Individual differences in amygdala-medial prefrontal anatomy link negative affect, impaired social functioning, and polygenic depression risk

Journal of Neuroscience

Volumn 32, Issue 50, 2012, Pages 18087-18100

  Holmes, Avram J ^a,b   Lee, Phil H ^b   Hollinshead, Marisa O ^a,b,c   Bakst, Leah ^a   Roffman, Joshua L ^b   Smoller, Jordan W ^b   Buckner, Randy L ^a,b,c  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ARTICLE; CELL VOLUME; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EMOTION; FEMALE; GENETIC HETEROGENEITY; GENETIC TRAIT; GENOME ANALYSIS; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHENOTYPE; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCORING SYSTEM; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SOCIAL COGNITION; SOCIAL INTERACTION; SOCIAL STATUS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AMYGDALA; DEPRESSION; EMOTIONS; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; RISK FACTORS; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84871005229     PISSN: 02706474     EISSN: 15292401     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2531-12.2012     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Adolphs R (2001) The neurobiology of social cognition. Curr Opin Neurobiol 11:231-239. CrossRef Medline
2. al Maskati HA, Zbrozyna AW (1989) Stimulation in prefrontal cortex area inhibits cardiovascular and motor components of the defense reaction in rats. J Auton Nerv Syst 28:117-125. CrossRef Medline
3. Almeida JR, Kronhaus DM, Sibille EL, Langenecker SA, Versace A, Labarbara EJ, Phillips ML (2011) Abnormal left-sided orbitomedial prefrontal cortical-amygdala connectivity during happy and fear face processing: a potential neural mechanism of female MDD. Front Psychiatry. Advance online publication. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00069. CrossRef
4. Altshuler DL, Durbin RM, Abecasis GR, Bentley DR, Chakravarti A, Clark AG, Collins FS, De La Vega FM, Donnelly P, Egholm M, Flicek P, Gabriel SB, Gibbs RA, Knoppers BM, Lander ES, Lehrach H, Mardis ER, McVean GA, Nickerson DA, Peltonen L, et al. (2010a) A map of human genome variation from population-scale sequencing. Nature 467:1061-1073. CrossRef Medline
5. Altshuler DM, Gibbs RA, Peltonen L, Dermitzakis E, Schaffner SF, Yu F, Bonnen PE, de Bakker PI, Deloukas P, Gabriel SB, Gwilliam R, Hunt S, Inouye M, Jia X, Palotie A, Parkin M, Whittaker P, Chang K, Hawes A, Lewis LR, et al. (2010b) Integrating common and rare genetic variation in diverse human population. Nature 467:52-58. CrossRef Medline
6. Amodio DM, Frith CD (2006) Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:268-277. CrossRef Medline
7. Barrett LF, Bliss-Moreau E (2009) Affect as a psychological primitive. Adv Exp Soc Psychol 41:167-218. CrossRef Medline
8. Benes FM (2000) Emerging principles of altered neural circuitry in schizophrenia. Brain Res Rev 31:251-269. CrossRef Medline
9. Boes AD, McCormick LM, Coryell WH, Nopoulos P (2008) Rostral anterior cingulate cortex volume correlates with depressed mood in normal healthy children. Biol Psychiat 63:391-397. CrossRef Medline
10. Botteron KN, Raichle ME, Drevets WC, Heath AC, Todd RD (2002) Volumetric reduction in left subgenual prefrontal cortex in early onset depression. Biol Psychiat 51:342-344. CrossRef Medline
11. Bremner JD, Narayan M, Anderson ER, Staib LH, Miller HL, Charney DS (2000) Hippocampal volume reduction in major depression. Am J Psychiat 157:115-118. Medline
12. Browning BL, Browning SR (2009) A unified approach to genotype imputation and haplotype-phase inference for large data sets of trios and unrelated individuals. Am J Hum Genet 84:210-223. CrossRef Medline
13. Buckner RL, Head D, Parker J, Fotenos AF, Marcus D, Morris JC, Snyder AZ (2004) A unified approach for morphometric and functional data analysis in young, old, and demented adults using automated atlas-based head size normalization: reliability and validation against manual measurement of total intracranial volume. Neuroimage 23:724-738. CrossRef Medline
14. Burton PR, Clayton DG, Cardon LR, Craddock N, Deloukas P, Duncanson A, Kwiatkowski DP, McCarthy MI, Ouwehand WH, Samani NJ, Todd JA, Donnelly P, Barrett JC, Davison D, Easton D, Evans D, Leung HT, Marchini JL, Morris AP, Spencer CC, et al. (2007) Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3000 shared controls. Nature 447:661-678. CrossRef Medline
15. Cahill L (2006) Why sex matters for neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:477-484. CrossRef Medline
16. Canli T, Omura K, Haas BW, Fallgatter A, Constable RT, Lesch KP (2005) Beyond affect: A role for genetic variation of the serotonin transporter in neural activation during a cognitive attention task. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:12224-12229. CrossRef Medline
17. Carter CS, Barch DM, Gur R, Gur R, Pinkham A, Ochsner K (2009) CNTRICS final task selection: social cognitive and affective neurosciencebased measures. Schizophrenia Bull 35:153-162. CrossRef
18. Carver CS, White TL (1994) Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: the BIS/ BAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol 67:319-333. CrossRef
19. Castellanos FX, Proal E (2012) Large-scale brain systems in ADHD: beyond the prefrontal-striatal model. Trends Cogn Sci 16:17-26. CrossRef Medline
20. Clark LA, Watson D, Mineka S (1994) Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders. J Abnorm Psychol 103:103-116. CrossRef Medline
21. Cloninger CR (1987) A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants: a proposal. Arch Gen Psychiatr 44:573-588. CrossRef Medline
22. Cook SC, Wellman CL (2004) Chronic stress alters dendritic morphology in rat medial prefrontal cortex. J Neurobiol 60:236-248. CrossRef Medline
23. Costa P, McCrae R (1992) NEO PI-R professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
24. Coyne JC, Downey G (1991) Social factors and psychopathology: stress, social support, and coping processes. Annu Rev Psychol 42:401-425. CrossRef Medline
25. Cremers HR, Demenescu LR, Aleman A, Renken R, van Tol MJ, van der Wee NJA, Veltman DJ, Roelofs K (2010) Neuroticism modulates amygdalaprefrontal connectivity in response to negative emotional facial expressions. Neuroimage 49:963-970. CrossRef Medline
26. Curran SM, Murray CM, Van Beck M, Dougall N, O'Carroll RE, Austin MP, Ebmeier KP, Goodwin GM (1993) A single photon emission computerised tomography study of regional brain function in elderly patients with major depression and with Alzheimer-type dementia. Brit J Psychiat 163: 155-165. CrossRef Medline
27. Davis M, Whalen PJ (2001) The amygdala: vigilance and emotion. Mol Psychiatr 6:13-34. CrossRef
28. de Bakker PI, Ferreira MA, Jia X, Neale BM, Raychaudhuri S, Voight BF (2008) Practical aspects of imputation-driven meta-analysis of genomewide association studies. Hum Mol Genet 17:R122-R128. CrossRef Medline
29. Desikan RS, Ségonne F, Fischl B, Quinn BT, Dickerson BC, Blacker D, Buckner RL, Dale AM, Maguire RP, Hyman BT, Albert MS, Killiany RJ (2006) An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. Neuroimage 31:968-980. CrossRef Medline
30. Devinsky O, Morrell MJ, Vogt BA (1995) Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behaviour. Brain 118:279-306. CrossRef Medline
31. De Young CG, Hirsh JB, Shane MS, Papademetris X, Rajeevan N, Gray JR (2010) Testing predictions from personality neuroscience: brain structure and the big five. Psychol Sci 21:820-828. CrossRef Medline
32. Drevets WC, Price JL, Simpson JR Jr, Todd RD, Reich T, Vannier M, Raichle ME (1997) Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Nature 386:824-827. CrossRef Medline
33. Etkin A (2010) Functional neuroanatomy of anxiety: a neural circuit perspective. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2:251-277. Medline
34. Fischl B, Dale AM (2000) Measuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97: 11050-11055. CrossRef Medline
35. Fischl B, Salat DH, Busa E, Albert M, Dieterich M, Haselgrove C, van der Kouwe A, Killiany R, Kennedy D, Klaveness S, Montillo A, Makris N, Rosen B, Dale AM (2002) Whole brain segmentation: automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain. Neuron 33:341-355. CrossRef Medline
36. Frodl TS, Koutsouleris N, Bottlender R, Born C, Jäger M, Scupin I, Reiser M, Möller HJ, Meisenzahl EM (2008) Depression-related variation in brain morphology over 3 years: effects of stress? Arch Gen Psychiat 65:1156-1165. CrossRef Medline
37. Graybiel AM (2008) Habits, rituals, and the evaluative brain. Annu Rev Neurosci 31:359-387. CrossRef Medline
38. Grieve SM, Clark CR, Williams LM, Peduto AJ, Gordon E (2005) Preservation of limbic and paralimbic structures in aging. Hum Brain Mapp 25: 391-401. CrossRef Medline
39. Hajek T, Kozeny J, Kopecek M, Alda M, Höschl C (2008) Reduced subgenual cingulate volumes in mood disorders: A meta-analysis. J Psychiatry Neurosci 33:91-99. Medline
40. Hamilton JP, Siemer M, Gotlib IH (2008) Amygdala volume in major depressive disorder:Ameta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. Mol Psychiatr 13:993-1000. CrossRef
41. Han X, Jovicich J, Salat D, van der Kouwe A, Quinn B, Czanner S, Busa E, Pacheco J, Albert M, Killiany R, Maguire P, Rosas D, Makris N, Dale A, Dickerson B, Fischl B (2006) Reliability of MRI-derived measurements of human cerebral cortical thickness: the effects of field strength, scanner upgrade and manufacturer. Neuroimage 32:180-194. CrossRef Medline
42. Hankin BL, Abramson LY (2001) Development of gender differences in depression: an elaborated cognitive vulnerability-transactional stress theory. Psychol Bull 127:773-796. CrossRef Medline
43. Hariri AR, Mattay VS, Tessitore A, Kolachana B, Fera F, Goldman D, Egan MF, Weinberger DR (2002) Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala. Science 297:400-403. CrossRef Medline
44. Hurley RS, Losh M, Parlier M, Reznick JS, Piven J (2007) The broad autism phenotype questionnaire. J Autism Dev Disord 37:1679-1690. CrossRef Medline
45. Jovicich J, Czanner S, Han X, Salat D, van der Kouwe A, Quinn B, Pacheco J, Albert M, Killiany R, Blacker D, Maguire P, Rosas D, Makris N, Gollub R, Dale A, Dickerson BC, Fischl B (2009) MRI-derived measurements of human subcortical, ventricular and intracranial brain volumes: reliability effects of scan sessions, acquisition sequences, data analyses, scanner upgrade, scanner vendors and field strengths. Neuroimage 46:177-192. CrossRef Medline
46. Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Prescott CA (1999) Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 156:837-841. Medline
47. Kim MJ, Whalen PJ (2009) The structural integrity of an amygdala-prefrontal pathway predicts trait anxiety. J Neurosci 29:11614-11618. CrossRef Medline
48. Kim MJ, Gee DG, Loucks RA, Davis FC, Whalen PJ (2011a) Anxiety dissociates dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex functional connectivity with the amygdala at rest. Cereb Cortex 21:1667-1673. Medline
49. Kim MJ, Loucks RA, Palmer AL, Brown AC, Solomon KM, Marchante AN, Whalen PJ (2011b) The structural and functional connectivity of the amygdala: From normal emotion to pathological anxiety. Behav Brain Res 223:403-410. CrossRef Medline
50. Koch K, Pauly K, Kellermann T, Seiferth NY, Reske M, Backes V, Stöcker T, Shah NJ, Amunts K, Kircher T, Schneider F, Habel U (2007) Gender differences in the cognitive control of emotion: an fMRI study. Neuropsychologia 45:2744-2754. CrossRef Medline
51. Koo MS, Levitt JJ, Salisbury DF, Nakamura M, Shenton ME, McCarley RW (2008) A cross-sectional and longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study of cingulate gyrus gray matter volume abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia and first-episode affective psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiat 65:746-760. CrossRef Medline
52. Kuperberg GR, Broome MR, McGuire PK, David AS, Eddy M, Ozawa F, Goff D, West WC, Williams SC, van der Kouwe AJ, Salat DH, Dale AM, Fischl B (2003) Regionally localized thinning of the cerebral cortex in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatr 60:878-888. CrossRef Medline
53. Le Doux JE (2000) Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu Rev Neurosci 23: 155-184. CrossRef Medline
54. Le Doux J (2012) Rethinking the emotional brain. Neuron 73:653-676. CrossRef Medline
55. Markus HR, Kitayama S (1991) Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychol Rev 98:224-253. CrossRef
56. Mayberg HS (1997) Limbic-cortical dysregulation: a proposed model of depression. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 9:471-481. Medline
57. McEwen BS, Magarinos AM (2001) Stress and hippocampal plasticity: implications for the pathophysiology of affective disorders. Hum Psychopharmacol 16:S7-S19. CrossRef Medline
58. McNair D, Lorr M, Droppleman L (1971) Manual: profile of mood states. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
59. McRae K, Ochsner KN, Mauss IB, Gabrieli JJD, Gross JJ (2008) Gender differences in emotion regulation: an fMRI study of cognitive reappraisal. Group Process Interg 11:143-162. CrossRef
60. Milad MR, Quirk GJ (2012) Fear extinction as a model for translational neuroscience: ten years of progress. Annu Rev Psychol 63:129-151. CrossRef Medline
61. Morey RA, Selgrade ES, Wagner HR 2nd, Huettel SA, Wang L, McCarthy G (2010) Scan-rescan reliability of subcortical brain volumes derived from automated segmentation. Hum Brain Mapp 31:1751-1762. Medline
62. Mu Q, Xie J, Wen Z, Weng Y, Shuyun Z (1999) A quantitative MR study of the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle in healthy subjects 40 to 90 years of age. Am J Neuroradiol 20:207-211. Medline
63. Neale BM, Medland SE, Ripke S, Asherson P, Franke B, Lesch KP, Faraone SV, Nguyen TT, Schäfer H, Holmans P, Daly M, Steinhausen HC, Freitag C, Reif A, Renner TJ, Romanos M, Romanos J, Walitza S, Warnke A, Meyer J, et al. (2010) Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiat 49:884-897. CrossRef
64. Nolen-Hoeksema S, Girgus JS (1994) The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence. Psychol Bull 115:424-443. CrossRef Medline
65. Ochsner KN (2008) The social-emotional processing stream: five core constructs and their translational potential for schizophrenia and beyond. Biol Psychiat 64:48-61. CrossRef Medline
66. Olsson A, Ochsner KN (2008) The role of social cognition in emotion. Trends Cogn Sci 12:65-71. CrossRef
67. Ongür D, Drevets WC, Price JL (1998) Glial reduction in the subgenual prefrontal cortex in mood disorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:13290-13295. CrossRef Medline
68. Panizzon MS, Fennema-Notestine C, Eyler LT, Jernigan TL, Prom-Wormley E, Neale M, Jacobson K, Lyons MJ, Grant MD, Franz CE, Xian H, Tsuang M, Fischl B, Seidman L, Dale A, Kremen WS (2009) Distinct genetic influences on cortical surface area and cortical thickness. Cereb Cortex 19:2728-2735. CrossRef Medline
69. Pezawas L, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Drabant EM, Verchinski BA, Munoz KE, Kolachana BS, Egan MF, Mattay VS, Hariri AR, Weinberger DR (2005) 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions: a genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression. Nat Neurosci 8:828-834. CrossRef Medline
70. Phelps EA (2006) Emotion and cognition: insights from studies of the human amygdala. Annu Rev Psychol 57:27-53. CrossRef Medline
71. Phelps EA, LeDoux JE (2005) Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing: from animal models to human behavior. Neuron 48:175-187. CrossRef Medline
72. Phillips ML, Vieta E (2007) Identifying functional neuroimaging biomarkers of bipolar disorder: Toward DSM-V. Schizophr Bull 33:893-904. CrossRef Medline
73. Phillips ML, Drevets WC, Rauch SL, Lane R (2003) Neurobiology of emotion perception I: the neural basis of normal emotion perception. Biol Psychiatry 54:504-514. CrossRef Medline
74. Price JL, Drevets WC (2010) Neurocircuitry of mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:192-216. CrossRef Medline
75. Purcell S, Neale B, Todd-Brown K, Thomas L, Ferreira MA, Bender D, Maller J, Sklar P, de Bakker PI, Daly MJ, Sham PC (2007) PLINK: A tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am J Hum Genet 81:559-575. CrossRef Medline
76. Purcell SM, Wray NR, Stone JL, Visscher PM, O'Donovan MC, Sullivan PF, Sklar P, Ruderfer DM, McQuillin A, Morris DW, O'Dushlaine CT, Corvin A, Holmans PA, Macgregor S, Gurling H, Blackwood DH, Craddock NJ, Gill M, Hultman CM, Kirov GK, et al. (2009) Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature 460:748-752. Medline
77. Repetti RL, Taylor SE, Seeman TE (2002) Risky families: family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring. Psychol Bull 128:330-366. CrossRef Medline
78. Reznick JS, Hegeman IM, Kaufman ER, Woods SW, Jacobs M (1992) Retrospective and concurrent self-report of behavioral-inhibition and their relation to adult mental-health. Dev Psychopathol 4:301-321. CrossRef
79. Ripke S, Sanders AR, Kendler KS, Levinson DF, Sklar P, Holmans PA, Lin DY, Duan J, Ophoff RA, Andreassen OA, Scolnick E, Cichon S, St. Clair D, Corvin A, Gurling H, Werge T, Rujescu D, Blackwood DH, Pato CN, Malhotra AK, et al. (2011) Genome-wide association study identifies five new schizophrenia loci. Nat Genet 43:969-976. CrossRef Medline
80. Ripke S, Wray NR, Lewis CM, Hamilton SP, Weissman MM, Breen G, Byrne EM, Blackwood DH, Boomsma DI, Cichon S, Heath AC, Holsboer F, Lucae S, Madden PA, Martin NG, McGuffin P, Muglia P, Noethen MM, Penninx BP, Pergadia ML, et al., Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium (2012) A mega-analysis of genome-wide association studies for major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. Advance online publication. Retrieved April 3, 2012. doi:10.1038/ mp.2012.21. CrossRef
81. Rosas HD, Liu AK, Hersch S, Glessner M, Ferrante RJ, Salat DH, van der Kouwe A, Jenkins BG, Dale AM, Fischl B (2002) Regional and progressive thinning of the cortical ribbon in Huntington's disease. Neurology 58:695-701. CrossRef Medline
82. Rushworth MFS, Behrens TEJ, Rudebeck PH, Walton ME (2007) Contrasting roles for cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex in decisions and social behaviour. Trends Cogn Sci 11:168-176. CrossRef Medline
83. Savitz J, Drevets WC (2009a) Bipolar and major depressive disorder: neuroimaging the developmental-degenerative divide. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33:699-771. CrossRef Medline
84. Savitz JB, Drevets WC (2009b) Imaging phenotypes of major depressive disorder: genetic correlates. Neuroscience 164:300-330. CrossRef Medline
85. Saygin ZM, Osher DE, Augustinack J, Fischl B, Gabrieli JD (2011) Connectivity-based segmentation of human amygdala nuclei using probabilistic tractography. Neuroimage 56:1353-1361. CrossRef Medline
86. Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N, Monuteaux MC, Boriel DL, Kelkar K, Kennedy DN, Caviness VS, Bush G, Aleardi M, Faraone SV, Biederman J (2006) Dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex volumetric abnormalities in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder identified by magnetic resonance imaging. Biol Psychiat 60:1071-1080. CrossRef Medline
87. Shenton ME, Dickey CC, Frumin M, McCarley RW (2001) A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 49:1-52. CrossRef Medline
88. Sklar P, Ripke S, Scott LJ, Andreassen OA, Cichon S, Craddock N, Edenberg HJ Jr, Nurnberger JI, Rietschel M, Blackwood D, Corvin A, Flickinger M, Guan W, Mattingsdal M, McQuillen A, Kwan P, Wienker TF, Daly M, Dudbridge F, Holmans PA, et al. (2011) Large-scale genome-wide association analysis of bipolar disorder identifies a new susceptibility locus near ODZ4. Nat Genet 43:977-983. Medline
89. Spielberger C, Gorsuch R (1970) Test manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists.
90. Strakowski SM, DelBello MP, Sax KW, Zimmerman ME, Shear PK, Hawkins JM, Larson ER (1999) Brain magnetic resonance imaging of structural abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiat 56:254-260. CrossRef Medline
91. Sullivan PF, Neale MC, Kendler KS (2000) Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiat 157:1552-1562. CrossRef Medline
92. Thomas KM, Drevets WC, Whalen PJ, Eccard CH, Dahl RE, Ryan ND, Casey BJ (2001) Amygdala response to facial expressions in children and adults. Biol Psychiat 49:309-316. CrossRef Medline
93. Van Essen DC (2005) A population-average, landmark-and surface-based (PALS) atlas of human cerebral cortex. Neuroimage 28:635-662. CrossRef Medline
94. Van Overwalle F (2009) Social cognition and the brain: A meta-analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 30:829-858. CrossRef Medline
95. Vaughn CE, Leff JP (1976) The influence of family and social factors on the course of psychiatric illness. A comparison of schizophrenic and depressed neurotic patients. Brit J Psychiat 129:125-137. CrossRef Medline
96. Voight BF, Scott LJ, Steinthorsdottir V, Morris AP, Dina C, Welch RP, Zeggini E, Huth C, Aulchenko YS, Thorleifsson G, McCulloch LJ, Ferreira T, Grallert H, Amin N, Wu G, Willer CJ, Raychaudhuri S, McCarroll SA, Langenberg C, Hofmann OM, et al. (2010) Twelve type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci identified through large-scale association analysis. Nat Genet 42:579-589. CrossRef Medline
97. Vyas A, Mitra R, Shankaranarayana Rao BS, Chattarji S (2002) Chronic stress induces contrasting patterns of dendritic remodeling in hippocampal and amygdaloid neurons. J Neurosci 22:6810-6818. Medline
98. Wager TD, Phan KL, Liberzon I, Taylor SF (2003) Valence, gender, and lateralization of functional brain anatomy in emotion: A meta-analysis of findings from neuroimaging. Neuroimage 19:513-531. CrossRef Medline
99. Walhovd KB, Fjell AM, Reinvang I, Lundervold A, Dale AM, Eilertsen DE, Quinn BT, Salat D, Makris N, Fischl B (2005) Effects of age on volumes of cortex, white matter and subcortical structures. Neurobiol Aging 26: 1261-1270. CrossRef Medline
100. Watson D, Tellegen A (1985) Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychol Bull 98:219-235. CrossRef Medline
101. Watson D, Wiese D, Vaidya J, Tellegen A (1999) The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence. J Pers Soc Psychol 76:820-838. CrossRef
102. Wiggins JS, Trapnell P, Phillips N (1988) Psychometric and geometric characteristics of the Revised Interpersonal Adjective Scales (IAS-R). Multivar Behav Res 23:517-530. CrossRef
103. Williams LM, Das P, Harris AW, Liddell BB, Brammer MJ, Olivieri G, Skerrett D, Phillips ML, David AS, Peduto A, Gordon E (2004) Dysregulation of arousal and amygdala-prefrontal systems in paranoid schizophrenia. Am J Psychiat 161:480-489. CrossRef Medline
104. Willner P (1997) Validity, reliability and utility of the chronic mild stress model of depression: A 10-year review and evaluation. Psychopharmacology 134:319-329. CrossRef Medline
105. Winkler AM, Kochunov P, Blangero J, Almasy L, Zilles K, Fox PT, Duggirala R, Glahn DC (2010) Cortical thickness or grey matter volume? The importance of selecting the phenotype for imaging genetics studies. Neuroimage 53:1135-1146. CrossRef Medline