Effects of Antenatal Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Socio-Economic Status on Neonatal Brain Development are Modulated by Genetic Risk

Cerebral Cortex

Volumn 27, Issue 5, 2017, Pages 3080-3092

  Qiu, Anqi ^a,b   Shen, Mojun ^b   Buss, Claudia ^c,d   Chong, Yap Seng ^b,e   Kwek, Kenneth ^f   Saw, Seang Mei ^g   Gluckman, Peter D ^b   Wadhwa, Pathik D ^d   Entringer, Sonja ^c,d   Styner, Martin ^h,i   Karnani, Neerja ^b   Heim, Christine M ^c,f   O'donnell, Kieran J ^j,k   Holbrook, Joanna D ^b   Fortier, Marielle V ^g   Meaney, Michael J ^b,j,k  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^b AGENCY FOR SCIENCE   (Singapore)

^c CHARITÉ UNIVERSITÄTSMEDIZIN BERLIN   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^f PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g KK WOMEN'S AND CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

^h UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^j DOUGLAS MENTAL HEALTH UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^k MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

more..

Author keywords

Amygdala; Cortical thickness; Depression; Morphological shape; Polygenic risk score

Indexed keywords

ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; BETA 1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; CHOLECYSTOKININ RECEPTOR; ENDOTHELIN; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR; GRIA1 4 PROTEIN; GRIN1 PROTEIN; GRK1 5 PROTEIN; GRM1 8 PROTEIN; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; GUANOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR; INOSITOL PHOSPHATE; METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR 2A; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR 2B; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR 2C; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR 2D; OXYTOCIN RECEPTOR; PROTEIN; SEROTONIN 2 RECEPTOR; SNARE PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AMYGDALA; ANTENATAL DEPRESSION; ARTICLE; AXON GUIDANCE; BIRTH WEIGHT; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN SIZE; COHORT ANALYSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ETHNICITY; FEMALE; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; GENETIC RISK; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HUMAN; INFANT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ORBITAL CORTEX; POSTNATAL DEPRESSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RIGHT HIPPOCAMPUS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOCIAL STATUS; STATISTICAL MODEL; VENTROMEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX; ASIAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; BIOLOGY; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; GENE REGULATORY NETWORK; GENETICS; GENOTYPE; GESTATIONAL AGE; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; IMAGE PROCESSING; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MOTHER FETUS RELATIONSHIP; NEWBORN; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; PSYCHOLOGY; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SOCIAL CLASS;

ASIAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; COHORT STUDIES; COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; FEMALE; FETAL DEVELOPMENT; GENE REGULATORY NETWORKS; GENOTYPE; GESTATIONAL AGE; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; INFANT, NEWBORN; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MATERNAL-FETAL RELATIONS; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE DELAYED EFFECTS; SOCIAL CLASS;

EID: 85019064672     PISSN: 10473211     EISSN: 14602199     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx065     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Abercrombie HC, Schaefer SM, Larson CL, Oakes TR, Lindgren KA, Holden JE, Perlman SB, Turski PA, Krahn DD, Benca RM, et al. (1998). Metabolic rate in the right amygdala predicts negative affect in depressed patients. Neuroreport. 9: 3301-3307.
2. Bai J, Abdul-Rahman MF, Rifkin-Graboi A, Chong YS, Kwek K, Saw SM, Godfrey KM, Gluckman PD, Fortier MV, Meaney MJ, et al. (2012). Population differences in brain morphology and microstructure among Chinese, Malay, and Indian Neonates. PLoS One. 7: e47816.
3. Baumann C, Klauke B, Weber H, Domschke K, Zwanzger P, Pauli P, Deckert J, Reif A. (2013). The interaction of early life experiences with COMT val158met affects anxiety sensitivity. Genes Brain Behav. 12: 821-829.
4. Bonanno G, Giambelli R, Raiteri L, Tiraboschi E, Zappettini S, Musazzi L, Raiteri M, Racagni G, Popoli M. (2005). Chronic antidepressants reduce depolarization-evoked glutamate release and protein interactions favoring formation of SNARE complex in hippocampus. J Neurosci. 25: 3270-3279.
5. Bruder-Costello B, Warner V, Talati A, Nomura Y, Bruder G, Weissman M. (2007). Temperament among offspring at high and low risk for depression. Psychiatry Res. 153: 145-151.
6. Bures M, Swanson CJ, Linden A-M, Schoepp DD, Johnson MP, Monn JA. (2005). Metabotropic glutamate receptors as novel targets for anxiety and stress disorders. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 4: 131-144.
7. Burghy CA, Stodola DE, Ruttle PL, Molloy EK, Armstrong JM, Oler JA, Fox ME, Hayes AS, Kalin NH, Essex MJ, et al. (2012). Developmental pathways to amygdala-prefrontal function and internalizing symptoms in adolescence. Nat Neurosci. 15: 1736-1741.
8. Caddy C, Giaroli G, White TP, Shergill SS, Tracy DK. (2014). Ketamine as the prototype glutamatergic antidepressant: pharmacodynamic actions, and a systematic review and meta-Analysis of efficacy. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 4: 75-99.
9. Carrion VG, Weems CF, Reiss AL. (2007). Stress predicts brain changes in children: a pilot longitudinal study on youth stress, posttraumatic stress disorder, and the hippocampus. Pediatrics. 119: 509-516.
10. Chung MK, Robbins SM, Dalton KM, Davidson RJ, Alexander AL, Evans AC. (2005). Cortical thickness analysis in autism with heat kernel smoothing. Neuroimage. 25: 1256-1265.
11. Chung MK, Worsley KJ, Nacewicz BM, Dalton KM, Davidson RJ. (2010). General multivariate linear modeling of surface shapes using SurfStat. Neuroimage. 53: 491-505.
12. Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Br J Psychiatry. 150: 782-786.
13. Du J, Younes L, Qiu A. (2011). Whole brain diffeomorphic metric mapping via integration of sulcal and gyral curves, cortical surfaces, and images. Neuroimage. 56: 162-173.
14. Duman RS, Aghajanian GK. (2012). Synaptic dysfunction in depression: potential therapeutic targets. Science. 338: 68-72.
15. Duman RS, Voleti B. (2012). Signaling pathways underlying the pathophysiology and treatment of depression: novel mechanisms for rapid-Acting agents. Trends Neurosci. 35: 47-56.
16. Duncan LE, Keller MC. (2011). A critical review of the first 10 years of candidate gene-by-environment interaction research in psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry. 168: 1041-1049.
17. Eren-Kocak E, Turner CA, Watson SJ, Akil H. (2011). Short-hairpin RNA silencing of endogenous fibroblast growth factor 2 in rat hippocampus increases anxiety behavior. Biol Psychiatry. 69: 534-540.
18. Farah MJ, Hackman DA, Meaney MJ. (2010). Socioeconomic status and the brain: mechanistic insights from human and animal research. Nat Rev Neurosci. 11: 651-659.
19. Gaffrey MS, Luby JL, Belden AC, Hirshberg JS, Volsch J, Barch DM. (2011). Association between depression severity and amygdala reactivity during sad face viewing in depressed preschoolers: an fMRI study. J Affect Disord. 129: 364-370.
20. Gilman SE, Kawachi I, Fitzmaurice GM, Buka SL. (2003). Family disruption in childhood and risk of adult depression. Am J Psychiatry. 160: 939-946.
21. Hamilton JP, Gotlib IH. (2008). Neural substrates of increased memory sensitivity for negative stimuli in major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 63: 1155-1162.
22. Hammock EA, Levitt P. (2013). Oxytocin receptor ligand binding in embryonic tissue and postnatal brain development of the C57BL/6 J mouse. Front Behav Neurosci. 7: 195.
23. Hanson JL, Chung MK, Avants BB, Shirtcliff EA, Gee JC, Davidson RJ, Pollak SD. (2010). Early stress is associated with alterations in the orbitofrontal cortex: a tensor-based morphometry investigation of brain structure and behavioral risk. J Neurosci. 30: 7466-7472.
24. Hariri AR, Drabant EM, Munoz KE, Kolachana BS, Mattay VS, Egan MF, Weinberger DR. (2005). A susceptibility gene for affective disorders and the response of the human amygdala. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 62: 146-152.
25. Hariri AR, Mattay VS, Tessitore A, Kolachana B, Fera F, Goldman D, Egan MF, Weinberger DR. (2002). Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala. Science. 297: 400-403.
26. Hashimoto K, Sawa A, Iyo M. (2007). Increased levels of glutamate in brains from patients with mood disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 62: 1310-1316.
27. He Q, Xue G, Chen C, Lu Z, Dong Q, Lei X, Ding N, Li J, Li H, Chen C, et al. (2010). Serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) influences decision making under ambiguity and risk in a large Chinese sample. Neuropharmacology. 59: 518-526.
28. Holmes AJ, Lee PH, Hollinshead MO, Bakst L, Roffman JL, Smoller JW, Buckner RL. (2012). Individual differences in amygdala-medial prefrontal anatomy link negative affect, impaired social functioning, and polygenic depression risk. J Neurosci. 32: 18087-18100.
29. Jiang L, Willner D, Danoy P, Xu H, Brown MA. (2013). Comparison of the performance of two commercial genome-wide association study genotyping platforms in Han Chinese samples. G3 (Bethesda). 3: 23-29.
30. Johnstone T, van Reekum CM, Urry HL, Kalin NH, Davidson RJ. (2007). Failure to regulate: counterproductive recruitment of top-down prefrontal-subcortical circuitry in major depression. J Neurosci. 27: 8877-8884.
31. Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Phillips ML. (2012). Major depressive disorder: new clinical, neurobiological, and treatment perspectives. Lancet. 379: 1045-1055.
32. Lee PH, Perlis RH, Jung JY, Byrne EM, Rueckert E, Siburian R, Haddad S, Mayerfeld CE, Heath AC, Pergadia ML, et al. (2012). Multi-locus genome-wide association analysis supports the role of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the etiology of major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2: e184.
33. Lesch K-P, Waider J. (2012). Serotonin in the modulation of neural plasticity and networks: implications for neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuron. 76: 175-191.
34. Lesch KP, Bengel D, Heils A, Sabol SZ, Greenberg BD, Petri S, Benjamin J, Muller CR, Hamer DH, Murphy DL. (1996). Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science. 274: 1527-1531.
35. Li S, Zou Q, Li J, Li J, Wang D, Yan C, Dong Q, Zang YF. (2012). 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts task-evoked and restingstate activities of the amygdala in Han Chinese. PLoS One. 7: e36513.
36. Lubke GH, Hottenga JJ, Walters R, Laurin C, de Geus EJ, Willemsen G, Smit JH, Middeldorp CM, Penninx BW, Vink JM, et al. (2012). Estimating the genetic variance of major depressive disorder due to all single nucleotide polymorphisms. Biol Psychiatry. 72: 707-709.
37. Martins-de-Souza D, Guest PC, Harris LW, Vanattou-Saifoudine N, Webster MJ, Rahmoune H, Bahn S. (2012). Identification of proteomic signatures associated with depression and psychotic depression in post-mortem brains from major depression patients. Transl Psychiatry. 2: e87.
38. Michael N, Erfurth A, Ohrmann P, Arolt V, Heindel W, Pfleiderer B. (2003). Neurotrophic effects of electroconvulsive therapy: a proton magnetic resonance study of the left amygdalar region in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 28: 720-725.
39. Ming Q, Zhang Y, Yi J, Wang X, Zhu X, Yao S. (2015). Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) L allele interacts with stress to increase anxiety symptoms in Chinese adolescents: a multiwave longitudinal study. BMC Psychiatry. 15: 248.
40. Ming QS, Zhang Y, Chai QL, Chen HY, Hou CJ, Wang MC, Wang YP, Cai L, Zhu XZ, Yi JY, et al. (2013). Interaction between a serotonin transporter gene promoter region polymorphism and stress predicts depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents: a multi-wave longitudinal study. BMC Psychiatry. 13: 142.
41. Moffitt TE, Caspi A. (2006). Gene-environment interactions in psychiatry: joining forces with neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci. 7: 583-590.
42. Monk CS, Klein RG, Telzer EH, Schroth EA, Mannuzza S, Moulton JL 3rd, Guardino M, Masten CL, McClure-Tone EB, Fromm S, et al. (2008). Amygdala and nucleus accumbens activation to emotional facial expressions in children and adolescents at risk for major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 165: 90-98.
43. Mostafavi S, Ray D, Warde-Farley D, Grouios C, Morris Q. (2008). GeneMANIA: a real-Time multiple association network integration algorithm for predicting gene function. Genome Biol. 9(Suppl 1): S4. doi: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-s1-s4 Epub 2008 Jun 27.
44. Murphy SE, Norbury R, Godlewska BR, Cowen PJ, Mannie ZM, Harmer CJ, Munafo MR. (2013). The effect of the serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) on amygdala function: a meta-Analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 18: 512-520.
45. Noble KG, Houston SM, Brito NH, Bartsch H, Kan E, Kuperman JM, Akshoomoff N, Amaral DG, Bloss CS, Libiger O, et al. (2015). Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents. Nat Neurosci. 18: 773-778.
46. Pagliaccio D, Luby J, Gaffrey M, Belden A, Botteron K, Gotlib IH, Barch DM. (2012). Anomalous functional brain activation following negative mood induction in children with pre-school onset major depression. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2: 256-267.
47. Pagliaccio D, Luby JL, Luking KR, Belden AC, Barch DM. (2014). Brain-behavior relationships in the experience and regulation of negative emotion in healthy children: implications for risk for childhood depression. Dev Psychopathol. 26: 1289-1303.
48. Perez-Edgar K, Roberson-Nay R, Hardin MG, Poeth K, Guyer AE, Nelson EE, McClure EB, Henderson HA, Fox NA, Pine DS, et al. (2007). Attention alters neural responses to evocative faces in behaviorally inhibited adolescents. Neuroimage. 35: 1538-1546.
49. Peyrot WJ, Milaneschi Y, Abdellaoui A, Sullivan PF, Hottenga JJ, Boomsma DI, Penninx BW. (2014). Effect of polygenic risk scores on depression in childhood trauma. Br J Psychiatry. 205: 113-119.
50. Piroli GG, Reznikov LR, Grillo CA, Hagar JM, Fadel JR, Reagan LP. (2013). Tianeptine modulates amygdalar glutamate neurochemistry and synaptic proteins in rats subjected to repeated stress. Exp Neurol. 241: 184-193.
51. Porcelli S, Fabbri C, Serretti A. (2012). Meta-Analysis of serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) association with antidepressant efficacy. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 22: 239-258.
52. Pruessner JC, Dedovic K, Khalili-Mahani N, Engert V, Pruessner M, Buss C, Renwick R, Dagher A, Meaney MJ, Lupien S. (2008). Deactivation of the limbic system during acute psychosocial stress: evidence from positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Biol Psychiatry. 63: 234-240.
53. Purcell S, Neale B, Todd-Brown K, Thomas L, Ferreira MA, Bender D, Maller J, Sklar P, de Bakker PI, Daly MJ, et al. (2007). PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am J Hum Genet. 81: 559-575.
54. Purcell SM, Wray NR, Stone JL, Visscher PM, O Donovan MC, Sullivan PF, Sklar P. (2009). Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature. 460: 748-752.
55. Qiu A, Bitouk D, Miller MI. (2006). Smooth Functional and Structural Maps on the Neocortex via Orthonormal Bases of the Laplace-Beltrami Operator. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 25(10): 1296-1306.
56. Qiu A, Miller MI. (2008). Multi-Structure Network Shape Analysis via Normal Surface Momentum Maps. NeuroImage. 42(4): 1430-1438.
57. Qiu A, Adler M, Crocetti D, Miller MI, Mostofsky SH. (2010). Basal ganglia shapes predict social, communication, and motor dysfunctions in boys with autism spectrum disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 49: 539-551 e531-534.
58. Qiu A, Anh TT, Li Y, Chen H, Rifkin-Graboi A, Broekman BF, Kwek K, Saw SM, Chong YS, Gluckman PD, et al. (2015). Prenatal maternal depression alters amygdala functional connectivity in 6-month-old infants. Transl Psychiatry. 5: e508.
59. Qiu A, Crocetti D, Adler M, Mahone EM, Denckla MB, Miller MI, Mostofsky SH. (2009). Basal ganglia volume and shape in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 166: 74-82.
60. Qiu A, Rifkin-Graboi A, Chen H, Chong YS, Kwek K, Gluckman PD, Fortier MV, Meaney MJ. (2013). Maternal anxiety and infants hippocampal development: timing matters. Transl Psychiatry. 3: e306.
61. Qiu A, Tuan TA, Ong ML, Li Y, Chen H, Rifkin-Graboi A, Broekman BF, Kwek K, Saw SM, Chong YS, et al. 2015b. COMT haplotypes modulate associations of antenatal maternal anxiety and neonatal cortical morphology. Am J Psychiatry. 172: 163-172.
62. Rifkin-Graboi A, Bai J, Chen H, Hameed WB, Sim LW, Tint MT, Leutscher-Broekman B, Chong YS, Gluckman PD, Fortier MV, et al. (2013). Prenatal maternal depression associates with microstructure of right amygdala in neonates at birth. Biol Psychiatry. 74: 837-844.
63. Ripke S, Wray NR, Lewis CM, Hamilton SP, Weissman MM, Breen G, Byrne EM, Blackwood DH, Boomsma DI, Cichon S, et al. (2013). A mega-Analysis of genome-wide association studies for major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 18: 497-511.
64. Scarr E, Gray L, Keriakous D, Robinson PJ, Dean B. (2006). Increased levels of SNAP-25 and synaptophysin in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in bipolar I disorder. Bipolar Disord. 8: 133-143.
65. Serretti A, Kato M, De Ronchi D, Kinoshita T. (2007). Metaanalysis of serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) association with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor efficacy in depressed patients. Mol Psychiatry. 12: 247-257.
66. Sheikh HI, Kryski KR, Smith HJ, Dougherty LR, Klein DN, Bufferd SJ, Singh SM, Hayden EP. (2013). Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene val158met polymorphism and depressive symptoms during early childhood. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 162B: 245-252.
67. Skolnick P, Popik P, Trullas R. (2009). Glutamate-based antidepressants: 20 years on. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 30: 563-569.
68. Smith SM. (2002). Fast robust automated brain extraction. Hum Brain Mapp. 17: 143-155.
69. Soh SE, Lee SS, Hoon SW, Tan MY, Goh A, Lee BW, Shek LP, Teoh OH, Kwek K, Saw SM, et al. (2012). The methodology of the GUSTO cohort study: a novel approach in studying pediatric allergy. Asia Pac Allergy. 2: 144-148.
70. Sullivan PF, Neale MC, Kendler KS. (2000). Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-Analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 157: 1552-1562.
71. Suzuki H, Botteron KN, Luby JL, Belden AC, Gaffrey MS, Babb CM, Nishino T, Miller MI, Ratnanather JT, Barch DM. (2013). Structural-functional correlations between hippocampal volume and cortico-limbic emotional responses in depressed children. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 13: 135-151.
72. Tan M, Qiu A. (2016). Large Deformation Multiresolution Diffeomorphic Metric Mapping for Multiresolution Cortical Surfaces: A Coarse-To-Fine Approach. IEEE Trans Image Process. 25(9): 4061-4074.
73. Terracciano A, Tanaka T, Sutin AR, Sanna S, Deiana B, Lai S, Uda M, Schlessinger D, Abecasis GR, Ferrucci L, et al. (2010). Genome-wide association scan of trait depression. Biol Psychiatry. 68: 811-817.
74. Thomas KM, Drevets WC, Dahl RE, Ryan ND, Birmaher B, Eccard CH, Axelson D, Whalen PJ, Casey BJ. (2001). Amygdala response to fearful faces in anxious and depressed children. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 58: 1057-1063.
75. Uematsu A, Matsui M, Tanaka C, Takahashi T, Noguchi K, Suzuki M, Nishijo H. (2012). Developmental trajectories of amygdala and hippocampus from infancy to early adulthood in healthy individuals. PLoS One. 7: e46970.
76. van Marle HJ, Hermans EJ, Qin S, Fernandez G. (2009). From specificity to sensitivity: how acute stress affects amygdala processing of biologically salient stimuli. Biol Psychiatry. 66: 649-655.
77. Wang Q, Wang Y, Ji W, Zhou G, He K, Li Z, Chen J, Li W, Wen Z, Shen J, et al. (2015). SNAP25 is associated with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder in the Han Chinese population. J Clin Psychiatry. 76: e76-e82.
78. Wen D, Poh J, Soe N, Chong Y, Chen H, Kwek K, Shek L, Gluckman P, Fortier M, Meaney M, et al. (2017). Influences of prenatal and postnatal maternal depression on amygdala volume and microstructure in young children. Transl Psychiatry
79. Wichers M, Geschwind N, Jacobs N, Kenis G, Peeters F, Derom C, Thiery E, Delespaul P, van Os J. (2009). Transition from stress sensitivity to a depressive state: longitudinal twin study. Br J Psychiatry. 195: 498-503.
80. Woo JM, Yoon KS, Choi YH, Oh KS, Lee YS, Yu BH. (2004). The association between panic disorder and the L/L genotype of catechol-O-methyltransferase. J Psychiatr Res. 38: 365-370.
81. Zhong J, Qiu A. (2010). Multi-Manifold Diffeomorphic Metric Mapping for Aligning Cortical Hemispheric Surfaces. NeuroImage. 49(1): 355-365.