Translational Medicine: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology to Improve Patient Care

The Nano-Micro Interface: Bridging the Micro and Nano Worlds: Second Edition

Volumn 2-2, Issue , 2015, Pages 289-310

  Müller, Bert ^a   Zumbuehl, Andreas ^b   Walter, Martin A ^c   Pfohl, Thomas ^d   Cattin, Philippe C ^d   Huwyler, Jörg ^d   Hieber, Simone E ^a  

^a FRITZ HABER INSTITUT DER MAX PLANCK GESELLSCHAFT   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FRIBOURG   (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BASEL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Nanoanatomy; Nanodentistry; Nanomedicine; Nanoorthopedics; Nanorepair; Nanovesicles

Indexed keywords

DISEASES; HISTOLOGY; MEDICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY; TISSUE;

NANO-VESICLES; NANOANATOMY; NANODENTISTRY; NANOORTHOPEDICS; NANOREPAIR;

NANOSCIENCE;

EID: 85018650875     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9783527679195.ch15     Document Type: Chapter

References (110)

1. Boisseau, P. and Loubaton, B. (2011) Nanomedicine, nanotechnology in medicine. C.R. Acad. Sci., 12 (7), 620-636.
2. European Science Foundation (2005) Nanomedicine, an ESF European Medical Research Councils (EMRC) Forward Look Report.
3. Saxer, T., Zumbuehl, A., and Müller, B. (2013) The use of shear stress for targeted drug delivery. Cardiovasc. Res., 99 (2), 328-333.
4. Helsen, J.A. and Breme, H.J. (eds) (1998) Metals as Biomaterials, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
5. Holme, M., Fedotenko, I.A., Abegg, D., Althaus, J., Babel, L., Favarger, F., Reiter, R., Tanasescu, R., Zaffalon, P.-L., Ziegler, A., Müller, B., Saxer, T., and Zumbuehl, A. (2012) Shear-stress sensitive lenticular vesicles for targeted drug delivery. Nat. Nanotechnol., 7, 536-543.
6. Korin, N., Kanapathipillai, M., Matthews, B.D., Crescente, M., Brill, A., Mammoto, T., Ghosh, K., Jurek, S., Bencherif, S.A., Bhatta, D., Coskun, A.U., Feldman, C.L., Wagner, D.D., and Ingber, D.E. (2012) Shear-activated nanotherapeutics for drug targeting to obstructed blood vessels. Science, 337 (6095), 738-742.
7. Müller, B. (2001) Natural formation of nanostructures: From fundamentals in metal heteroepitaxy to applications in optics and biomaterials science. Surf. Rev. Lett., 8 (169), 169-228.
8. Giannini, C., Siliqi, D., Bunk, O., Beraudi, A., Ladisa, M., Altamura, D., Stea, S., and Baruffaldi, F. (2012) Correlative light and scanning X-ray scattering microscopy of healthy and pathologic human bone sections. Sci. Rep., 2, 435.
9. Woodruff, M.A., Lange, C., Reichert, J., Berner, A., Chen, F., Fratzl, P., Schantz, J.-T., and Hutmacher, D.W. (2012) Bone tissue engineering: from bench to bedside. Mater. Today, 15 (10), 430-435.
10. Märten, A., Fratzl, P., Paris, O., and Zaslansky, P. (2010) On the mineral in collagen of human crown dentine. Biomaterials, 31 (20), 5479-5490.
11. Müller, B., Deyhle, H., Bradley, D., Farquharson, M., Schulz, G., Müller-Gerbl, M., and Bunk, O. (2010) Scanning X-ray scattering: evaluating the nanostructure of human tissues. Eur. J. Nanomed., 3 (1), 30-33.
12. Müller, B., Schulz, G., Herzen, J., Mushkolaj, S., Bormann, T., Beckmann, F., and Püschel, K. (2010) Morphology of urethral tissues. Proc. SPIE, 7804, 78040D.
13. Jensen, T.H., Bech, M., Bunk, O., Menzel, A., Bouchet, A., Le Duc, G., Feidenhans'l, R., and Pfeiffer, F. (2011) Molecular X-ray computed tomogrpahy of myelin in a rat brain. Neuroimage, 57 (1), 124-129.
14. Bunk, O., Bech, M., Jensen, T.H., Feidenhans'l, R., Binderup, T., Menzel, A., and Pfeiffer, F. (2009) Multimodal x-ray scatter imaging. New J. Phys., 11, 123016.
15. Dierolf, M., Menzel, A., Thibault, P., Schneider, P., Kewish, C.M., Wepf, R., Bunk, O., and Pfeiffer, F. (2010) Ptycho-graphic X-ray computed tomography at the nanoscale. Nature, 467 (7314), 436-439.
16. Dootz, R., Toma, A.C., and Pfohl, T. (2011) Structural and dynamic properties of linker histone H1 binding to DNA. Biomicrofluidics, 5, 024104.
17. Kinahan, M.E., Filippidi, E., Köster, S., Hu, X., Evans, H., Pfohl, T., Kaplan, D., and Wong, J. (2011) Tunable silk: using microfluidics to fabricate silk fibers with controllable properties. Biomacromolecules, 12 (5), 1504-1511.
18. Köster, S., Evans, H.M., Wong, J.Y., and Pfohl, T. (2008) An in-situ study of collagen self-assembly processes. Biomacromolecules, 9 (1), 199-207.
19. Köster, S. and Pfohl, T. (2012) X-ray studies of biological matter in microfluidic environments. Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 26 (26), 1230018.
20. Steinhauser, D., Köster, S., and Pfohl, T. (2012) Mobility gradient induces cross-streamline migration of semiflexible polymers. ACS Macro Lett., 1 (5), 541-545.
21. Deshpande, S. and Pfohl, T. (2012) Hierarchical self-assembly of actin in micro-confinements using microfluidics. Biomicrofluidics, 6 (3), 034120.
22. Seemann, R., Brinkmann, M., Pfohl, T., and Herminghaus, S. (2012) Droplet based microfluidics. Rep. Prog. Phys., 75 (1), 016601.
23. Heddergott, N., Krüger, T., Babu, S.B., Wei, A., Stellamanns, E., Uppaluri, S., Pfohl, T., Stark, H., and Engstler, M. (2012) Trypanosome motion represents an adaptation to the crowded environment of the vertebrate bloodstream. PLoS Pathog., 8 (11), e1003023.
24. Uppaluri, S., Heddergott, N., Stellamanns, E., Herminghaus, S., Zöttl, A., Stark, H., Engstler, M., and Pfohl, T. (2012) Flow loading induces oscillatory trajectories in a blood stream parasite. Biophys. J., 103 (6), 1162-1169.
25. Uppaluri, S., Nagler, J., Stellamanns, E., Heddergott, N., Herminghaus, S., Engstler, M., and Pfohl, T. (2011) Impact of microscopic motility on the swimming behavior of parasites: straighter trypanosomes are more directional. PLoS Comput. Biol., 7 (6), e1002058.
26. Zitova, B. and Flusser, J. (2003) Image registration methods: a survey. Image Vision Comput., 21 (11), 977-1000.
27. Mosaliganti, K., Pan, T., Sharp, R., Ridgway, R., Iyengar, S., Gulacy, A., Wenzel, P., de Bruin, A., Machiraju, R., Huang, K., Leone, G., and Saltz, J. (2006) Registration and 3D visualization of large microscopy images. Proc. SPIE, 6144, 61442V.
28. Wang, Q., Chen, L., and Shen, D. (2009) Group-wise registration of large image dataset by hierarchical clustering and alignment. Proc. SPIE, 7259, 72590N.
29. Johnson, H.J. and Christensen, G.E. (2002) Consistent landmark and intensity-based image registration. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, 21 (5), 450-461.
30. Rueckert, D., Sonoda, L.I., Hayes, C., Hill, D.L., Leach, M.O., and Hawkes, D.J. (1999) Nonrigid registration using free-form deformations: application to breast MR images. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, 18 (8), 712-721.
31. Heinrich, M.P., Jenkinson, M., Bhushan, M., Matin, T., Gleeson, F.V., Brady, S.M., and Schnabel, J.A. (2012) MIND: modality independent neighbourhood descriptor for multi-modal deformable registration. Med. Image Anal., 16 (7), 1423-1435.
32. Maes, F., Collignon, A., Vandermeulen, D., Marchal, G., and Suetens, P. (1997) Multimodality image registration by maximization of mutual information. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, 16 (2), 187-198.
33. Andronache, A., von Siebenthal, M., Székely, G., and Cattin, P. (2008) Non-rigid registration of multi-modal images using both mutual information and cross-correlation. Med. Image Anal., 12 (1), 3-15.
34. Kiriyanthan, S., Fundana, K., and Cattin, P.C. (2012) in Abdominal Imaging: Computational and Clinical Applications (eds H. Yoshida, G. Sakas, and M.G. Linguraru), Springer-Verlag, pp. 231-239.
35. Schulz, G., Waschkies, C., Pfeiffer, F., Zanette, I., Weitkamp, T., David, C., and Müller, B. (2012) Multimodal imaging of human cerebellum - merging X-ray phase microtomography, magnetic resonance microscopy and histology. Sci. Rep., 2, 826.
36. Müller, B., Deyhle, H., Lang, S., Schulz, G., Bormann, T., Fierz, F., and Hieber, S. (2012) Three-dimensional registration of tomography data for quantification in biomaterials science. Int. J. Mater. Res., 103 (2), 242-249.
37. Haller, C.M., Buerzle, W., Brubaker, C.E., Messersmith, P.B., Mazza, E., Ochsenbein-Koelble, N., Zimmermann, R., and Ehrbar, M. (2011) Mussel-mimetic tissue adhesive for fetal membrane repair: a standardized ex vivo evaluation using elastomeric membranes. Prenat. Diagn., 31 (7), 654-660.
38. Ehrbar, M., Sala, A., Lienemann, P., Ranga, A., Mosiewicz, K., Bittermann, A., Rizzi, S.C., Weber, F.E., and Lutolf, M.P. (2011) Elucidating the role of matrix stiffness in 3D cell migration and remodeling. Biophys. J., 100 (2), 284-293.
39. Sala, A., Hänseler, P., Ranga, A., Lutolf, M.P., Vörös, J., Ehrbar, M., and Weber, F.E. (2011) Engineering 3D cell instructive microenvironments by rational assembly of artificial extracellular matrices and cell patterning. Integr. Biol., 3 (11), 1102-1111.
40. Ehrbar, M., Schoenmakers, S., Christen, E., Fussenegger, M., and Weber, W. (2008) Drug-sensing hydrogels for the inducible release of biopharmaceuticals. Nat. Mater., 7 (10), 800-804.
41. Lienemann, P.S., Karlsson, M., Sala, A., Wischhusen, H.M., Weber, F.E., Zimmermann, R., Weber, W., Lutolf, M.P., and Ehrbar, M. (2013) A versatile approach to engineering biomolecule-presenting cellular microenvironments. Adv. Healthcare Mater., 2 (2), 292-296.
42. Perrini, M., Buerzle, W., Haller, C., Ochsenbein-Koelble, N., Deprest, J., Zimmermann, R., Mazza, E., and Ehrbar, M. (2013) Contractions, a risk for premature rupture of fetal membranes: a new protocol with cyclic biaxial tension. Med. Eng. Phys., 35 (6), 846-851.
43. Haller, C.M., Buerzle, W., Kivelio, A., Perrini, M., Brubaker, C.E., Gübeli, R.J., Mallik, A.S., Weber, W., Messersmith, P.B., Mazza, E., Ochsenbein-Koelble, N., Zimmermann, R., and Ehrbar, M. (2012) Mussel-mimetic tissue adhesive for fetal membrane repair: an ex-vivo evaluation. Acta Biomater., 8 (12), 4365-4370.
44. Brunette, D.M., Tengvall, P., Textor, M., and Thomsen, P. (eds) (2001) Titanium in Medicine, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
45. Jackson, S.P. (2007) The growing complexity of platelet aggregation. Blood, 109 (12), 5087-5095.
46. Gorbet, M.B. and Sefton, M.V. (2004) Biomateiral-associated thrombosis: roles of coagulation factors, complement, platelets and leukocytes. Biomaterials, 25 (26), 5681-5703.
47. Bryers, J.D., Giachelli, C.M., and Ratner, B.D. (2012) Engineering biomaterials to integrate and heal: the biocompatibility paradigm shifts. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 109 (8), 1898-1911.
48. Brown, B.N., Ratner, B.D., Goodman, S.B., Amar, S., and Badylak, S.F. (2012) Macrophage polarization: an opportunity for improved outcomes in biomaterials and regenerative medicine. Biomaterials, 33 (15), 3792-3802.
49. Wynn, T.A. and Ramalingam, T.R. (2012) Mechanisms of fibrosis: therapeutic translation for fibrotic disease. Nat. Med., 18 (7), 1028-1040.
50. Dy, C.J., Hernandez-Soria, A., Ma, Y., Roberts, T.R., and Daluiski, A. (2012) Complications after flexor tendon repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Hand Surg. Am., 37 (3), 543-551, e541.
51. Gerber, C., Wirth, S.H., and Farshad, M. (2011) Treatment options for massive rotator cuff tears. J. Shoulder Elbow Surg., 20 (2), S20-29.
52. Seo, H.S., Lee, S.C., and Jung, K.A. (2011) Second-look arthroscopic findings after repairs of posterior root tears of the medial meniscus. Am. J. Sports Med., 39 (1), 99-107.
53. Schift, H. (2008) Nanoimprint lithography: an old story in modern times? A review. J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B, 26 (2), 458-480.
54. Schift, H., Bellini, S., Pieles, U., and Gobrecht, J. (2006) Sustained polymer membranes fabricated by nanoimprint lithography. J. Microlith. Microfab. Microsyst., 5 (1), 011010.
55. Urwyler, P., Köser, J., Schift, H., Gobrecht, J., and Müller, B. (2012) Nano-mechanical transduction of polymer micro-cantilevers to detect bio-molecular interactions. Biointer-phases, 7 (6), 8.
56. Kristiansen, P.M. (2012) Replication technology toolbox for micro- and nanostructured polymer surfaces. Micro and Nanotechnologies in Materials and Processes for the European Polymer Industry, 22 November 2012, Fribourg, Switzerland.
57. Schift, H. (ed) (2012) NaPaNIL Library of Processes - Nanopatterning, Production and Applications Based on Nanoimprint Lithography, 2nd edn, NaPANIL-Consortium.
58. Urwyler, P., Schift, H., Gobrecht, J., Häfeli, O., Altana, M., Battiston, F., and Müller, B. (2011) Surface patterned polymer micro-cantilever arrays for sensing. Sens. Actuators, A, 172 (1), 2-8.
59. Althaus, J., Padeste, C., Köser, J., Pieles, U., Peters, K., and Müller, B. (2012) Nanostructuring polyetheretherketone for medical implants. Eur. J. Nanomed., 4 (1), 7-15.
60. Althaus, J., Urwyler, P., Padeste, C., Heuberger, R., Deyhle, H., Schift, H., Gobrecht, J., Pieles, U., Scharnweber, D., Peters, K., and Müller, B. (2012) Micro- and nanostructured polymer substrates for biomedical applications. Proc. SPIE, 8339, 83390Q.
61. Neuhaus, N., Padeste, C., and Spencer, N.D. (2011) Versatile wettability gradients prepared by chemical modification of polymer brushes. Langmuir, 27 (11), 6855-6861.
62. Neuhaus, S., Padeste, C., Solak, H.H., and Spencer, N.D. (2010) Functionalization of fluoropolymer surfaces with nanopatterned polyelectrolyte brushes. Polymer, 51 (18), 4037-4043.
63. Brack, H.-P., Padeste, C., Slaski, M., Alkan, S., and Solak, H.H. (2004) Preparation of micro- and nanopatterns of polymer chains grafted onto flexible polymer substrates. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 126 (4), 1004-1005.
64. Padeste, C., Farquet, P., Potzner, C., and Solak, H.H. (2006) Nanostructured bio-functional polymer brushes. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 17 (11), 1285-1300.
65. Born, A.-K., Lischer, S., and Maniura-Weber, K. (2012) Watching osteogenesis: life monitoring of osteogenic differentiation using an osteocalcin reporter. J. Cell. Biochem., 113 (1), 313-321.
66. Rottmar, M., Ackerknecht, S., Wick, P., and Maniura-Weber, K. (2011) A high throughput system for long term application of intermittent cyclic hydrostatic pressure on cells in culture. J. Biomech. Eng., 133 (2), 024502.
67. Rottmar, M., Håkanson, M., Smith, M., and Maniura-Weber, K. (2010) Stem cell plasticity, osteogenic differentiation and the third dimension. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 21 (3), 999-1004.
68. Born, A.-K., Rottmar, M., Lischer, S., Pleskova, M., Bruinink, A., and Maniura-Weber, K. (2009) Correlating cell architecture with osteogenesis: first steps towards live single cell monitoring. Eur. Cell. Mater., 18, 49-60.
69. Sharma, R.I. and Snedeker, J.G. (2012) Paracrine interactions between mesenchymal stem cells affect substrate driven differentiation toward tendon and bone phenotypes. PLoS One, 7 (2), e31504.
70. Sharma, R.I. and Snedeker, J.G. (2010) Biochemical and biomechanical gradients for directed bone marrow stromal cell differentiation toward tendon and bone. Biomaterials, 31 (30), 7695-7704.
71. Fessel, G. and Snedeker, J.G. (2009) Evidence against proteoglycan mediated collagen fibril load transmission and dynamic viscoelasticity in tendon. Matrix Biol., 28 (8), 503-510.
72. Fessel, G. and Snedeker, J.G. (2011) Equivalent stiffness after glycosaminoglycan depletion in tendon-an ultra-structural finite element model and corresponding experiments. J. Theor. Biol., 268 (1), 77-83.
73. Rigozzi, S., Müller, R., and Snedeker, J.G. (2009) Local strain measurement reveals a varied regional dependence of tensile tendon mechanics on glycosaminoglycan content. J. Biomech., 42 (10), 1547-1552.
74. Rigozzi, S., Müller, R., and Snedeker, J.G. (2010) Collagen fibril morphology and mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon in two inbred mouse strains. J. Anat., 216 (6), 724-731.
75. Snedeker, J.G., Pelled, G., Zilberman, Y., Arav, A., Huber, E., Müller, R., and Gazit, D. (2009) An analytical model for elucidating tendon tissue structure and biomechanical function from in vivo cellular confocal microscopy images. Cells Tissues Organs, 190 (2), 111-119.
76. Snedeker, J.G., Pelled, G., Zilberman, Y., Gerhard, F., Müller, R., and Gazit, D. (2006) Endoscopic cellular microscopy for in vivo biomechanical assessment of tendon function. J. Biomed. Opt., 11 (6), 064010.
77. Loosli, Y., Vianay, B., Luginbuehl, R., and Snedeker, J.G. (2012) Numerically bridging lamellipodial and filopodial activity during cell spreading reveals a potentially novel trigger of focal adhesion maturation. Integr. Biol., 4 (5), 508-521.
78. Loosli, Y., Luginbuehl, R., and Snedeker, J.G. (2010) Cytoskeleton reorganization of spreading cells on micro-patterned islands: a functional model. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A, 368 (1920), 2629-2652.
79. Bartalena, G., Grieder, R., Sharma, R.I., Zambelli, T., Muff, R., and Snedeker, J.G. (2011) A novel method for assessing adherent single-cell stiffness in tension: design and testing of a substrate-based live cell functional imaging device. Biomed. Microdevices, 13 (2), 291-301.
80. Riedel, M., Müller, B., and Wintermantel, E. (2001) Protein adsorption and monocyte activation on germanium nanopyramids. Biomaterials, 22 (16), 2307-2316.
81. Köser, J., Gaiser, S., and Müller, B. (2011) Contractile cell forces exerted on rigid substrates. Eur. Cell. Mater., 21, 479-487.
82. Israelachvili, J.N. (2011) Intermolecular and Surface Forces, 3nd edn, Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
83. Sackmann, E. (1994) Membrane bending energy concept of vesicle- and cell-shapes and shape-transitions. FEBS Lett., 346 (1), 3-16.
84. Maurer, N., Fenske, D.B., and Cullis, P.R. (2001) Developments in liposomal drug delivery systems. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther., 1 (6), 923-947.
85. Huwyler, J., Drewe, J., and Krähenbühl, S. (2008) Tumor targeting using liposomal antineoplastic drugs. Int. J. Nanomedicine, 3 (1), 21-29.
86. Torchilin, V.P. (2005) Recent advances with liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 4, 145-160.
87. Watkins, E.B., El-khouri, R.J., Miller, C.E., Seaby, B.G., Majewski, J., Marques, C.M., and Kuhl, T.L. (2011) Structure and thermodynamics of lipid bilayers on polyethylene glycol cushions: fact and fiction of PEG cushioned membranes. Langmuir, 27 (22), 13618-13628.
88. Dubois, M., Demé, B., Gulik-Krzywicki, T., Dedieu, J.C., Vautrin, C., Désert, S., Perez, E., and Zemb, T. (2001) Self-assembly of regular hollow icosahedra in salt-free catanionic solutions. Nature, 411 (6838), 672-675.
89. Béalle, G., Jestin, J., and Carrière, D. (2011) Osmotically induced deformation of capsid-like icosahedral vesicles. Soft Matter, 7, 1084-1089.
90. Quemeneur, F., Quilliet, C., Faivre, M., Viallat, A., and Pépin-Donat, B. (2012) Gel phase vesicles buckle into specific shapes. Phys. Rev. Lett., 108 (10), 108303.
91. Cheng, Z., Al Zaki, A., Hui, J.Z., Muzykantov, V.R., and Tsourkas, A. (2012) Multifunctional nanoparticles: cost versus benefit of adding targeting and imaging capabilities. Science, 338 (6109), 903-910.
92. Fedotenko, I.A., Zaffalon, P.-L., Favarger, F., and Zumbuehl, A. (2010) The synthesis of 1,3-diamidophospholipids. Tetrahedron Lett., 51 (41), 5382-5384.
93. Barenholz, Y. (2012) Nanomedicine: shake up the drug containers. Nat. Nanotechnol., 7, 483-484.
94. Holme, M.N., Schulz, G., Deyhle, H., Hieber, S.E., Weitkamp, T., Beckmann, F., Herzen, J., Lobrinus, J.A., Montecucco, F., Mach, F., Zumbuehl, A., Saxer, T., and Müller, B. (2012) Morphology of atherosclerotic coronary arteries. Proc. SPIE, 8506, 850609.
95. Petros, R.A. and DeSimone, J.M. (2010) Strategies in the design of nanoparticles for therapeutic applications. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 9 (8), 615-627.
96. Rodriguez, P.L., Harada, T., Christian, D.A., Pantano, D.A., Tsai, R.K., and Discher, D.E. (2013) Minimal "Self" peptides that inhibit phagocytic clearance and en-hance delivery of nanoparticles. Science, 339 (6122), 971-975.
97. Kelloff, G.J., Krohn, K.A., Larson, S.M., Weissleder, R., Mankoff, D.A., Hoffman, J.M., Link, J.M., Guyton, K.Z., Eckelman, W.C., Scher, H.I., O'Shaughnessy, J., Cheson, B.D., Sigman, C.C., Tatum, J.L., Mills, G.Q., Sullivan, D.C., and Woodcock, J. (2005) The progress and promise of molecular imaging probes in oncologic drug development. Clin. Cancer Res., 11 (22), 7967-7985.
98. Weissleder, R. (2006) Molecular imaging in cancer. Science, 312 (5777), 1168-1171.
99. Willmann, J.K., van Bruggen, N., Dinkelborg, L.M., and Gambhir, S.S. (2010) Molecular imaging in drug development. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 9 (8), 615-627.
100. Lappin, G. and Garner, R.C. (2003) Big physics, small doses: the use of AMS and PET in human mi-crodosing of development drugs. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2 (3), 233-240.
101. Bauer, M., Wagner, C.C., and Langer, O. (2008) Microdosing studies in humans: the role of positron emission tomography. Drugs R. D., 9 (2), 73-81.
102. Deyhle, H., Bunk, O., Buser, S., Krastl, G., Zitzmann, N., Ilgenstein, B., Beckmann, F., Pfeiffer, F., Weiger, R., and Müller, B. (2009) Bio-inspired dental fillings. Proc. SPIE, 7401, 74010E.
103. Freitas, R.A. (2000) Nanodentistry. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 131 (11), 1559-1565.
104. Gaiser, S., Deyhle, H., Bunk, O., White, S.N., and Müller, B. (2012) Understanding nano-anatomy of healthy and carious human teeth: a prerequisite for nanodentistry. Biointerphases, 7 (1-4), 4.
105. Deyhle, H., Hieber, S., and Müller, B. (2012) in Encyclopedia of Nanotechnol (eds B. Bhushan and H.D. Winbigler), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 1514-1518.
106. Hieber, S. and Müller, B. (2012) in Nanomedicine Nanobiotechnology (ed S. Logothetidis), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 95-106.
107. White, S.N., Luo, W., Paine, M.L., Fong, H., Sarikaya, M., and Snead, M.L. (2001) Biological organization of hydroxyapatite crystallites into a fibrous continuum toughens and controls anisotropy in human enamel. J. Dent. Res., 80 (1), 321-326.
108. Deyhle, H., Bunk, O., and Müller, B. (2011) Nanostructure of healthy and caries-affected human teeth. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med., 7, 694-701.
109. Mohn, D., Bruhin, C., Luechinger, N.A., Stark, W.J., Imfeld, T., and Zehnder, M. (2010) Composites made of flame-sprayed bioactive glass 45S5 and polymers: bioactivity and immediate sealing properties. Int. Endod. J., 43 (11), 1037-1046.
110. Waltimo, T., Brunner, T.J., Vollenweider, M., Stark, W.J., and Zehnder, M. (2007) Antimicrobial effect of nanometric bioactive glass 45S5. J. Dent. Res., 86 (8), 754-757.