Cytokines and C-reactive protein alterations with respect to cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A systematic review

Schizophrenia Research

Volumn 192, Issue , 2018, Pages 16-29

  Misiak, Błażej ^a   Stańczykiewicz, Bartłomiej ^a   Kotowicz, Kamila ^a   Rybakowski, Janusz K ^b   Samochowiec, Jerzy ^c   Frydecka, Dorota ^a  

^a WROCLAW MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Poland)

^b POZNAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Poland)

^c POMERANIAN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Poland)

Author keywords

Bipolar disorder; Cognitive performance; Cytokines; Inflammation; Interleukins; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CYTOKINE; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; INTERLEUKIN 6; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA RECEPTOR;

BIPOLAR DISORDER; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CYTOKINE GENE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE MARKER; DISEASE SEVERITY; DNA POLYMORPHISM; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; BLOOD; GENETICS; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; PSYCHOLOGY;

BIPOLAR DISORDER; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION; CYTOKINES; HUMANS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY;

EID: 85017473776     PISSN: 09209964     EISSN: 15732509     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.015     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Aas, M., Dazzan, P., Mondelli, V., Melle, I., Murray, R.M., Pariante, C.M., A systematic review of cognitive function in first-episode psychosis, including a discussion on childhood trauma, stress, and inflammation. Front. Psychiatry, 4, 2014, 182.
2. Alboni, S., Montanari, C., Benatti, C., Sanchez-Alavez, M., Rigillo, G., Blom, J.M., Brunello, N., Conti, B., Pariante, M.C., Tascedda, F., Interleukin 18 activates MAPKs and STAT3 but not NF-kappaB in hippocampal HT-22 cells. Brain Behav. Immun. 40 (2014), 85–94.
3. Andrade, C., Anti-inflammatory strategies in the treatment of schizophrenia. Expert. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 9:2 (2016), 161–163.
4. Asevedo, E., Gadelha, A., Noto, C., Mansur, R.B., Zugman, A., Belangero, S.I., Berberian, A.A., Scarpato, B.S., Leclerc, E., Teixeira, A.L., Gama, C.S., Bressan, R.A., Brietzke, E., Impact of peripheral levels of chemokines, BDNF and oxidative markers on cognition in individuals with schizophrenia. J. Psychiatr. Res. 47:10 (2013), 1376–1382.
5. Asevedo, E., Rizzo, L.B., Gadelha, A., Mansur, R.B., Ota, V.K., Berberian, A.A., Scarpato, B.S., Teixeira, A.L., Bressan, R.A., Brietzke, E., Peripheral interleukin-2 level is associated with negative symptoms and cognitive performance in schizophrenia. Physiol. Behav. 129 (2014), 194–198.
6. Baganz, N.L., Blakely, R.D., A dialogue between the immune system and brain, spoken in the language of serotonin. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 4:1 (2013), 48–63.
7. Barak, V., Barak, Y., Levine, J., Nisman, B., Roisman, I., Changes in interleukin-1 beta and soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in CSF and serum of schizophrenic patients. J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol. 6:1 (1995), 61–69.
8. Barbosa, I.G., Rocha, N.P., Huguet, R.B., Ferreira, R.A., Salgado, J.V., Carvalho, L.A., Pariante, C.M., Teixeira, A.L., Executive dysfunction in euthymic bipolar disorder patients and its association with plasma biomarkers. J. Affect. Disord. 137:1–3 (2012), 151–155.
9. Bates, M.E., Lemay, E.P. Jr., The d2 test of attention: construct validity and extensions in scoring techniques. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc.: JINS 10:3 (2004), 392–400.
10. Bauer, I.E., Pascoe, M.C., Wollenhaupt-Aguiar, B., Kapczinski, F., Soares, J.C., Inflammatory mediators of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder. J. Psychiatr. Res. 56 (2014), 18–27.
11. Baumeister, D., Akhtar, R., Ciufolini, S., Pariante, C.M., Mondelli, V., Childhood trauma and adulthood inflammation: a meta-analysis of peripheral C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Mol. Psychiatry 21 (2016), 642–649.
12. Benedetti, F., Poletti, S., Hoogenboezem, T.A., Mazza, E., Ambree, O., de Wit, H., Wijkhuijs, A.J., Locatelli, C., Bollettini, I., Colombo, C., Arolt, V., Drexhage, H.A., Inflammatory cytokines influence measures of white matter integrity in bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 202 (2016), 1–9.
13. Bezchlibnyk, Y.B., Wang, J.F., McQueen, G.M., Young, L.T., Gene expression differences in bipolar disorder revealed by cDNA array analysis of post-mortem frontal cortex. J. Neurochem. 79:4 (2001), 826–834.
14. Bilder, R.M., Lipschutz-Broch, L., Reiter, G., Geisler, S.H., Mayerhoff, D.I., Lieberman, J.A., Intellectual deficits in first-episode schizophrenia: evidence for progressive deterioration. Schizophr. Bull. 18:3 (1992), 437–448.
15. Bora, E., Pantelis, C., Meta-analysis of cognitive impairment in first-episode bipolar disorder: comparison with first-episode schizophrenia and healthy controls. Schizophr. Bull. 41:5 (2015), 1095–1104.
16. Borsini, A., Zunszain, P.A., Thuret, S., Pariante, C.M., The role of inflammatory cytokines as key modulators of neurogenesis. Trends Neurosci. 38:3 (2015), 145–157.
17. Bortolato, B., Carvalho, A.F., Soczynska, J.K., Perini, G.I., McIntyre, R.S., The involvement of TNF-alpha in cognitive dysfunction associated with major depressive disorder: an opportunity for domain specific treatments. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 13:5 (2015), 558–576.
18. Bortolato, B., Miskowiak, K.W., Kohler, C.A., Vieta, E., Carvalho, A.F., Cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a systematic review of meta-analyses. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 11 (2015), 3111–3125.
19. Bulzacka, E., Boyer, L., Schurhoff, F., Godin, O., Berna, F., Brunel, L., Andrianarisoa, M., Aouizerate, B., Capdevielle, D., Chereau-Boudet, I., Chesnoy-Servanin, G., Danion, J.M., Dubertret, C., Dubreucq, J., Faget, C., Gabayet, F., Le Gloahec, T., Llorca, P.M., Mallet, J., Misdrahi, D., Rey, R., Richieri, R., Passerieux, C., Roux, P., Yazbek, H., Leboyer, M., Fond, G., Chronic peripheral inflammation is associated with cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: results from the multicentric FACE-SZ dataset. Schizophr. Bull. 42:5 (2016), 1290–1302.
20. Chung, K.H., Huang, S.H., Wu, J.Y., Chen, P.H., Hsu, J.L., Tsai, S.Y., The link between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and orbitofrontal cortex in euthymic bipolar disorder. Neuropsychobiology 68:3 (2013), 168–173.
21. Clerici, M., Arosio, B., Mundo, E., Cattaneo, E., Pozzoli, S., Dell'osso, B., Vergani, C., Trabattoni, D., Altamura, A.C., Cytokine polymorphisms in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. CNS Spectrums 14:8 (2009), 419–425.
22. Cochrane, Collaboration. Cochrane reviewers' handbook. Version 4.2.1., 2003.
23. Dargel, A.A., Godin, O., Kapczinski, F., Kupfer, D.J., Leboyer, M., C-reactive protein alterations in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. J. Clin. Psychiatry 76:2 (2015), 142–150.
24. Davis, C., Bradshaw, C.M., Szabadi, E., The doors and people memory test: validation of norms and some new correction formulae. Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 38:Pt 3 (1999), 305–314.
25. Dickerson, F., Boronow, J., Stallings, C., Origoni, A., Yolken, R., The lymphotoxin Cys13Arg polymorphism and cognitive functioning in individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 89:1–3 (2007), 173–176.
26. Dickerson, F., Stallings, C., Origoni, A., Boronow, J., Yolken, R., C-reactive protein is associated with the severity of cognitive impairment but not of psychiatric symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 93:1–3 (2007), 261–265.
27. Dickerson, F., Stallings, C., Origoni, A., Vaughan, C., Khushalani, S., Yolken, R., Additive effects of elevated C-reactive protein and exposure to herpes simplex virus type 1 on cognitive impairment in individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 134:1 (2012), 83–88.
28. Dickerson, F., Stallings, C., Origoni, A., Vaughan, C., Khushalani, S., Yolken, R., Elevated C-reactive protein and cognitive deficits in individuals with bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 150:2 (2013), 456–459.
29. Dickerson, F., Schroeder, J., Stallings, C., Origoni, A., Katsafanas, E., Schwienfurth, L.A., Savage, C.L., Khushalani, S., Yolken, R., A longitudinal study of cognitive functioning in schizophrenia: clinical and biological predictors. Schizophr. Res. 156:2–3 (2014), 248–253.
30. Doganavsargil-Baysal, O., Cinemre, B., Aksoy, U.M., Akbas, H., Metin, O., Fettahoglu, C., Gokmen, Z., Davran, F., Levels of TNF-alpha, soluble TNF receptors (sTNFR1, sTNFR2), and cognition in bipolar disorder. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 28:2 (2013), 160–167.
31. Dubois, B., Slachevsky, A., Litvan, I., Pillon, B., The FAB: a Frontal Assessment Battery at bedside. Neurology 55:11 (2000), 1621–1626.
32. Elwood, R.W., The California verbal learning test: psychometric characteristics and clinical application. Neuropsychol. Rev. 5:3 (1995), 173–201.
33. Ezeoke, A., Mellor, A., Buckley, P., Miller, B., A systematic, quantitative review of blood autoantibodies in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 150:1 (2013), 245–251.
34. Felger, J.C., Miller, A.H., Cytokine effects on the basal ganglia and dopamine function: the subcortical source of inflammatory malaise. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 33:3 (2012), 315–327.
35. Fernandes, B.S., Steiner, J., Bernstein, H.G., Dodd, S., Pasco, J.A., Dean, O.M., Nardin, P., Goncalves, C.A., Berk, M., C-reactive protein is increased in schizophrenia but is not altered by antipsychotics: meta-analysis and implications. Mol. Psychiatry 21:4 (2016), 554–564.
36. Fillman, S.G., Weickert, T.W., Lenroot, R.K., Catts, S.V., Bruggemann, J.M., Catts, V.S., Weickert, C.S., Elevated peripheral cytokines characterize a subgroup of people with schizophrenia displaying poor verbal fluency and reduced Broca's area volume. Mol. Psychiatry 21:8 (2016), 1090–1098.
37. Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E., McHugh, P.R., “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J. Psychiatr. Res. 12:3 (1975), 189–198.
38. Frydecka, D., Eissa, A.M., Hewedi, D.H., Ali, M., Drapala, J., Misiak, B., Klosinska, E., Phillips, J.R., Moustafa, A.A., Impairments of working memory in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: the effect of history of psychotic symptoms and different aspects of cognitive task demands. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 8, 2014, 416.
39. Frydecka, D., Misiak, B., Pawlak-Adamska, E., Karabon, L., Tomkiewicz, A., Sedlaczek, P., Kiejna, A., Beszlej, J.A., Interleukin-6: the missing element of the neurocognitive deterioration in schizophrenia? The focus on genetic underpinnings, cognitive impairment and clinical manifestation. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 265:6 (2015), 449–459.
40. Frydecka, D., Misiak, B., Pawlak-Adamska, E., Karabon, L., Tomkiewicz, A., Sedlaczek, P., Kiejna, A., Beszlej, J.A., Sex differences in TGFB-beta signaling with respect to age of onset and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 11 (2015), 575–584.
41. Goldsmith, D.R., Rapaport, M.H., Miller, B.J., A meta-analysis of blood cytokine network alterations in psychiatric patients: comparisons between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. Mol. Psychiatry 21:12 (2016), 1696–1709.
42. Goshen, I., Kreisel, T., Ounallah-Saad, H., Renbaum, P., Zalzstein, Y., Ben-Hur, T., Levy-Lahad, E., Yirmiya, R., A dual role for interleukin-1 in hippocampal-dependent memory processes. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32:8–10 (2007), 1106–1115.
43. Goshen, I., Kreisel, T., Ben-Menachem-Zidon, O., Licht, T., Weidenfeld, J., Ben-Hur, T., Yirmiya, R., Brain interleukin-1 mediates chronic stress-induced depression in mice via adrenocortical activation and hippocampal neurogenesis suppression. Mol. Psychiatry 13:7 (2008), 717–728.
44. Greub, B.L., Suhr, J.A., The validity of the letter memory test as a measure of memory malingering: robustness to coaching. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 21:4 (2006), 249–254.
45. Hamdani, N., Daban-Huard, C., Lajnef, M., Gadel, R., Le Corvoisier, P., Delavest, M., Carde, S., Lepine, J.P., Jamain, S., Houenou, J., Galeh, B., Richard, J.R., Aoki, M., Charron, D., Krishnamoorthy, R., Yolken, R., Dickerson, F., Tamouza, R., Leboyer, M., Cognitive deterioration among bipolar disorder patients infected by Toxoplasma gondii is correlated to interleukin 6 levels. J. Affect. Disord. 179 (2015), 161–166.
46. Hays, J.R., Reas, D.L., Shaw, J.B., Concurrent validity of the Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence and the Kaufman brief intelligence test among psychiatric inpatients. Psychol. Rep. 90:2 (2002), 355–359.
47. Homack, S., Lee, D., Riccio, C.A., Test review: Delis-Kaplan executive function system. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 27:5 (2005), 599–609.
48. Hope, S., Hoseth, E., Dieset, I., Morch, R.H., Aas, M., Aukrust, P., Djurovic, S., Melle, I., Ueland, T., Agartz, I., Westlye, L.T., Andreassen, O.A., Inflammatory markers are associated with general cognitive abilities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients and healthy controls. Schizophr. Res. 165:2–3 (2015), 188–194.
49. Hori, H., Yoshimura, R., Katsuki, A., Atake, K., Igata, R., Konishi, Y., Nakamura, J., Relationships between serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, plasma catecholamine metabolites, cytokines, cognitive function and clinical symptoms in Japanese patients with chronic schizophrenia treated with atypical antipsychotic monotherapy. World J. Biol. Psychiatry, 2016, 1–30.
50. Hudson, Z.D., Miller, B.J., Meta-analysis of cytokine and chemokine genes in schizophrenia. Clin. Schizophr. Relat. Psychoses, 2016.
51. Ibrahim, A.K., Kelly, S.J., Adams, C.E., Glazebrook, C., A systematic review of studies of depression prevalence in university students. J. Psychiatr. Res. 47:3 (2013), 391–400.
52. Jersild, A.T., Mental set and shift. Arch. Psychol., 14(89), 1927, 81.
53. Johnsen, E., Fathian, F., Kroken, R.A., Steen, V.M., Jorgensen, H.A., Gjestad, R., Loberg, E.M., The serum level of C-reactive protein (CRP) is associated with cognitive performance in acute phase psychosis. BMC Psychiatry, 16, 2016, 60.
54. Joseph, J., Depp, C., Martin, A.S., Daly, R.E., Glorioso, D.K., Palmer, B.W., Jeste, D.V., Associations of high sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in schizophrenia and comparison groups. Schizophr. Res., 2015.
55. Kaneda, Y., Sumiyoshi, T., Keefe, R., Ishimoto, Y., Numata, S., Ohmori, T., Brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia: validation of the Japanese version. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 61:6 (2007), 602–609.
56. Karpinski, P., Frydecka, D., Sasiadek, M.M., Misiak, B., Reduced number of peripheral natural killer cells in schizophrenia but not in bipolar disorder. Brain Behav. Immun. 54 (2016), 194–200.
57. Kay, S.R., Fiszbein, A., Opler, L.A., The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 13:2 (1987), 261–276.
58. Kessler, J., Denzler, P., Markowitsch, H.J., Manual Demenz test - Wrotproduktion (“Supermarktaufgabe”). Dementznornmen., 10, 1988.
59. Kinney, D.K., Teixeira, P., Hsu, D., Napoleon, S.C., Crowley, D.J., Miller, A., Hyman, W., Huang, E., Relation of schizophrenia prevalence to latitude, climate, fish consumption, infant mortality, and skin color: a role for prenatal vitamin d deficiency and infections?. Schizophr. Bull. 35:3 (2009), 582–595.
60. Krikorian, R., Bartok, J., Gay, N., Tower of London procedure: a standard method and developmental data. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 16:6 (1994), 840–850.
61. Kroken, R.A., Loberg, E.M., Dronen, T., Gruner, R., Hugdahl, K., Kompus, K., Skrede, S., Johnsen, E., A critical review of pro-cognitive drug targets in psychosis: convergence on myelination and inflammation. Front. Psychiatry, 5, 2014, 11.
62. Kurtz, M.M., Gerraty, R.T., A meta-analytic investigation of neurocognitive deficits in bipolar illness: profile and effects of clinical state. Neuropsychology 23:5 (2009), 551–562.
63. Laskaris, L.E., Di Biase, M.A., Everall, I., Chana, G., Christopoulos, A., Skafidas, E., Cropley, V.L., Pantelis, C., Microglial activation and progressive brain changes in schizophrenia. Br. J. Pharmacol. 173:4 (2016), 666–680.
64. Li, S., Wang, C., Wang, W., Dong, H., Hou, P., Tang, Y., Chronic mild stress impairs cognition in mice: from brain homeostasis to behavior. Life Sci. 82:17–18 (2008), 934–942.
65. Liu, Y.M., Tsai, S.Y., Fleck, D.E., Strakowski, S.M., Cross-cultural comparisons on Wisconsin card sorting test performance in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res. 189:3 (2011), 469–471.
66. Lotrich, F.E., Butters, M.A., Aizenstein, H., Marron, M.M., Reynolds, C.F. 3rd, Gildengers, A.G., The relationship between interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and cognitive function in older adults with bipolar disorder. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 29:6 (2014), 635–644.
67. Lv, M.H., Tan, Y.L., Yan, S.X., Tian, L., Chen da, C., Tan, S.P., Wang, Z.R., Yang, F.D., Yoon, J.H., Zunta-Soares, G.B., Soares, J.C., Zhang, X.Y., Decreased serum TNF-alpha levels in chronic schizophrenia patients on long-term antipsychotics: correlation with psychopathology and cognition. Psychopharmacology 232:1 (2015), 165–172.
68. Malek-Ahmadi, M., Small, B.J., Raj, A., The diagnostic value of controlled oral word association test-FAS and category fluency in single-domain amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 32:4 (2011), 235–240.
69. Marangoni, C., Hernandez, M., Faedda, G.L., The role of environmental exposures as risk factors for bipolar disorder: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. J. Affect. Disord. 193 (2016), 165–174.
70. Martinez-Cengotitabengoa, M., Mac-Dowell, K.S., Leza, J.C., Mico, J.A., Fernandez, M., Echevarria, E., Sanjuan, J., Elorza, J., Gonzalez-Pinto, A., Cognitive impairment is related to oxidative stress and chemokine levels in first psychotic episodes. Schizophr. Res. 137:1–3 (2012), 66–72.
71. McAfoose, J., Baune, B.T., Evidence for a cytokine model of cognitive function. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 33:3 (2009), 355–366.
72. McClay, J.L., Adkins, D.E., Aberg, K., Bukszar, J., Khachane, A.N., Keefe, R.S., Perkins, D.O., McEvoy, J.P., Stroup, T.S., Vann, R.E., Beardsley, P.M., Lieberman, J.A., Sullivan, P.F., van den Oord, E.J., Genome-wide pharmacogenomic study of neurocognition as an indicator of antipsychotic treatment response in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 36:3 (2011), 616–626.
73. Metcalf, S.A., Jones, P.B., Nordstrom, T., Timonen, M., Maki, P., Miettunen, J., Jaaskelainen, E., Jarvelin, M.R., Stochl, J., Murray, G.K., Veijola, J., Khandaker, G.M., Serum C-reactive protein in adolescence and risk of schizophrenia in adulthood: a prospective birth cohort study. Brain Behav. Immun. 59 (2017), 253–259.
74. Micoulaud-Franchi, J.A., Faugere, M., Boyer, L., Fond, G., Richieri, R., Faget, C., Cermolacce, M., Philip, P., Vion-Dury, J., Lancon, C., Elevated C-reactive protein is associated with sensory gating deficit in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 165:1 (2015), 94–96.
75. Miller, B.J., Buckley, P., Seabolt, W., Mellor, A., Kirkpatrick, B., Meta-analysis of cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: clinical status and antipsychotic effects. Biol. Psychiatry 70:7 (2011), 663–671.
76. Miller, B.J., Gassama, B., Sebastian, D., Buckley, P., Mellor, A., Meta-analysis of lymphocytes in schizophrenia: clinical status and antipsychotic effects. Biol. Psychiatry 73:10 (2013), 993–999.
77. Misiak, B., Krefft, M., Bielawski, T., Moustafa, A.A., Sasiadek, M.M., Frydecka, D., Toward a unified theory of childhood trauma and psychosis: a comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, neuropsychological and biological findings. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 75 (2017), 393–406.
78. Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med., 6(7), 2009, e1000097.
79. Moller, H.J., Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: distinct illnesses or a continuum?. J. Clin. Psychiatry 64:Suppl. 6 (2003), 23–27 (discussion 28).
80. Moustafa, A.A., Garami, J.K., Mahlberg, J., Golembieski, J., Keri, S., Misiak, B., Frydecka, D., Cognitive function in schizophrenia: conflicting findings and future directions. Rev. Neurosci. 27:4 (2016), 435–448.
81. Muller, N., Weidinger, E., Leitner, B., Schwarz, M.J., The role of inflammation in schizophrenia. Front. Neurosci., 9, 2015, 372.
82. Munkholm, K., Brauner, J.V., Kessing, L.V., Vinberg, M., Cytokines in bipolar disorder vs. healthy control subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Psychiatr. Res. 47:9 (2013), 1119–1133.
83. Najjar, S., Pearlman, D.M., Neuroinflammation and white matter pathology in schizophrenia: systematic review. Schizophr. Res. 161:1 (2015), 102–112.
84. Nelson, H.E., O'Connell, A., Dementia: the estimation of premorbid intelligence levels using the new adult reading test. Cortex 14:2 (1978), 234–244.
85. Nuechterlein, K.H., Green, M.F., Kern, R.S., Baade, L.E., Barch, D.M., Cohen, J.D., Essock, S., Fenton, W.S., Frese, F.J. 3rd, Gold, J.M., Goldberg, T., Heaton, R.K., Keefe, R.S., Kraemer, H., Mesholam-Gately, R., Seidman, L.J., Stover, E., Weinberger, D.R., Young, A.S., Zalcman, S., Marder, S.R., The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery, part 1: test selection, reliability, and validity. Am. J. Psychiatry 165:2 (2008), 203–213.
86. Pearlman, D.M., Najjar, S., Meta-analysis of the association between N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibodies and schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Schizophr. Res. 157:1–3 (2014), 249–258.
87. Penner, I.K., Kobel, M., Stocklin, M., Weber, P., Opwis, K., Calabrese, P., The Stroop task: comparison between the original paradigm and computerized versions in children and adults. Clin. Neuropsychol. 26:7 (2012), 1142–1153.
88. Potvin, S., Stip, E., Sepehry, A.A., Gendron, A., Bah, R., Kouassi, E., Inflammatory cytokine alterations in schizophrenia: a systematic quantitative review. Biol. Psychiatry 63:8 (2008), 801–808.
89. Randolph, C., Tierney, M.C., Mohr, E., Chase, T.N., The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS): preliminary clinical validity. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 20:3 (1998), 310–319.
90. Rao, J.S., Harry, G.J., Rapoport, S.I., Kim, H.W., Increased excitotoxicity and neuroinflammatory markers in postmortem frontal cortex from bipolar disorder patients. Mol. Psychiatry 15:4 (2010), 384–392.
91. Rao, J.S., Kim, H.W., Harry, G.J., Rapoport, S.I., Reese, E.A., Increased neuroinflammatory and arachidonic acid cascade markers, and reduced synaptic proteins, in the postmortem frontal cortex from schizophrenia patients. Schizophr. Res. 147:1 (2013), 24–31.
92. Rasmusson, D.X., Bylsma, F.W., Brandt, J., Stability of performance on the Hopkins verbal learning test. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 10:1 (1995), 21–26.
93. Reitan, R.M., The relation of the trail making test to organic brain damage. J. Consult. Psychol. 19:5 (1955), 393–394.
94. Rey, A., The Clinical Examination in Psychology. 1964, University Press of France, Paris.
95. Ribeiro-Santos, A., Lucio Teixeira, A., Salgado, J.V., Evidence for an immune role on cognition in schizophrenia: a systematic review. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 12:3 (2014), 273–280.
96. Rogers, R.D., Monsell, S., Costs of a predictable switch between simple cognitive tasks. J. Exp. Psychol. General 124 (1995), 207–231.
97. Rosenblat, J.D., Brietzke, E., Mansur, R.B., Maruschak, N.A., Lee, Y., McIntyre, R.S., Inflammation as a neurobiological substrate of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder: evidence, pathophysiology and treatment implications. J. Affect. Disord. 188 (2015), 149–159.
98. Salthouse, T.A., Babcock, R.L., Shaw, R.J., Effects of adult age on structural and operational capacities in working memory. Psychol. Aging 6:1 (1991), 118–127.
99. Sasayama, D., Hattori, K., Wakabayashi, C., Teraishi, T., Hori, H., Ota, M., Yoshida, S., Arima, K., Higuchi, T., Amano, N., Kunugi, H., Increased cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-6 levels in patients with schizophrenia and those with major depressive disorder. J. Psychiatr. Res. 47:3 (2013), 401–406.
100. Seabra, A.G., Muniz, M., Primi, R., Validity evidence for the reading competence test of words and non-words. Sp. J. Psychol. 12:2 (2009), 788–798.
101. Shao, Z., Janse, E., Visser, K., Meyer, A.S., What do verbal fluency tasks measure? Predictors of verbal fluency performance in older adults. Front. Psychol., 5, 2014, 772.
102. Shmukler, A.B., Gurovich, I.Y., Agius, M., Zaytseva, Y., Long-term trajectories of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: a critical overview. Eur. Psychiatry 30:8 (2015), 1002–1010.
103. Stefanopoulou, E., Manoharan, A., Landau, S., Geddes, J.R., Goodwin, G., Frangou, S., Cognitive functioning in patients with affective disorders and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 21:4 (2009), 336–356.
104. Tan, Y., Li, Y., Tan, S., Wang, Z., Yang, F.D., Cao, B., Zunta-Soares, G.B., Soares, J.C., Zhang, X.Y., Increased interleukin-2 serum levels were associated with psychopathological symptoms and cognitive deficits in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 169:1–3 (2015), 16–21.
105. Thompson-Schill, S.L., D'Esposito, M., Aguirre, G.K., Farah, M.J., Role of left inferior prefrontal cortex in retrieval of semantic knowledge: a reevaluation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94:26 (1997), 14792–14797.
106. Tourjman, V., Kouassi, E., Koue, M.E., Rocchetti, M., Fortin-Fournier, S., Fusar-Poli, P., Potvin, S., Antipsychotics' effects on blood levels of cytokines in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr. Res. 151:1–3 (2013), 43–47.
107. Trepanier, M.O., Hopperton, K.E., Mizrahi, R., Mechawar, N., Bazinet, R.P., Postmortem evidence of cerebral inflammation in schizophrenia: a systematic review. Mol. Psychiatry 21:8 (2016), 1009–1026.
108. Vuksan-Cusa, B., Sagud, M., Jakovljevic, M., C-reactive protein and metabolic syndrome in patients with bipolar disorder compared to patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Danub. 22:2 (2010), 275–277.
109. Vuksan-Cusa, B., Sagud, M., Jakovljevic, M., Peles, A.M., Jaksic, N., Mihaljevic, S., Zivkovic, M., Mikulic, S.K., Jevtovic, S., Association between C-reactive protein and homocysteine with the subcomponents of metabolic syndrome in stable patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Nord. J. Psychiatry 67:5 (2013), 320–325.
110. Wallwork, R.S., Fortgang, R., Hashimoto, R., Weinberger, D.R., Dickinson, D., Searching for a consensus five-factor model of the positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 137:1–3 (2012), 246–250.
111. Wang, J., Dunn, A.J., Mouse interleukin-6 stimulates the HPA axis and increases brain tryptophan and serotonin metabolism. Neurochem. Int. 33:2 (1998), 143–154.
112. Wechsler, D., Wechsler Memory Scale. third ed., 1997, The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX, USA.
113. Wechsler, D., Weschsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III. 1997, The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX, USA.
114. Whitney, K.A., Shepard, P.H., Mariner, J., Mossbarger, B., Herman, S.M., Validity of the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR): effort considered in a clinical sample of U.S. military veterans. Appl. Neuropsychol. 17:3 (2010), 196–204.
115. Windgassen, E.B., Funtowicz, L., Lunsford, T.N., Harris, L.A., Mulvagh, S.L., C-reactive protein and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: an update for clinicians. Postgrad. Med. 123:1 (2011), 114–119.
116. Wu, J.Q., Chen da, C., Tan, Y.L., Tan, S.P., Xiu, M.H., Wang, Z.R., Yang, F.D., Soares, J.C., Zhang, X.Y., Altered interleukin-18 levels are associated with cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. J. Psychiatr. Res. 76 (2016), 9–15.
117. Xiu, M.H., Yang, G.G., Tan, Y.L., Chen, D.C., Tan, S.P., Wang, Z.R., Yang, F.D., Okusaga, O., Soares, J.C., Zhang, X.Y., Decreased interleukin-10 serum levels in first-episode drug-naive schizophrenia: relationship to psychopathology. Schizophr. Res. 156:1 (2014), 9–14.
118. Xiu, M.H., Tian, L., Chen, S., Tan, Y.L., Chen, D.C., Chen, J., Chen, N., De Yang, F., Licinio, J., Kosten, T.R., Soares, J.C., Zhang, X.Y., Contribution of IL-10 and its − 592A/C polymorphism to cognitive functions in first-episode drug-naive schizophrenia. Brain Behav. Immun. 57 (2016), 116–124.
119. Yntema, D.B., Keeping track of several things at once. Hum. Factors 5 (1963), 7–17.
120. Zalcman, S., Green-Johnson, J.M., Murray, L., Nance, D.M., Dyck, D., Anisman, H., Greenberg, A.H., Cytokine-specific central monoamine alterations induced by interleukin-1, -2 and -6. Brain Res. 643:1–2 (1994), 40–49.
121. Zhang, X.Y., Tang, W., Xiu, M.H., Chen da, C., Yang, F.D., Tan, Y.L., Wang, Z.R., Zhang, F., Liu, J., Liu, L., Chen, Y., Wen, N., Kosten, T.R., Interleukin 18 and cognitive impairment in first episode and drug naive schizophrenia versus healthy controls. Brain Behav. Immun. 32 (2013), 105–111.
122. Zhang, X.Y., Tan, Y.L., Chen, D.C., Tan, S.P., Yang, F.D., Wu, H.E., Zunta-Soares, G.B., Huang, X.F., Kosten, T.R., Soares, J.C., Interaction of BDNF with cytokines in chronic schizophrenia. Brain Behav. Immun. 51 (2016), 169–175.