Crystallographic preferred orientations may develop in nanocrystalline materials on fault planes due to surface energy interactions

Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

Volumn 16, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 2549-2563

  Toy, Virginia G ^a   Mitchell, Thomas M ^b   Druiventak, Anthony ^c   Wirth, Richard ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c RUHR UNIVERSITY BOCHUM   (Germany)

^d GFZ GERMAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR GEOSCIENCES   (Germany)

Author keywords

amorphous silica; earthquake; experimental fault; fault; slip weakening; surface energy

Indexed keywords

ANNEALING; EARTHQUAKES; FAULTING; GRINDING (COMMINUTION); INTERFACIAL ENERGY; NANOCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS; NANOCRYSTALS; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY; X RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION;

AMORPHOUS SILICA; COINCIDENT SITE LATTICES; CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC PREFERRED ORIENTATIONS; DISLOCATION DENSITIES; ENERGY INTERACTIONS; GRAIN-SIZE REDUCTION; NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS; SLIP WEAKENING;

NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS;

ANNEALING; CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; DISLOCATION; EARTHQUAKE; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; FAULT PLANE; GRAIN SIZE; LATTICE DYNAMICS; PREFERRED ORIENTATION; SURFACE ENERGY;

EID: 84941878588     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15252027     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2015GC005857     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Beeler, N. M., D. A. Lockner, B. D. Kilgore, and, D. E. Moore, (2011), The transition from frictional sliding to shear melting in laboratory experiments and the implications for scale dependent earthquake source properties, Abstract T54A-01 presented at 2011 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif., 5-9 Dec.
2. Bestmann, M., G. Pennacchioni, G. Frank, M. Göken, and, H. de Wall, (2011), Pseudotachylyte in muscovite-bearing quartzite: Coseismic friction-induced melting and plastic deformation of quartz, J. Struct. Geol., 33, 169-186.
3. Bestmann, M., G. Pennacchioni, S. Nielsen, M. Göken, and, H. de Wall, (2012), Deformation and ultrafine dynamic recrystallization of quartz in pseudotachylyte-bearing brittle faults: A matter of a few seconds, J. Struct. Geol., 38, 21-38.
4. Blenkinsop, T. G., (2000), Deformation microstructures and mechanisms in minerals and rocks, 150 pp., Kluwer Acad. Publ., N. Y.
5. Borg, I., (1956), Note on twinning and pseudo-twinning in detrital quartz grains, Am. Mineral., 41, 792-796.
6. Boullier, A.-M., T. Ohtani, K. Fujimoto, H. Ito, and, M. Dubois, (2001), Fluid inclusions in pseudotachylytes from the Nojima fault, Japan, J. Geophys. Res., 106 (B10), 21,965-21,977.
7. Carter, N., (1976), Steady state flow of rocks, Rev. Geophys., 14 (3), 301-360.
8. Chan, S., and, R. Balluffi, (1985), Study of energy vs misorientation for grain boundaries in gold by crystallite rotation method-I. [001] twist boundaries, Acta Metall., 33 (6), 1113-1119.
9. Chaudhari, P., and, J. H. Matthews, (1971), Coincidence twist boundaries between crystalline smoke particles, J. Appl. Phys., 42, 3063-3066.
10. Chen, X., A. S. Madden, B. R., Bickmore, and, Z. Reches, (2013), Dynamic weakening by nanoscale smoothing during high-velocity fault slip, Geology, 41 (7), 739-742, doi: 10.1130/G34169.
11. Cowan, D., (1999), Do faults preserve a record of seismic slip: A field geologist's opinion, J. Struct. Geol., 21 (8-9), 995-1001.
12. De Paola, N., (2013), Frictional sliding vs. plastic flow during earthquake propagation in carbonate rocks, paper presented at the 40th Workshop of the International School of Geophysics on Properties and Processes of Crustal Fault Zones, Ettore Majorana Found. and Cent. for Sci. Cult., Erice, Italy, 18-24 May. [Available at http://istituto.ingv.it/resources/conference-archive/conferences-2013/Fault-Zones-Workshop/ and http://www.ccsem.infn.it/.]
13. Den Hartog, S. A. M., and, C. J. Spiers, (2013), Influence of subduction zone conditions and gouge composition on frictional slip stability of megathrust faults, Tectonophysics, 600, 75-90.
14. Di Toro, G., D. L. Goldsby, and, T. E. Tullis, (2004), Friction falls towards zero in quartz rock as slip velocity approaches seismic ratesl, Nature, 427 (6973), 436-439.
15. Di Toro, G., G. Pennacchioni, and, G. Teza, (2005), Can pseudotachylytes be used to infer earthquake source parameters? An example of limitations in the study of exhumed faults, Tectonophysics, 402, 3-20.
16. Druiventak, A., C. A. Trepmann, J. Renner, and, K. Hanke, (2011), Low-temperature plasticity of olivine during high stress deformation of peridotite at lithospheric conditions-An experimental study, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 311, 199-211.
17. Friedman, M., J. M. Logan, and, J. A. Rigert, (1974), Glass-indurated quartz gouge in sliding friction experiments on sandstone, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 85, 937-942.
18. Gleiter, H., (1989), Nanocrystalline materials, Prog. Mater. Sci., 33, 223-315.
19. Gleiter, H., (2000), Nanostructured materials: Basic concepts and microstructure, Acta Mater., 48 (1), 1-29.
20. Goldsby, D. L., and, T. E. Tullis, (2002), Low frictional strength of quartz rocks at subseismic slip rates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29 (17), 1844, doi: 10.1029/2002GL015240.
21. Green, H. W., II, F. Shi, K. Bozhilov, G. Xia, and Z. Reches, (2015), Phase transformation and nanometric flow cause extreme weakening during fault slip, Nat. Geosci., 8, 484-489, doi: 10.1038/ngeo2436.
22. Griggs, D., (1967), Hydrolytic weakening of quartz and other silicates, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 14, 19-31.
23. Hall, A., (Ed.) (1996), Igneous Petrology, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, Essex, U. K.
24. Han, R., T. Hirose, T. Shimamoto, Y. Lee, and, J. Ando, (2011), Granular nanoparticles lubricate faults during seismic slip, Geology, 39, 599-602, doi: 10.1130/G31842.1.
25. Haynes, W. M., (Ed) (2014), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 94th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. [Available at http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/.]
26. Hearmon, R. F. S., (1956), The elastic constants of anisotropic materials II, Adv. Phys., 5, 323-382.
27. Heilbronner, R., and, J. Tullis, (2006), Evolution of c axis pole figures and grain size during dynamic recrystallization: Results from experimentally sheared quartzite, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B10202, doi: 10.1029/2005JB004194.
28. Hsu, S. M., J. Zhang, and, Z. Yin, (2002), The nature and origin of tribochemistry, Tribol. Lett., 13 (2), 131-139.
29. Ikari, M., A. Niemeijer, and, C. Marone, (2011), The role of fault zone fabric and lithification state on frictional strength, constitutive behavior, and deformation microstructure, J. Geophys. Res., 116, B08404, doi: 10.1029/2011JB008264.
30. Iler, R. K., (1979), The Chemistry of Silica: Solubility, Polymerization, Colloid and Surface Properties, and Biochemistry, John Wiley, N. Y.
31. Keller, W., C. Stone, and, A. Hoersch, (1985), Textures of Paleoxoic chert and novaculite in the Ouachita mountains of Akansas and Oklahoma and their geological significance, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 96 (11), 1353-1363.
32. Kendall, K., (1978), The impossibility of comminuting small particles by compression, Nature, 272, 710-711.
33. Keulen, N., H. Stünitz, and, R. Heilbronner, (2008), Healing microstructures of experimental and natural fault gouge, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B06205, doi: 10.1029/2007JB005039.
34. Kim, J.-W., J.-H. Ree, R. Han, and, T. Shimamoto, (2010), Experimental evidence for the simultaneous formation of mylonite and pseudotachylyte in the brittle regime, Geology, 38 (12), 1143-1146.
35. Kirkpatrick, J., C. Rowe, J. C. White, and, E. E. Brodsky, (2013), Silica gel formation during fault slip: Evidence from the rock record, Geology, 41 (9), 1015-1019, doi: 10.1130/G34483.1.
36. Koizumi, Y., K. Otsuki, A. Takeuchi, and, H. Nagahama, (2004), Frictional melting can terminate seismic slips: Experimental results of stick-slips, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L21605, doi: 10.1029/2004GL020642.
37. Kronberg, M. L., and, F. H. Wilson, (1949), Secondary recrystallization in copper, Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Pet. Eng., 185, 501-514.
38. Law, R. D., (1990), Crystallographic fabrics: A selective review of their applications to research in structural geology, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 54, 335-352.
39. Lee, T.-C., and, P. T. Delaney, (1987), Frictional heating and pore pressure rise due to a fault slip, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 88, 569-591.
40. McLaren, A. C., (1986), Some speculations on the nature of high angle grain boundaries in quartz rocks, in Mineral and Rock Deformation: Laboratory Studies: The Paterson Volume, pp. 233-245, AGU, Washington, D. C.
41. Mykura, H., P. S. Bansal, and, M. H. Lewis, (1980), Coincidence-site-lattice relations for MgO-CdO interfaces, Philos. Mag. A, 42, 225-233.
42. Niemeijer, A. R., and, C. J. Spiers, (2005), Influence of phyllosilicates on fault strength in the brittle-ductile transition: Insights from rock analogue experiments, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 245, 303-327.
43. Niemeijer, A. R., and, C. J. Spiers, (2006), Velocity dependence of strength and healing behaviour in simulated phyllosilicate-bearing fault gouge, Tectonophysics, 427 (1-4), 231-253.
44. Passchier, C. W., (1997), The fabric attractor, J. Struct. Geol., 19 (1), 113-127.
45. Pec, M., H. Stünitz, R. Heilbronner, M. Drury, and, C. di Capitani, (2012), Origin of pseudotachylites in slow creep experiments, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 355-356, 299-310.
46. Prior, D. J., R. J. Knipe, R. J. Knipe, and, M. R. Handy, (1990), Estimates of rates of microstructural changes in mylonites, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 54, 309-320.
47. Ramsay, J. G., (1980), Shear zone geometry: A review, J. Struct. Geol., 2 (1/2), 83-99.
48. Reches, Z., and, D. Lockner, (2010), Fault weakening and earthquake instability by powder lubrication, Nature, 467, 452-455, doi: 10.1038/nature09348.
49. Rowe, C. D., F. Meneghini, and, J. C. Moore, (2011), Textural record of the seismic cycle: Strain rate variation in an ancient subduction thrust, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 359, 77-95.
50. Rybacki, E., J. Renner, K. Konrad, W. Harbott, F. Rummel, and, B. Stöckhert, (1998), A servohydraulically-controlled deformation apparatus for rock deformation under conditions of ultra-high pressure metamorphism, Pure Appl. Geophys., 152 (3), 579-606.
51. Schmid, S. M., and, M. Casey, (1986), Complete fabric analysis of some commonly observed quartz c-axis patterns, in Mineral and Rock Deformation: Laboratory Studies: The Paterson Volume, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 36, pp. 263-286, AGU, Washington, D. C.
52. Schubnel, A., F. Brunet, N. Hilairet, J. Casc, Y. Wang, and, H. W. Green II, (2013), Deep-focus earthquake analogues recorded at high pressure and temperature in the laboratory, Science, 341, 1377-1380.
53. Shelly, D., (1971), Hypothesis to explain the preferred orientations of quartz and calcite produced during syntectonic recrystallisation, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 82, 1943-1954.
54. Sibson, R. H,. (1983), Continental fault structure and the shallow earthquake source, J. Geol. Soc. London, 140, 741-767.
55. Sibson, R., and, V. G. Toy, (2006), The habitat of fault-generated pseudotachylyte: Presence vs. absence of friction melt, in Earthquakes: Radiated Energy and the Physics of Faulting, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 170, pp. 153-166, AGU, Washington, D. C.
56. Simpson, C., and, D. G. De Paor, (1993), Strain and kinematic analysis in general shear zones, J. Struct. Geol., 15, 1-20.
57. Smith, S. A. F., G. Di Toro, S. Kim, J. -, H. Ree, S. Nielsen, A. Billi, and, R. Spiess, (2013), Coseismic recrystallization during shallow earthquake slip, Geology, 41, 63-66, doi: 10.1130/G3388.1.
58. Stünitz, H., N. Keulen, T. Hirose, and, R. Heilbronner, (2010), Grain size distribution and microstructures of experimentally sheared granitoid gouge at coseismic slip rates-Criteria to distinguish seismic and aseismic faults?, J. Struct. Geol., 32 (1), 59-69, doi: 10.1016/j.jsg.2009.08.002.
59. Stüwe, K., (2002), Geodynamics of the Lithosphere, Springer, Berlin.
60. Sundberg, M., and, R. Cooper, (2008), Crystallographic preferred orientation produced by diffusional creep of harzburgite: Effects of chemical interactions among phases during plastic flow, J. Geophys. Res., 113, B12208, doi: 10.1029/2008JB005618.
61. Trimby, P. W., (2012), Orientation mapping of nanostructured materials using transmission Kikuchi diffraction in the scanning electron microscope, Ultramicroscopy, 120, 16-24.
62. Trepmann, C. A., (2008), Shock effects in quartz: Compression versus shear deformation-An example from the Rochechouart impact structure, France, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 267 (1-2), 322-332.
63. Tullis, J., J. M. Christie, and, D. T. Griggs, (1973), Microstructures and preferred orientations of experimentally deformed quartzites, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 84, 297-314.
64. Umemoto, M., (2003), Nanocrystallization of steels by severe plastic deformation, Mater. Trans., 44, 1900-1911.
65. Verberne, B., J. De Bresser, A. R. Niemeijer, C. J. Spiers, D. De Winter, and, O. Plumper, (2013), Nanocrystalline slip zones in calcite fault gouge show intense crystallographic preferred orientation: Crystal plasticity at sub-seismic slip rates at 18-150OC, Geology, 41 (8), 863-866.
66. Verberne, B., C. J. Spiers, A. R. Niemeijer, J. De Bresser, D. Winter, and, O. Plümper, (2014), Frictional properties and microstructure of calcite-rich fault gouges sheared at sub-seismic sliding velocities, Pure Appl. Geophys., 171, 2617-2640, doi: 10.1007/s00024-013-0760-0.
67. Verberne, B. J., O. Plümper, D. A. Matthijs, de Winter, and C. J., Spiers, (2014), Superplastic nanofibrous slip zones control seismogenic fault friction, Science, 346, 1342-1344.
68. Wirth, R., (2004), Focused Ion Beam (FIB): A novel technology for advanced application of micro- and nanoanalysis in geosciences and applied mineralogy, Eur. J. Mineral., 16, 863-876.
69. Yang, D. K., P. Cizek, P. D. Hodgson, and, C. E. Wen, (2010), Microstructure evolution and nanograin formation during shear localization in cold-rolled titanium, Acta Mater., 58, 4536-4548.