risk of incident colorectal cancer. JAMA 2004; 291: 585-90.
74. Seddon J, Gensler C, Milton R, Klein M, Rifai N. Association between C-reactive protein and age-related macular degeneration. JAMA 2004; 291: 704-10.
75. Russell AI, Graham DC, Shepherd C, et al. Polymorphism at the C-reactive protein locus influences gene expression and predisposes to systemic lupus erythematosus. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 13: 137-47.
76. Sesso HD, Buring JE, Rifai N, Blake GJ, Gaziano JM, Ridker PM. C-reactive protein and the risk of developing hypertension. JAMA 2003; 290: 2945-51.
77. Stuveling EM, Hillege HL, Bakker S, Gans R, de Jong PE, de Zeeuw D. C-reactive protein is associated with renal function abnormalities in a non-diabetic population. Kidney Int 2003; 63: 654-61.
78. Ridker PM. C-reactive protein: A simple test to help predict risk of heart attack and stroke. Circulation 2003; 108: E81-5.
79. Han TS, Sattar N, Williams K, Gonzalez-Villalpando C, Lean M, Haffner S. Prospective study of C-reactive protein in relation to the development of diabetes and metabolic syndrome in the Mexico City Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 2016-21.
80. Mallya RK, De Beer FC, Berry H, Hamilton ED, Mace BE, Pepys MB. Correlation of clinical parameters of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with serum concentration of C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. J Rheumatol 1981; 9: 224-8.
81. Brooks GC, Blaha MJ, Blumenthal RS. Relation of C-reactive protein to abdominal adiposity. Am J Cardiol 2010; 106: 56-61.
82. Choi J, Joseph L, Pilote L. Obesity and C-reactive protein in various populations: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Obes Rev 2013; 14: 232-44.
83. Klisic A, Vasiljevic N, Simic T, Djukic T, Maksimovic M, Matic M. Association between C-reactive protein, anthropometric and lipid parameters among healthy normal weight and overweight postmenopause women in Montenegro. Lab Med 2014; 45: 12-6.
84. Dayal D, Jain H, Attri S, Bharti B, Bhalla A. Relationship of high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels to anthropometric and other metabolic parameters in Indian children with simple overweight and obesity. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8: PC05.
85. Kawamoto R, Kusunoki T, Abe M, Kohara K, Miki T. An association between body mass index and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations is influenced by age in community-dwelling persons. Ann Clin Biochem 2013; 50: 457-64.
86. Ajani UA, Ford E, Mokdad A. Prevalence of high C-reactive protein in persons with serum lipid concentra tions within recommended values. Clin Chem 2004; 50: 1618-22.
87. Khand F, Shaikh SS, Ata MA, Shaikh SS. Evaluation of the effect of smoking on complete blood counts, serum C-reactive protein and magnesium levels in healthy adult male smokers. J Pak Med Assoc 2015; 65: 59-61.
88. Libby P, Ridker P, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002; 105: 1135-43.
89. Swiatkiewicz I, Kozinski M, Magielski P, et al. Usefulness of C-reactive protein as a marker of early post-infarct left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Inflamm Res 2012; 61: 725-34.
90. Van Leeuwen WA, Lehto M, Karisola P, et al. Sleep restriction increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases by augmenting proinflammatory responses through IL-17 and CRP. PLoS One 2009; 4: E4589.
91. Shivpuri S, Gallo L, Crouse J, Allison M. The association between chronic stress type and C-reactive protein in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA): does gender make a difference? J Behav Med 2012; 35: 74-85.
92. Kwon YS, Chi SY, Shin HJ, et al. Plasma C-reactive protein and endothelin-1 level in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary hypertension. J Kor Med Sci 2010; 25: 1487-91.
93. Forman BM, Goode E, Chen J, et al. Identification of a nuclear receptor that is activated by farnesol metabolites. Cell 1995; 81: 687-93.
94. Rader DJ. Liver X receptor and farnesoid X receptor as therapeutic targets. Am J Cardiol 2007; 100: S15-9.
95. Makishima M, Okamoto AY, Repa JJ, et al. Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acids. Science 1999; 284: 1362-5.
96. Evans MJ, Mahaney PE, Zhang S, et al. A synthetic farnesoid X receptor agonist protects against diet-induced dyslipidemia. Circulation 2007; 116: II-106.
97. Li J, Wilson A, Kuruba R, et al. FXR-mediated regulation of eNOS expression in vascular endothelial cells. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 77: 169-77.
98. Blaschke F, Takata Y, Caglayan E, et al. A nuclear receptor corepressor-dependent pathway mediates suppression of cytokine-induced C-reactive protein gene expression by liver X receptor. Circ Res 2006; 99: E88-e99.
99. Matsuda M, Shimomura I, Sata M, et al. Role of adiponectin in preventing vascular stenosis. The missing link of adipovascular axis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 37487-91.
100. Bastard JP, Maachi M, Lagathu C, et al. Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Eur Cytokine Netw 2006; 17: 4-12.
101. Goldstein BJ, Scalia R. Adiponectin: A novel adipokine linking adipocytes and vascular function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 204; 89: 2563-8.
102. Alvarez A, Brodsky JB, Lemmens H, Morton JM. Morbid obesity: peri-operative management. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press 2010.
103. Pischon T, Rimm E. Adiponectin: A promising marker for cardiovascular disease. Clin Chem 2006; 52: 797-9.
104. Oh D, Giaraldi T, Henry R. Adiponectin in health and disease. Diab Obes Metab 2007; 9: 282-9.
105. Ouchi N, Kihara S, Funahashi T, et al. Reciprocal association of C-reactive protein with adiponectin in blood stream and adipose tissue. Circulation 2003; 107: 671-4.
106. Matsuzawa Y. The metabolic syndrome and adipocytokines. FEBS Lett 2006; 580: 2917-21.
107. Szmitko PE, Teoh H, Stewart DJ, Verma S. Adiponectin and cardiovascular disease: state of the art? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 292: H1655-63.
108. Nakamura Y, Shimada K, Fukuda D, et al. Implications of plasma concentrations of adiponectin in patients with coronary artery disease. Heart 2004; 90: 528-33.
109. Ouedraogo R, Wu X, Xu SQ, et al. Adiponectin suppression of highglucose-induced reactive oxygen species in vascular endothelial cells: Evidence for involvement of a cAMP signaling pathway. Diabetes 2006; 55: 1840-6.
110. Harmancey R, Wilson C, Taegtmeyer H. Adaptation and maladaptation of the heart in obesity. Hypertension 2008; 52: 181-7.
111. Park S, Kim DS, Kwon DY, Yang HJ. Long-Term central infusion of adiponectin improves energy and glucose homeostasis by decreasing fat storage and suppressing hepatic gluconeogenesis without changing food intake. J Neuroendocrinol 2011; 23: 687-98.
112. Pischon T, Girman CJ, Hotamisligil GS, Rifai N, Hu FB, Rimm EB. Plasma adiponectin levels and risk of myocardial infarction in men. JAMA 2004; 291: 1730-7.
113. Maahs DM, Ogden LG, Kinney GL, et al. Low plasma adiponectin levels predict progression of coronary artery calcification. Circulation 2005; 111: 747-53.
114. Turer A, Scherer P. Adiponectin: mechanistic insights and clinical implications. Diabetologia 2012; 55: 2319-26.
115. Ricci R, Bevilacqua F. The potential role of leptin and adiponectin in obesity: A comparative review. Vet J 2012; 191: 292-8.
116. Stepien M, Stepien A, Wlazeł RN, et al. Predictors of insulin resistance in patients with obesity a pilot study. Angiology 2014; 65: 22-30.
117. Eglit T, Ringmets I, Lember M. Obesity, high-molecular- weight (HMW) adiponectin, and metabolic risk factors: prevalence and gender-specific associations in Estonia. PLoS One 2013; 8: E73273.
118. Snijder MB, Flyvbjerg A, Stehouwer C, et al. Relationship of adiposity with arterial stiffness as mediated by adiponectin in older men and women: The Hoorn Study. Eur J Endocrinol 2009; 160: 387-95.
119. Dekker JM, Funahashi T, Nijpels G, et al. Prognostic value of adiponectin for cardiovascular disease and mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 1489-96.
120. Jaleel F, Jaleel A, Rahman M, Alam E. Comparison of adiponectin, leptin and blood lipid levels in normal and obese postmenopause women. J Pak Med Assoc 2006; 56: 391-4.
121. Ryo M, Nakamura T, Kihara S, et al. Adiponectin as a biomarker of the metabolic syndrome. Circ J 2004; 68: 975-81.
122. Tziakas DN, Chalikias GK, Kaski JC. Epidemiology of the diabetic heart. Coron Artery Dis 2005; 16: S3-10.
123. Baratta R, Amato S, Degano C, et al. Adiponectin relationship with lipid metabolism is independent of body fat mass: Evidence from both cross-sectional and intervention studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 2665-71.
124. Dalamaga M, Diakopoulos KN, Mantzoros CS. The role of adiponectin in cancer: A review of current evidence. Endocr Rev 2012; 33: 547-94.
125. Narayan A, Kulkarni S, Kothari R, Deepak T, Kempegowda P. Association between plasma adiponectin and risk of myocardial infarction in Asian Indian patient with diabetes. Br J Med Pract 2014; 7: E729.
126. Kanhai DA, Kranendonk ME, Uiterwaal C, Graaf Y, Kappelle L, Visseren F. Adiponectin and incident coronary heart disease and stroke. A systematic review and meta-Analysis of prospective studies. Obes Rev 2013; 14: 555-67.
127. Kim DH, Kim C, Ding E, Townsend M, Lipsitz L. Adiponectin levels and the risk of hypertension: A systematic review and meta-Analysis. Hypertension 2013; 62: 27-32.
128. Blaslov K, Bulum T, Zibar K, Duvnjak L. Relationship between adiponectin level, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetic patients. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013: 535906.
129. Kim SY, Lee SJ, Park H, et al. Adiponectin is associated with impaired fasting glucose in the non-diabetic population. Epidemiol Health 2011; 33: E2011007.
130. Ho DY, Cook NR, Britton KA, et al. High-molecular- weight and total adiponectin levels and incident symptomatic peripheral artery disease in women. Circulation 2011; 124: 2303-11.
131. Li S, Shin HJ, Ding EL, van Dam R. Adiponectin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-Analysis. JAMA 2009; 302: 179-88.
132. Greif M, Becker A, von Ziegler F, et al. Pericardial adipose tissue determined by dual source CT is a risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29: 781-6.
133. Marso SP, Mehta SK, Frutkin A, House JA, McCarary JR, Kullarni KR. Low adiponectin levels are associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia and lipid-rich plaque in nondiabetic coronary arteries. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 989-94.
134. Qasim A, Mehta NN, Tadesse MG, et al. Adipokines, insulin resistance and coronary artery calcification. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 231-6.
135. Hanley AG, Bowden D, Wagenknecht LE, et al. Associations of adiponectin with body fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic Hispanics and African-Americans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 2665-71.
136. Frystyk J, Berne C, Berglund L, Jensevik K, Flyvbjerg A, Zethelius B. Serum adiponectin is a predictor of coronary heart disease: A population-based 10-year follow- up study in elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 571-6.
137. Badawi A, Klip A, Haddad P, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and inflammation: prospects for biomarkers of risk and nutritional intervention. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2010; 3: 173-86.