Shear localization, velocity weakening behavior, and development of cataclastic foliation in experimental granite gouge

Journal of Structural Geology

Volumn 71, Issue , 2015, Pages 86-99

  Hadizadeh, Jafar ^a   Tullis, Terry E ^b   White, Joseph C ^c   Konkachbaev, Anoaur I ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE   (United States)

^b BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cataclastic foliation; Experimental gouge; Shear localization; Velocity weakening

Indexed keywords

FRICTION; GRADING; GRANITE; IMAGE PROCESSING; MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION; PARTICLE SIZE; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; VELOCITY;

ASYMMETRIC PARTICLES; CATACLASTIC FOLIATION; ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY; EXPERIMENTAL GOUGE; MICROSTRUCTURAL ASPECTS; SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SHEAR LOCALIZATIONS; VELOCITY-WEAKENING;

SHEAR FLOW;

CATACLASITE; DEFORMATION MECHANISM; EFFECTIVE STRESS; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; FAULT ZONE; FOLIATION; GRANITE; MICROSTRUCTURE; PARTICLE SIZE;

EID: 84923013122     PISSN: 01918141     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsg.2014.10.013     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Anders M.H., Wiltschko D.V. Microfracturing, paleostress and the growth of faults. J.Struct. Geol. 1994, 16:795-815.
2. Anselmatti F.S., Luthi S., Eberli G.P. Quantitative characterization of carbonate pore systems by digital image analysis. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 1998, 82:1815-1836.
3. Antonellini M.L., Aydin A., Pollard D.D. Microstructure of deformation bands in porous sandstones at Arches National Park, Utah. J.Struct. Geol. 1994, 16:941-959.
4. Anthony J.L., Marone C. Influence of particle characteristics on granular friction. J.Geophys. Res. 2005, 110:B08409.
5. Beeler N.M. Review of the physical basis of laboratory-derived relations for brittle failure and their implications for earthquake occurrence and earthquake nucleation. Pure Appl. Geophys. 2004, 161:1853-1876.
6. Beeler N.M., Tullis T.E. The role of time and displacement in velocity-dependent volumetric strain of fault zones. J.Geophys. Res. 1997, 102:22595-22610.
7. Beeler N.M., Tullis T.E., Weeks J.D. Frictional behavior of large displacement experimental faults. J.Geophys. Res. 1996, 101:8697-8715.
8. Ben-Zion Y., Sammis C.G. Characterization of fault zones. Pure Appl. Geophys. 2003, 160:677-715.
9. Biegel R.L., Sammis C.G. The frictional properties of simulated gouge having a fractal particle distribution. J.Struct. Geol. 1989, 11:827-846.
10. Blenkinsop T.G. Cataclasis and the processes of particle size reduction. Pure Appl. Geophys. 1991, 136:59-86.
11. Besuelle P. Evolution of strain localization with stress in sandstone: brittle and semi-brittle regimes. Phys. Chem. Earth (A) 2001, 26:101-106.
12. Boullier A.-M., Fujimotob K., Ohtanib T., Roman-Rossa G., Lewinc E., Itob H., Pezardd P., Ildefonsed B. Textural evidence for recent co-seismic circulation of fluids in the Nojima fault zone, Awaji Island, Japan. Tectonophysics 2004, 378:165-181.
13. Brock W.G., Engelder T. Deformation associated with the movement of the Muddy Mountain overthrust in the Buffington windows, S. Nevada. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 1977, 88:1667-1677.
14. Carpenter B.M., Marone C., Saffer D.M. Weakness of the San Andreas Fault revealed by samples from the active fault zones. Nat. Geosci. 2011, 1-4. 10.1038/NGEO1089.
15. Chester F.M., Chester J.S. Ultracataclasite structure and friction processes of the Punchbowl fault, San Andreas system, California. Tectonophysics 1998, 295:199-221.
16. Chester F.M., Evans J.P., Biegel R.L. Internal structure and weakening mechanisms of the San Andreas fault. J.Geophys. Res. 1993, 98:771-786.
17. Chester F.M., Logan J.M. Composite planar fabric of gouge from the Punchbowl Fault, California. J.Struct. Geol. 1987, 9:621-634.
18. Chester F.M., Logan J.M. Implications for mechanical properties of brittle faults from observations of the Punchbowl fault zone, California. Pure Appl. Geophys. 1986, 124:79-106.
19. Chester F.M., Friedman M., Logan J.M. Foliated cataclasites. Tectonophysics 1985, 111:139-146.
20. Cladouhos T.T. Shape preferred orientations of survivor grains in fault gouge. J.Struct. Geol. 1999, 21:419-436.
21. Collettini C., Niemeijer A., Viti C., Marone C. Fault zone fabric and fault weakness. Nature 2009, 462:907-910.
22. Evans B., Shipton Z.K., Pachell M.A., Lim S.J., Robeson K. The structure and composition of exhumed faults, and their implications for seismic processes. Proceedings of Third Conference on Tectonic Problems of the San Andreas Fault System. School of Earth Sciences, Stanford University 2000, 68-71.
23. Faulkner D.R., Lewis A.C., Rutter E.H. On the internal structure and mechanics of large strike-slip fault zones: field observations of the Carboneras fault in southeastern Spain. Tectonophysics 2003, 367:235-251.
24. Falconer K.J. Fractal Geometry: Mathematical Formulations and Applications 1985, Cambridge University Press.
25. Gu Y., Wong T.-F. Development of shear localization in simulated quartz gouge: effect of cumulative slip and gouge particle size. Pure Appl. Geophys. 1994, 143:387-423.
26. Guo Y., Morgan J.K. The frictional and micromechanical effects of grain comminution in fault gouge from distinct element simulations. J.Geophys. Res. 2006, 111:B12406.
27. Hadizadeh J. Interaction of cataclasis and pressure solution in a low-temperature carbonate shear zone. Pure Appl. Geophys. 1994, 143:255-280.
28. Hadizadeh J., Sehhati R., Tullis T. Porosity and particle shape changes leading to shear localization in small-displacement faults. J.Struct. Geol. 2010, 32:712-720.
29. Hadizadeh J., Mittempergher S., Gratier J.-P., Renard F., Di Toro G., Richard J., Babaie H.A. Amicrostructural study of fault rocks from the SAFOD: Implications for the deformation mechanisms and strength of the creeping segment of the San Andreas Fault. J.Struct. Geol. 2012, 42:246-260.
30. Hermundstad A.M., Daub E.G., Carlson J.M. Energetics of strain localization in a model of seismic slip. J.Geophys. Res. 2010, 115:B06320.
31. Holdsworth R.E., van Diggelen E.W., Spiers C.J., de Bresser H., Walker R.J., Bowen L. Fault rocks from the SAFOD core samples: implications for weakening at shallow depths along the San Andreas Fault. California. J.Struct. Geol. 2011, 33:132-144.
32. House W.M., Gray D.R. Cataclasites along the Saltville thrust, USA and implications for thrust sheet emplacement. J.Struct. Geol. 1982, 4:257-268.
33. Johansen T., Fossen H., Kluge R. The impact of syn-faulting porosity reduction on damage zone architecture in porous sandstone: an outcrop example from the Moab Fault, Utah. J.Struct. Geol. 2005, 27:1469-1485.
34. Karner S.L., Marone C. Frictional restrengthening in simulated fault gouge: effect of load perturbation. J.Geophys. Res. 2001, 106:19319-19337.
35. Karner S.L., Marone C., Evans B. Laboratory study of fault healing and lithification in simulated fault gouge under hydrothermal conditions. Tectonophysics 1997, 277:41-55.
36. Keulen N., Heilbronner R., Stünitz H., Boullier A.-M., Ito H. Grain size distributions of fault rocks: a comparison between experimentally and naturally deformed granitoids. J.Struct. Geol. 2007, 29:1282-1300.
37. Liao J.F., Senna M. Enhanced dehydration and amorphization of Mg(OH)2 in the presence of ultrafine sio2 under mechanochemical conditions. Thermochim. Acta 1992, 210:89-102.
38. Lin A. S-C fabric developed in cataclastic rocks from Nojima fault zone, Japan and their implications for tectonic history. J.Struct. Geol. 2001, 23:1167-1178.
39. Lockner D.A., Morrow C., Moore D., Hickman S. Low strength of deep San Andreas Fault gouge from SAFOD core. Nature 2011, 472:82-85.
40. Logan J.M., Dengo C.A., Higgs N.G., Wang Z.Z. Fabrics of experimental fault zones: their development and relationship to mechanical behavior. Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties of Rocks 1992, 33-66. Academic Press Ltd.
41. Logan J.M., Rauenzahn K.A. Frictional dependence of gouge mixtures of quartz and montmorillonite on velocity, composition and fabric. Tectonophysics 1987, 144:87-108.
42. Logan J.M., Friedman M., Higgs N.G., Dengo C., Shimamoto T. Experimental studies of simulated gouge and their application to studies of natural faults. USGS Open File Reports 79-1239 1979, 305-343.
43. Mandl G., De Jong L.N.J., Maltha A. Shear zones in granular materials. Rock Mech. 1977, 9:95-144.
44. Mair K., Abe S. Breaking up: comminution mechanisms in sheared simulated fault gouge. Pure Appl. Geophys. 2011, 168:2277-2288.
45. Mair K., Abe S. 3D numerical simulations of fault gouge evolution during shear: grain size reduction and strain localization. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008, 274:72-81.
46. Mair K., Main I., Elphick S. Sequential growth of deformation bands in the laboratory. J.Struct. Geol. 2000, 22:25-42.
47. Mair K., Marone C. Friction of simulated fault gouge for a wide range of velocities and normal stresses. J.Geophys. Res. 1999, 104:28899-28914.
48. Makedonska N., Sparks D.W., Aharonov E., Goren L. Friction versus dilation revisited: insights from theoretical and numerical models. J.Geophys. Res. 2011, 116:B09302.
49. Marone C., Kilgore B. Scaling of the critical slip distance for seismic faulting with shear strain in fault zone. Nature 1993, 362:618-621.
50. Marone C., Raleigh C.B., Scholz C.H. Frictional behavior and constitutive modeling of simulated fault gouge. J.Geophys. Res. 1990, 95:7007-7026.
51. Marone C., Scholz C.H. Particle-size distribution and microstructures within simulated fault gouge. J.Struct. Geol. 1989, 11:799-814.
52. Mead W.J. The geological role of dilatancy. J.Geol. 1925, 33:685-698.
53. Milosevic S., Tomaseviccanovic M., Dimitrijevic R., Petrov M., Djurcic M., Zivanovic B. Amorphization of aluminosilicate minerals during micronization process. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 1992, 71:771-775.
54. Rathbun A.P., Marone C. Effect of strain localization on frictional behavior of sheared granular materials. J.Geophys. Res. 2010, 115:B01204.
55. Rogers J.J.W., Head W.B. Relationship between porosity, median size, and the sorting coefficients of synthetic sands. J.Sediment. Petrol. 1961, 31:467-470.
56. Sammis C.G., Biegel R.L. Fractals, fault-gouge, and friction. Pure Appl. Geophys. 1989, 131:255-271.
57. Sammis C.G., King G., Biegel R. The kinematics of gouge deformation. Pure Appl. Geophys. 1987, 125:777-812.
58. Schulz S.E., Evans J.P. Mesoscopic structure of the Punchbowl Fault, Southern California and the geologic and geophysical structure of active strike-slip faults. J.Struct. Geol. 2000, 22:913-930.
59. Schulz S.E., Evans J.P. Spatial variability in microscopic deformation and composition of the Punchbowl fault, southern California: implications for mechanisms, fluid-rock interaction, and fault morphology. Tectonophysics 1998, 295:223-244.
60. Scruggs V.J., Tullis T.E. Correlation between velocity dependence of friction and strain localization in large displacement experiments on feldspar, muscovite and biotite gouge. Tectonophysics 1998, 295:15-40.
61. Shipton Z.K., Cowie P.A. Damage zone and slip-surface evolution over micron to km scales in high-porosity Navajo sandstone, Utah. J.Struct. Geol. 2001, 23:1825-1844.
62. Solum J.G., van der Pluijm B.A., Peacor D.R. Influence of phyllosilicate mineral assemblages, fabrics, and fluids on the behavior of the Punchbowl fault, southern California. J.Geophys. Res. 2003, 108. ETG5 1-12.
63. Solymar M., Fabricius I.L. Image analysis and estimation of porosity and permeability of Arnager Greensand, Upper Cretaceous, Denmark. Phys. Chem. Earth (A) 1999, 24:587-591.
64. Swanson M.T. Geometry and kinematics of adhesive wear in brittle strike-slip fault zones. J.Struct. Geol. 2005, 27:871-887.
65. Talukadar M.S., Torsaeter O., Ioannidis M.A., Howard J.J. Stochastic reconstruction of chalk from two-dimensional images. Transp. Porous Media 2002, 48:101-123.
66. Tanaka H., Fujimoto K., Ohtani T., Ito H. Structural and chemical characterization of shear zones in the freshly activated Nojima fault, Awaji Island, southwest Japan. J.Geophys. Res. 2001, 106:8789-8810.
67. Tembe S., Lockner D.A., Solum J.G., Morrow C.A., Wong Teng-fong, Moore D.E. Frictional strength of cuttings and core from SAFOD drill hole phases 1and 2. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L23307.
68. Tenthorey E., Cox S.F., Todd H.F. Evolution of strength recovery and permeability during fluid-rock reaction in experimental fault zones. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2003, 206:161-171.
69. Tkacova K., Heegn H., Stevulova N. Energy-transfer and conversion during comminution and mechanical activation. Int. J. Miner. Process. 1993, 40(1-2):17-31.
70. Tullis T.E. Friction measurement apparatus. Instruments of Science: an Historical Encyclopedia 1997, Garland, New York. R.F. Bud, D.J. Warner (Eds.).
71. Tullis T.E., Weeks J.D. Constitutive behavior and stability of frictional sliding of granite. Pure Appl. Geophys. 1986, 124:384-414.
72. Turcotte D.L. Fractals and fragmentation. J.Geophys. Res. 1986, 91:1921-1926.
73. Wang W., Scholz C.H. Micromechanics of velocity and normal stress dependence of rock friction. Pure Appl. Geophys. 1994, 143:303-316.
74. White J.C., Hadizadeh J., Tullis T.E., Goldsby D.L. Mechanical amorphization during experimental shearing of synthetic granite gouge. Geophys. Res. Abstr. 2009, 11:EGU2009-EGU8996.
75. White J.C., Hadizadeh J., Kennedy L.A. Structured amorphization in gouge - seismic or aseismic slip?. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. 2013, 45:520.
76. Wibberley C.A.J., Shimamoto T. Internal structure and permeability of major strike-slip fault zones: the Median Tectonic Line in Mie Prefecture, Southwest Japan. J.Struct. Geol. 2002, 25:59-78.
77. Yasuhara A., Marone C., Elsworth D. Fault zone restrengthening and frictional healing: the role of pressure solution. J.Geophys. Res. 2005, 110(B06310):1-11.
78. Yund R.A., Blanpied M.L., Tullis T.E., Weeks J.P. Amorphous material in high strain experimental fault gouges. J.Geophys. Res. 1990, 95:15589-15602.