High-velocity frictional properties of Alpine Fault rocks: Mechanical data, microstructural analysis, and implications for rupture propagation

Journal of Structural Geology

Volumn 97, Issue , 2017, Pages 71-92

  Boulton, Carolyn ^a,b   Yao, Lu ^c   Faulkner, Daniel R ^b   Townend, John ^d   Toy, Virginia G ^e   Sutherland, Rupert ^d,f   Ma, Shengli ^c   Shimamoto, Toshihiko ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^c INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY   (China)

^d VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON   (New Zealand)

^e UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^f GNS SCIENCE   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Alpine fault; Fracture energy; High velocity friction; Microstructures; Rupture propagation; Shear bands

Indexed keywords

BEARINGS (MACHINE PARTS); CORE DRILLING; DATA FLOW ANALYSIS; FRACTURE ENERGY; FRICTION; INFILL DRILLING; MICROSTRUCTURE; SHEAR BANDS; SHEAR FLOW; VELOCITY;

ALPINE FAULTS; CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC PREFERRED ORIENTATIONS; FRICTION COEFFICIENTS; FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES; HIGH-VELOCITY FRICTIONS; MICRO-STRUCTURAL OBSERVATIONS; MICROSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS; RUPTURE PROPAGATION;

FAULT SLIPS;

FAULT; MICROSTRUCTURE; ROCK MECHANICS; RUPTURE; SHEAR BAND;

ALPINE FAULT ZONE; NEW ZEALAND; SOUTH ISLAND;

EID: 85014070983     PISSN: 01918141     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsg.2017.02.003     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Andrews, D., A fault constitutive relation accounting for thermal pressurization of pore fluid. J. Geophys. Res., 107(B12), 2002, 2363, 10.1029/2002JB001942.
2. Avouac, J.-P., From geodetic imaging of seismic and aseismic fault slip to dynamic modeling of the seismic cycle. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 43 (2015), 233–271, 10.1146/annurev-earth-060614-105302.
3. Barth, N.C., Toy, V.G., Langridge, R.M., Norris, R.J., Scale dependence of oblique plate-boundary partitioning: new insights from LiDAR, central Alpine fault, New Zealand. Lithosphere, 2012, 10.1130/L201.1 L201.
4. Barth, N.C., Boulton, C., Carpenter, B.M., Batt, G., Toy, V.G., Slip localization on the southern Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Tectonics 32 (2013), 1–21.
5. Beeler, N.M., Inferring earthquake source properties from laboratory observations and the scope of lab contributions to source physics. Abercrombie, R., McGarr, A., Kanamori, H., Di Toro, G., Earthquakes, (eds.) Radiated Energy and the Physics of Faulting, Geophysical Monograph, vol. 170, 2006, American Geophysical Union, 99–119.
6. Beeler, N.M., Tullis, T.E., Goldsby, D.L., Constitutive relationships and physical basis of fault strength due to flash heating. J. Geophys. Res., 113, 2008, B01401, 10.1029/2007JB004988.
7. Ben-Zion, Y., Collective behavior of earthquakes and faults: continuum-discrete transitions, progressive evolutionary changes, and different dynamic regimes. Rev. Geophy, 46, 2008, RG4006, 10.1029/2008RG000260.
8. Berryman, K.B., Cochran, U.A., Clark, K.J., Biasi, G.P., Langridge, R.M., Villamor, P., Major earthquakes occur regularly on an isolated plate boundary fault. Science 29:336 (2012), 1690–1693, 10.1126/science.1218959.
9. Bizarri, A., Cocco, M., A thermal pressurization model for the spontaneous dynamic rupture propagation on a three-dimensional fault: 1.Methodological approach. J. Geophys. Res., 111, 2006, B05303, 10.1029/2005JB003862.
10. Bizarri, A., Cocco, M., A thermal pressurization model for the spontaneous dynamic rupture propagation on a three-dimensional fault: 2. Traction evolution and dynamic parameters. J. Geophys. Res., 111, 2000, B05304, 10.1029/2005JB003864.
11. Borradaile, G.J., Particulate flow of rock and the formation of cleavage. Tectonophysics 72 (1981), 305–321.
12. Boullier, A.-M., Yeh, E.-C., Boutareaud, S., Song, S.-R., Tsai, C.-H., Microscale anatomy of the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake fault zone. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys, 10(3), 2009, Q03016, 10.1029/2008GC002252.
13. Boulton, C., Carpenter, B.M., Toy, V.G., Marone, C., Physical properties of surface outcrop cataclastic fault rocks, Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 13, 2012, Q01018, 10.1029/2011GC003872.
14. Boulton, C., Moore, D.E., Lockner, D.A., Toy, V.G., Townend, J., Sutherland, R., Frictional strength and stability of exhumed fault gouges in DFDP-1 cores, Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 2014, 10.1002/2013GL058236.
15. Boulton, C., Menzies, C.D., Toy, V.G., Townend, J., Sutherland, R., Geochemical and microstructural evidence for interseismic changes in fault zone permeability and strength, Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 18, 2017, 10.1002/2016GC006588.
16. Boutareaud, S., Calugaru, D.-G., Han, R., Fabbri, O., Mizoguchi, K., Tsutsumi, A., Shimamoto, T., Clay-clast aggregates: a new textural evidence for seismic fault sliding?. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, 2008, L05302, 10.1029/2007GL032554.
17. Boutareaud, S., Boullier, A.-M., Andreani, M., Calugaru, D.-G., Beck, P., Song, S.-R., Shimamoto, T., Clay-clast aggregates in gouges: a new textural evidence for seismic faulting. J. Geophys. Res., 115, 2010, B02408, 10.1029/2008JB006254.
18. Brantut, N., Schubnel, A., Rouzaud, J.-N., Brunet, F., Shimamoto, T., High velocity frictional properties of a clay-bearing fault gouge and implications for earthquake mechanics. J. Geophys. Res., 113, 2008, B10401, 10.1029/2007JB005551.
19. Brantut, N., Han, R., Shimamoto, T., Findling, N., Schubnel, A., Fast slip with inhibited temperature rise due to mineral dehydration: evidence from experiments on gypsum. Geology 39 (2011), 59–62, 10.1130/G31424.1.
20. Brodsky, E.E., Kanamori, H., Elastohydrodynamic lubrication of faults. J. Geophys. Res. 106:B8 (2001), 16357–16374, 10.1029/2001JB000430.
21. Bullock, R.J., De Paola, N., Holdsworth, R.E., An experimental investigation in the role of phyllosilicate content on earthquake propagation during seismic slip in carbonate faults. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 120 (2015), 3187–3207, 10.1002/2015JB011914.
22. Byerlee, J., Friction of rocks. Pure App. Geophys. 116 (1978), 615–626.
23. Carpenter, B.M., Kitajima, H., Saffer, D.M., Permeability and elastic properties of the active Alpine Fault, New Zealand: measurements on shallow drill core. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 390 (2014), 45–51, 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.12.023.
24. Chang, J., Lockner, D.A., Reches, Z., Rapid acceleration leads to rapid weakening in earthquake-like laboratory experiments. Science 338:6103 (2012), 101–105.
25. Chen, J., Yang, X., Duan, Q., Shimamoto, T., Spiers, C.J., Importance of thermochemical pressurization in the dynamic weakening of the Longmenshan Fault during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake: inferences from experiments and modeling. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 118 (2013), 1–25, 10.1002/jgrb.50260.
26. Chen, J., Niemeijer, A.R., Yao, L., Ma, S., Water vaporization promotes coseismic fluid pressurization and buffers temperature rise. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2017, 10.1002/2016GL071932.
27. Clement, C.P., Pancheco-Martinez, H.A., Swift, M.R., King, P.J., The water-enhanced Brazil nut effect. EPL, 91, 2010, 54001, 10.1029/0295-5075/91/54011.
28. Cocco, M., Tinti, E., Scale dependence in the dynamics of earthquake propagation: evidence from seismological and geological observations. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 273 (2008), 123–131, 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.025.
29. De Paola, N., Hirose, T., Mitchell, T., Di Toro, G., Viti, C., Shimamoto, T., Fault lubrication and earthquake propagation in thermally unstable rocks. Geology 39:1 (2011), 35–38, 10.1130/G31398.1.
30. Di Toro, G., Goldsby, D.L., Tullis, T.E., Friction falls towards zero in quartz rock as slip velocity approaches seismic rates. Nature 427 (2004), 436–439.
31. Di Toro, G., Han, R., Hirose, T., De Paola, N., Nielsen, S., Mizoguchi, K., Ferri, F., Cocco, M., Shimamoto, T., Fault lubrication during earthquakes. Nature 471 (2011), 494–499, 10.1038/nature09838.
32. Faulkner, D.R., Mitchell, T.M., Behnsen, J., Hirose, T., Shimamoto, T., Stuck in the mud? Earthquake nucleation and propagation through accretionary forearcs. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, 2011, 10.1039/2011GL048552.
33. Ferri, F., Di Toro, G., Hirose, T., Han, R., Noda, H., Low- to high velocity frictional properties of the clay-rich gouges from the slipping zone of the 1963 Vaiont slide, northern Italy. J. Geophys. Res., 116, 2011, B09208, 10.1029/2011JB008338.
34. French, M.E., Kitajima, H., Chester, J.S., Chester, F.M., Hirose, T., Displacement and dynamic weakening processes in smectite-rich gouge from the central deforming zone of the san andreas fault. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 119, 2014, 10.1002/2013JB010757.
35. French, M.E., Chester, F.M., Chester, J.S., Micromechanisms of creep in clay-rich gouge from the Central Deforming Zone of the San Andreas Fault. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 120, 2015, 10.1002/2014JB011496.
36. Fulton, P.M., Rathbun, A.P., Experimental constraints on energy partitioning during stick-slip and stable sliding within analog fault gouge. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 308 (2011), 185–192, 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.05.051.
37. Garagash, D.I., Seismic and aseismic slip pulses driven by thermal pressurization of pore fluid. J. Geophys. Res., 117, 2012, B04314, 10.1029/2011JB008889 37pp.
38. Garagash, D.I., Rudnicki, J., Shear heating of a fluid-saturated slip-weakening dilatant fault zone 1. Limiting regimes. J. Geophys. Res., 10, 2003, 10.1029/2001JB001653.
39. Garagash, D.I., Germanovitch, L.N., Nucleation and arrest of dynamic slip on a pressurized fault. J. Geophys. Res., 117, 2012, B10310, 10.1029/2012JB009209.
40. Goldsby, D.L., Tullis, T.E., Low frictional strength of quartz rocks at subseismic slip rates. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(17), 2002, 1844, 10.1029/2002GL015240.
41. Goldsby, D.L., Tullis, T.E., Flash heating leads to low frictional strength of crustal rocks at earthquake slip rates. Science 334 (2011), 216–218.
42. Goodwin, L.B., Tikoff, B., Competency contrast, kinematics, and the development of foliations and lineations in the crust. J. Struct. Geol. 24 (2002), 1065–1085.
43. Hadizedah, J., Tullis, T.E., White, J.C., Konkachbaev, A.I., Shear localization, velocity weakening behavior, and development of cataclastic foliation in experimental granite gouge. J. Struct. Geol. 71 (2015), 86–99, 10.1016/j.jsg.2014.10.013.
44. Haines, S.H., van der Pluijm, B.A., Ikari, M.J., Saffer, D.M., Marone, C., Clay fabric intensity in natural and artificial fault gouges: implications for brittle fault zone process and sedimentary basin clay fabric evolution. J. Geophys. Res., 114, 2009, B05406, 10.1029/2008JB005866.
45. Han, R., Hirose, T., Clay-clast aggregates in fault gouge: an unequivocal indicator of seismic faulting at shallow depths?. J. Struct. Geol. 43 (2012), 92–99, 10.1016/j.jsg.2012.07.008.
46. Han, R., Hirose, T., Shimamoto, T., Strong velocity weakening and powder lubrication of simulated carbonate faults at seismic slip rates. J. Geophys. Res., 115, 2010, B03412, 10.1029/2008JB006136.
47. Han, R., Hirose, T., Shimamoto, T., Lee, Y., Ando, J., Granular nanoparticles lubricate faults during seismic slip. Geology 39:6 (2011), 599–602.
48. Harwood, C.F., Powder segregation due to vibration. Powder Technol. 16 (1977), 51–57, 10.1016/0032-5910(77)85020-1.
49. Hillers, G., Ben-Zion, Y., Mai, P., Seismicity on a fault controlled by rate and state-dependent friction with spatial variations of the critical slip distance. J. Geophys. Res., 111, 2006, B01403, 10.1029/2005JB003859.
50. Hirono, T., Tanikawa, W., Honda, G., Kameda, J., Fukuda, J., Ishikawa, T., Importance of mechanochemical effects on fault slip behavior during earthquakes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40 (2013), 2988–2992, 10.1002/grl.50609.
51. Hirose, T., Shimamoto, T., Growth of molten zone as a mechanism of slip weakening of simulated faults in gabbro during frictional melting. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 110, 2005, B05202, 10.1029/2004JB003207.
52. Ikari, M.J., Saffer, D.M., Marone, C., Frictional and hydrologic properties of clay-rich fault gouge. J. Geophys. Res., 114, 2009, B05409, 10.1029/2008JB006089.
53. Ikari, M.J., Carpenter, B.M., Kopf, A.J., Marone, C., Frictional strength, rate-dependence, and healing in DFDP-1 borehole samples from the Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Tectonophysics 630 (2014), 1–8.
54. Kitajima, H., Chester, J.S., Chester, F.M., Shimamoto, T., High-speed friction of disaggregated ultracataclasite in rotary shear: characterization of frictional heating, mechanical behavior, and microstructure evolution. J. Geophys. Res., 115, 2010, 10.1029/2009JB007038.
55. Koster van Groos, A.F., Guggenheim, S., The effect of pressure on the dehydration reaction of interlayer water in Na-montmorillonite (SWy-1). Am. Mineral. 69:9–10 (1984), 872–879.
56. Kozdon, J., Dunham, E., Rupture to the trench: dynamic rupture simulations of the 11 March 2011 Tohoku Earthquake. Bull. Seis. Soc. Am. 103:2B (2013), 1275–1289.
57. Lachenbruch, A.H., Frictional heating, fluid pressure, and the resistance to fault motion. J. Geophys. Res. 85:B11 (1980), 6097–6112.
58. Lide, D., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 89th Edition, 2008, CRC Press ISBN 142006679X.
59. Little, T.A., Cox, S., Vry, J.K., Batt, G., Variations in exhumation level and uplift rate along the oblique-slip Alpine fault, central Southern Alps, New Zealand. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 117:5/6 (2005), 707–723.
60. Ma, S., Shimamoto, T., Yao, L., Togo, T., Kitajima, H., A rotary-shear low to high-velocity friction apparatus in Beijing to study rock friction at plate to seismic slip rates. Earthq. Sci. 27:5 (2014), 469–497, 10.1007/s11589-014-0097-5.
61. Marone, C., Laboratory-derived friction laws and their application to seismic faulting. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 26 (1998), 643–696.
62. Mizoguchi, K., High-velocity Frictional Behavior of Nojima Fault Gouge and its Implications for Seismogenic Fault Motion. Ph.D. thesis, 2005, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
63. Mizoguchi, K., Hirose, T., Shimamoto, T., Fukuyama, E., Reconstruction of seismic faulting by high-velocity friction experiments: an example of the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, 2007, L01308, 10.1029/2006GL027931.
64. Mizoguchi, K., Hirose, T., Shimamoto, T., Fukuyama, E., High-velocity frictional behavior and microstructure evolution of fault gouge obtained from Nojima fault, southwest Japan. Tectonophysics 471 (2009), 285–296, 10.1016/j.tecto.2009.02.033.
65. Monzawa, N., Otsuki, K., Comminution and fluidization of granular fault materials: implications for fault slip behavior. Tectonophysics 367:1–2 (2003), 127–143.
66. Niemeijer, A., Di Toro, G., Griffith, W.A., Bistachhi, A., Smith, S.A.F., Nielsen, S., Inferring earthquake physics and chemistry using an integrated field and laboratory approach. J. Struct. Geol., 2012, 10.1016/j.jsg.2012.02.018.
67. Niemeijer, A.R., Boulton, C., Toy, V.G., Townend, J., Sutherland, R., Large-displacement, hydrothermal frictional properties of DFDP-1 fault rocks, Alpine Fault, New Zealand: implications for deep rupture propagation. J. Geophys. Res., 121, 2016, 10.1002/2015JB012593.
68. Nielsen, S., Di Toro, G., Hirose, T., Shimamoto, T., Frictional melt and seismic slip. J. Geophys. Res., 113, 2008, B01308, 10.1029/2007JB005122.
69. Nielsen, S.B., Spagnuolo, E., Violay, M., Di Toro, G., Friction at seismic slip rates: Testing thermal weakening models experimentally. Abstract MR42A-07 presented at 2013 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, California, 9–13 December, 2013.
70. Noda, H., Shimamoto, T., Constitutive properties of clayey fault gouge from the Hanaore fault zone, southwest Japan. J. Geophys. Res., 114, 2009, B04409, 10.1029/2008JB005683.
71. Noda, H., Lapusta, N., Stable creeping fault segments can become destructive as a result of dynamic weakening. Nature, 2013, 10.1038/nature11703.
72. Noda, H., Dunham, E.M., Rice, J.R., Earthquake ruptures with thermal weakening and the operation of major faults at low overall stress levels. J. Geophys. Res., 114, 2009, B07302, 10.1029/2008JB006143.
73. Norris, R.J., Cooper, A.F., The Alpine Fault, New Zealand: surface geology and field relationships. Okaya, D., Stern, T., Davey, F., (eds.) A Continental Plate Boundary: Tectonics at South Island, New Zealand Geophys. Monogr. Ser, vol. 175, 2007, AGU, Washington, D.C, 159–178.
74. Oohashi, K., et al. Graphite as a lubricating agent in fault zones: an insight from low- to high-velocity friction experiments on a mixed graphite-quartz gouge. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 118 (2015), 2067–2084, 10.1002/jgrb.50175.
75. Passelègue, F.X., Goldsby, D.L., Fabbri, O., The influence of ambient fault temperature on flash-heating phenomena. Geophys. Res. Lett. 41 (2014), 828–835, 10.1002/2013GL058374.
76. Perfettini, H., Ampuero, J.-P., Dynamics of a velocity strengthening region: implications for slow earthquakes and postseismic slip. J. Geophys. Res., 113(B9), 2008, B09317, 10.1029/2007JB005553.
77. Platt, J.D., Viesca, R.C., Garagash, D.I., Steadily propagating slip pulses driven by thermal decomposition. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 120 (2015), 6558–6591, 10.1002/2015JB012200.
78. Platt, J.D., Proctor, B.P., Mitchell, T.M., Hirth, G., Goldsby, D.L., Di Toro, G., Beeler, N.M., Tullis, T.E., The role of gouge and temperature in flash heating and its hysteresis. Abstract S11C-4360 presented at 2014 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, California, 15–19 December, 2014.
79. Proctor, B.P., Mitchell, T.M., Hirth, G., Goldsby, D., Zorzi, F., Platt, J.D., Di Toro, G., Dynamic weakening of serpentinite gouges and bare surfaces at seismic slip rates. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 119, 2014, 10.1002/2014JB011057.
80. Pytte, A.M., Reynolds, R.C., The Thermal Transformation of Smectite to Illite. 1989, Springer, New York.
81. Reches, Z., Lockner, D.A., Fault weakening and earthquake instability by powder lubrication. Nature 467 (2010), 452–456, 10.1038/nature09348.
82. Remitti, F., Smith, S.A.F., Mittempergher, S., Gualtieri, A.F., Di Toro, G., Frictional properties of fault zone gouges from the J-Fast drilling project (Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake). Geophys. Res. Lett. 42 (2015), 2691–2699, 10.1002/2015GL063507.
83. Rempe, M., Smith, S.A.F., Ferri, F., Mitchell, T.M., Di Toro, G., Clast-cortex aggregates in experimental and natural calcite-bearing fault zones. J. Struct. Geol. 68 (2014), 142–157.
84. Rice, J.R., Heating and weakening of faults during earthquake slip. J. Geophys. Res., 111(B5), 2006, B05311, 10.1029/2005JB004006.
85. Rice, J.R., Cocco, M., Seismic fault rheology and earthquake dynamics. Handy, M.R., Hirth, G., Hovius, N., (eds.) Tectonic Faults: Agents of Change on a Dynamic Earth, 2007, The MIT Press, Cambridge, USA.
86. Rowe, C.D., Griffith, W.A., Do faults preserve a record of seismic slip: a second opinion. J. Struct. Geol. 78 (2015), 1–26.
87. Samuelson, J., Elsworth, D., Marone, C., Shear-induced dilatancy of fluid-saturated faults: experiment and theory. J. Geophys. Res., 114, 2009, B12404, 10.1029/2008JB006273.
88. Sawai, M., Shimamoto, T., Togo, T., Reduction in BET surface area of Nojima fault gouge with seismic slip and its implication for the fracture energy of earthquakes. J. Struct. Geol. 38 (2012), 117–138.
89. Schleicher, A.M., Sutherland, R., Townend, J., Toy, V.G., van der Pluijm, B.A., Clay mineral formation and fabric development in the DFDP-1B borehole, central Alpine Fault, New Zealand. N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys. 58:1 (2015), 13–21.
90. Schmitt, V.S., Segall, P., Matsuzawa, T., Shear heating-induced thermal pressurization during earthquake nucleation. J. Geophys. Res., 116, 2011, B06308, 10.1029/2010JB008035.
91. Scholz, C.H., Earthquakes and friction laws. Nature 391 (1998), 37–42.
92. Scholz, C.H., The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting. second ed., 2002, Cambridge Press, 471.
93. Segall, P., Rice, J.R., Dilatancy, compaction, and slip instability of a fluid-infiltrated fault. J. Geophys. Res. 100 (1995), 22155–22171, 10.1029/95JB02403.
94. Segall, P., Rubin, A., Bradley, A., Rice, J.R., Dilatant strengthening as a mechanism for slow slip events. J. Geophys. Res., 115, 2010, B12305, 10.1029/2010JB007449.
95. Shimamoto, T., Logan, J., Effects of simulated clay gouges on the sliding behavior of Tennessee sandstone. Tectonophysics 75 (1981), 243–255.
96. Shimamoto, T., Tsutsumi, A., A new rotary-shear high-speed frictional testing machine: its basic design and scope of research (in Japanese with English abstract). J. Tecton. Res. Group Jpn. 39 (1994), 65–78.
97. Shimamoto, T., Togo, T., Earthquakes in the lab. Science 338 (2012), 54–55.
98. Sibson, R.H., Interactions between temperature and pore-fluid pressure during earthquake faulting and a mechanism for partial or total stress relief. Nature 243 (1973), 66–68.
99. Sibson, R.H., Fault rocks and fault mechanisms. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 133 (1977), 191–213.
100. Sibson, R.H., Toy, V.G., The habitat of fault-generated pseudotachylyte: presence vs. absence of friction melt. Abercrombie, R., McGarr, A., Kanamori, H., Di Toro, G., Earthquakes, (eds.) Radiated Energy and the Physics of Faulting Geophysical Monograph, vol. 170, 2006, American Geophysical Union, 153–166.
101. Sone, H., Shimamoto, T., Frictional resistance of faults during accelerating and decelerating earthquake slip. Nat. Geosci. 2 (2009), 705–708, 10.1038/NGEO637.
102. Sulem, J., Lazar, P., Vardoulakis, I., Thermo-poro-mechanical properties of clayey gouge and application to rapid fault shearing. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Met. 31 (2007), 523–540.
103. Sutherland, R., Davey, F., Beavan, J.P., Plate boundary deformation in South Island, New Zealand, is related to inherited lithopheric structure. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 177 (2000), 141–151.
104. Sutherland, R., et al. Do great earthquakes occur on the Alpine fault in central South Island, New Zealand?. Okaya, D., et al. (eds.) A Continental Plate Boundary: Tectonics at South Island, New Zealand Geophysical Monograph, vol. 175, 2007, American Geophysical Union, 235–251.
105. Sutherland, R., et al. Drilling reveals fluid control on architecture and rupture of the Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Geology 40 (2012), 1143–1146, 10.1130/G33614.1.
106. Tanikawa, W., Shimamoto, T., Frictional and transport properties of the Chelungpu fault from shallow borehole data and their correlation with seismic behavior during the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake. J. Geophys. Res., 114, 2009, B01402, 10.1029/2008JB005750.
107. Tanikawa, W., Mukoyoshi, H., Tadai, O., Hirose, T., Tsutsumi, A., Lin, W., Velocity dependence of shear-induced permeability associated with frictional behavior in fault zones of the Nankai subduction zone. J. Geophys. Res., 117, 2012, B05405, 10.1029/2011JB008956.
108. Tembe, S., Lockner, D.A., Wong, T.F., Effect of clay content and mineraology on frictional sliding behavior of simulated gouges: binary and ternary mixtures of quartz, illite, and montmorillonite. J. Geophys. Res., 115, 2010, B03416, 10.1029/2009JB006383.
109. Togo, T., Shimamoto, T., Ma, S., Hirose, T., High-velocity frictional behavior of Longmenshan fault gouge from Hongkou outcrop and its implications for dynamic weakening of fault during 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Earthq. Sci. 24 (2011), 267–281.
110. Townend, J., Sutherland, R., Toy, V.G., Eccles, J.D., Boulton, C.J., Cox, S.C., McNamara, D., Late-interseismic state of a continental plate-bounding fault: petrophysical results from DFDP-1 wireline and core analysis, Alpine fault, New Zealand. Geochem., Geophys., Geosyst., 14, 2013, 10.1002/ggge/20236.
111. Toy, V.G., Mitchell, T.M., Photograph of the month. J. Struct. Geol., 64(1), 2014, iii, 10.1016/SO191-8141(14)00094-7.
112. Toy, V.G., Craw, D., Cooper, A.F., Norris, R.J., Thermal regime in the central Alpine Fault zone, New Zealand: constraints from microstructures, biotite chemistry and fluid inclusion data. Tectonophysics, 2010, 10.1016/j.tecto.2009.12.013.
113. Toy, V.G., Ritchie, S., Sibson, R.H., Diverse habitats of pseudotachylytes in the Alpine fault zone and relationships to current seismicity. Fagereng, Ǻ., Toy, V.G., Rowland, J.V., (eds.) Geology of the Earthquake Source: a Volume in Honour of Rick Sibson Geol. Soc. London Special Pub, vol. 359, 2011, 115–133.
114. Toy, V.G., Boulton, C.J., Sutherland, R., Townend, J., Norris, R.J., Little, T.A., Prior, D.J., Mariani, E., Faulkner, D.R., Menzies, C.D., Scott, H., Carpenter, B.M., Fault rock lithologies and architecture of the central Alpine fault, New Zealand, revealed by DFDP-1 drilling. Lithosphere, 2015, 10.1130/L395.1.
115. Toy, V.G., Mitchell, T.M., Druiventak, A., Wirth, R., Crystallographic preferred orientations may develop in nanocrystalline materials on fault planes due to surface energy interactions. Geochem, Geophys, Geosyst, 16, 2015, 10.1002/2015GC005857.
116. Tsutsumi, A., Shimamoto, T., High-velocity frictional properties of gabbro. Geophy. Res. Lett. 24:6 (1997), 699–702.
117. Ujiie, K., Tsutsumi, A., High-velocity frictional properties of clay-rich fault gouge in a megasplay fault zone, Nakai subduction zone. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, 2010, L24310, 10.1029/2010GL046002.
118. Ujiie, K., Tsutsumi, A., Kameda, J., Reproduction of thermal pressurization and fluidization of clay-rich fault gouges by high-velocity friction experiments and implications for seismic slip in natural faults. Fagereng, Ǻ., Toy, V.G., Rowland, J.V., (eds.) Geology of the Earthquake Source: a Volume in Honour of Rick Sibson Geol. Soc. London Special Pub, vol. 359, 2011, 267–285.
119. Ujiie, K., et al. Low coseismic shear stress on the Tohoku-Oki Megathrust determined from laboratory experiments. Science 342:6163 (2013), 1211–1214, 10.1126/science.1243485.
120. Violay, M., Di Toro, G., Nielsen, S., Spagnuolo, E., Burg, J.P., Thermo-mechanical pressurization of experimental faults in cohesive rocks during seismic slip. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 429 (2015), 1–10.
121. Warr, L.N., Cox, S., Clay mineral transformations and weakening mechanisms along the Alpine Fault, New Zealand. Holdsworth, R.E., Strachan, R.A., Magloughlin, J.F., Knipe, R.J., (eds.) The Nature and Tectonic Significance of Fault Zone Weakening Geol. Soc. London Spec. Pub, vol. 186, 2001, 85–101.
122. Warr, L.N., van der Pluijm, B.A., Crystal fractionation in the frictional melts of seismic faults (Alpine Fault, New Zealand). Tectonophysics 402 (2005), 111–124.
123. Wellman, H.W., Data for the study of recent and late pleistocene faulting in the south Island of New Zealand. N. Z. J. Sci. Tech. 34B (1953), 270–288.
124. Wells, A., Goff, J., Coastal dunes in Westland, New Zealand, provide a record of paleoseismic activity on the Alpine fault. Geology 35:8 (2007), 731–734.
125. Wibberley, C.A.J., Shimamoto, T., Earthquake slip weakening and asperities explained by thermal pressurization. Nature 436 (2005), 689–692, 10.1038/nature03901.
126. Wibberley, C.A.J., Yielding, G., Di Toro, G., Recent advances in the understanding of fault zone internal structure: a review. Wibberley, C.A.J., Kurz, W., Imber, J., Holdsworth, R.E., Collettini, C., (eds.) The Internal Structure of Fault Zones: Implications for Mechanical and Fluid-flow Properties Geol. Soc. London Spec. Pub, vol. 299, 2008, 5–33.
127. Williams, J.C., The segregation of particulate materials. A review. Powder Technol. 15 (1976), 245–251, 10.1016/0032-5910(76)80053-8.
128. Yao, L., Shimamoto, T., Togo, T., Ma, S., Structures and high-velocity friction properties of the Pingxi fault zone in the Longmenshan fault system, Sichian, China, activation during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Tectonophysics 599 (2013), 135–156, 10.1016/j.tecto.2013.04.011.
129. Yao, L., Shimamoto, T., Ma, S., Han, R., Mizoguchi, K., Rapid postseismic strength recovery of Pingxi fault gouge from the Longmenshan fault system: experiments and implications for the mechanisms of high-velocity weakening of faults. J. Geophys. Res. 118 (2013), 4547–4563, 10.1002/jgrb.50308.
130. Yao, L., Ma, S., Platt, J.D., Neimeijer, A.R., Shimamoto, T., The crucial role of temperature in high-velocity weakening of faults: experiments on gouge using host blocks with different thermal conductivities. Geology 44:1 (2016), 63–66.