메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 112-123

Clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease: challenges in diagnosis and treatment

Author keywords

Clostridium difficile infection; Crohn s disease; Inflammatory bowel disease; Treatment; Ulcerative colitis

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT;

EID: 85013042320     PISSN: 18657257     EISSN: 18657265     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12328-017-0719-2     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (22)

References (94)
  • 1
    • 0017801430 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis due to toxin-producing clostridia
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaE1c7htlyqug%3D%3D, PID: 625309
    • Bartlett JG, Chang TW, Gurwith M, et al. Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis due to toxin-producing clostridia. N Engl J Med. 1978;298(10):531–4.
    • (1978) N Engl J Med , vol.298 , Issue.10 , pp. 531-534
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Chang, T.W.2    Gurwith, M.3
  • 2
    • 84891361992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overlapping roles for toxins in Clostridium difficile infection
    • PID: 23983214
    • Young VB, Hanna PC. Overlapping roles for toxins in Clostridium difficile infection. J Infect Dis. 2014;209(1):9–11.
    • (2014) J Infect Dis , vol.209 , Issue.1 , pp. 9-11
    • Young, V.B.1    Hanna, P.C.2
  • 3
    • 17444366186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXksVymtLY%3D, PID: 15831824
    • Voth DE, Ballard JD. Clostridium difficile toxins: mechanism of action and role in disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005;18(2):247–63.
    • (2005) Clin Microbiol Rev , vol.18 , Issue.2 , pp. 247-263
    • Voth, D.E.1    Ballard, J.D.2
  • 4
    • 67649391053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXntlGnsL0%3D, PID: 19528959
    • Rupnik M, Wilcox MH, Gerding DN. Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7(7):526–36.
    • (2009) Nat Rev Microbiol , vol.7 , Issue.7 , pp. 526-536
    • Rupnik, M.1    Wilcox, M.H.2    Gerding, D.N.3
  • 5
    • 34247260039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation and characterisation of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile in Dublin, Ireland
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjsVKktro%3D, PID: 17391385
    • Drudy D, Harnedy N, Fanning S, et al. Isolation and characterisation of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile in Dublin, Ireland. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007;13(3):298–304.
    • (2007) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.13 , Issue.3 , pp. 298-304
    • Drudy, D.1    Harnedy, N.2    Fanning, S.3
  • 6
    • 0035909092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fatal pseudomembranous colitis associated with a variant Clostridium difficile strain not detected by toxin A immunoassay
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrislSgtg%3D%3D, PID: 11560456
    • Johnson S, Kent SA, O’Leary KJ, et al. Fatal pseudomembranous colitis associated with a variant Clostridium difficile strain not detected by toxin A immunoassay. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135(6):434–8.
    • (2001) Ann Intern Med , vol.135 , Issue.6 , pp. 434-438
    • Johnson, S.1    Kent, S.A.2    O’Leary, K.J.3
  • 7
    • 67349114409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxin B is essential for virulence of Clostridium difficile
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXisVOrtLg%3D, PID: 19252482
    • Lyras D, O’Connor JR, Howarth PM, et al. Toxin B is essential for virulence of Clostridium difficile. Nature. 2009;458(7242):1176–9.
    • (2009) Nature , vol.458 , Issue.7242 , pp. 1176-1179
    • Lyras, D.1    O’Connor, J.R.2    Howarth, P.M.3
  • 8
    • 84873727471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in the inflammatory bowel disease patient
    • PID: 22508484
    • Berg AM, Kelly CP, Farraye FA. Clostridium difficile infection in the inflammatory bowel disease patient. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(1):194–204.
    • (2013) Inflamm Bowel Dis , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 194-204
    • Berg, A.M.1    Kelly, C.P.2    Farraye, F.A.3
  • 9
    • 84873718952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic modulation of intestinal dysbiosis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXit1Kksb8%3D, PID: 23017673
    • Walker AW, Lawley TD. Therapeutic modulation of intestinal dysbiosis. Pharmacol Res. 2013;69(1):75–86.
    • (2013) Pharmacol Res , vol.69 , Issue.1 , pp. 75-86
    • Walker, A.W.1    Lawley, T.D.2
  • 10
    • 84878544643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of intestinal microbiota and the immune system
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3szpvF2ksg%3D%3D
    • Purchiaroni F, Tortora A, Gabrielli M, et al. The role of intestinal microbiota and the immune system. Euro Rev Med Pharm Sci. 2013;17(3):323–33.
    • (2013) Euro Rev Med Pharm Sci , vol.17 , Issue.3 , pp. 323-333
    • Purchiaroni, F.1    Tortora, A.2    Gabrielli, M.3
  • 11
    • 84898771460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the intestinal microbiota in resistance to colonization by Clostridium difficile
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXmslWqsb8%3D, PID: 24503131
    • Britton RA, Young VB. Role of the intestinal microbiota in resistance to colonization by Clostridium difficile. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(6):1547–53.
    • (2014) Gastroenterology , vol.146 , Issue.6 , pp. 1547-1553
    • Britton, R.A.1    Young, V.B.2
  • 12
    • 39349107697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased diversity of the fecal Microbiome in recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
    • PID: 18199029
    • Chang JY, Antonopoulos DA, Kalra A, et al. Decreased diversity of the fecal Microbiome in recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(3):435–8.
    • (2008) J Infect Dis , vol.197 , Issue.3 , pp. 435-438
    • Chang, J.Y.1    Antonopoulos, D.A.2    Kalra, A.3
  • 13
    • 84884543955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crosstalk between the intestinal microbiota and the innate immune system in intestinal homeostasis and inflammatory bowel disease
    • PID: 23669404
    • Dupaul-Chicoine J, Dagenais M, Saleh M. Crosstalk between the intestinal microbiota and the innate immune system in intestinal homeostasis and inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(10):2227–37.
    • (2013) Inflamm Bowel Dis , vol.19 , Issue.10 , pp. 2227-2237
    • Dupaul-Chicoine, J.1    Dagenais, M.2    Saleh, M.3
  • 14
    • 0345830652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2c%2Fhtlegtg%3D%3D, PID: 14684564
    • Tamboli CP, Neut C, Desreumaux P, Colombel JF. Dysbiosis in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 2004;53(1):1–4.
    • (2004) Gut , vol.53 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-4
    • Tamboli, C.P.1    Neut, C.2    Desreumaux, P.3    Colombel, J.F.4
  • 15
    • 84888109625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease: role in pathogenesis and implications in treatment
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXjvFaqtr4%3D, PID: 24282348
    • Nitzan O, Elias M, Chazan B, et al. Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease: role in pathogenesis and implications in treatment. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(43):7577–85.
    • (2013) World J Gastroenterol , vol.19 , Issue.43 , pp. 7577-7585
    • Nitzan, O.1    Elias, M.2    Chazan, B.3
  • 16
    • 84923775846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Burden of Clostridium difficile infection in the United States
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXkt1Wqtb8%3D, PID: 25714160
    • Lessa FC, Mu Y, Bamberg WM, et al. Burden of Clostridium difficile infection in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(9):825–34.
    • (2015) N Engl J Med , vol.372 , Issue.9 , pp. 825-834
    • Lessa, F.C.1    Mu, Y.2    Bamberg, W.M.3
  • 17
    • 84864146159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The roles of Clostridium difficile and norovirus among gastroenteritis-associated deaths in the United States, 1999–2007
    • PID: 22491338
    • Hall AJ, Curns AT, McDonald LC, et al. The roles of Clostridium difficile and norovirus among gastroenteritis-associated deaths in the United States, 1999–2007. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(2):216–23.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.55 , Issue.2 , pp. 216-223
    • Hall, A.J.1    Curns, A.T.2    McDonald, L.C.3
  • 18
    • 4444382260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity
    • Pepin J, Valiquette L, Alary ME, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity. CMAJ Can Med Assoc J J de l’Association Med Can. 2004;171(5):466–72.
    • (2004) CMAJ Can Med Assoc J J de l’Association Med Can , vol.171 , Issue.5 , pp. 466-472
    • Pepin, J.1    Valiquette, L.2    Alary, M.E.3
  • 19
    • 77951026738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA)
    • PID: 20307191
    • Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31(5):431–55.
    • (2010) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.31 , Issue.5 , pp. 431-455
    • Cohen, S.H.1    Gerding, D.N.2    Johnson, S.3
  • 20
    • 70350531026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and microbiological characteristics of community-onset Clostridium difficile infection in The Netherlands
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1MjntFyntA%3D%3D, PID: 19624512
    • Bauer MP, Veenendaal D, Verhoef L, et al. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of community-onset Clostridium difficile infection in The Netherlands. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15(12):1087–92.
    • (2009) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.15 , Issue.12 , pp. 1087-1092
    • Bauer, M.P.1    Veenendaal, D.2    Verhoef, L.3
  • 21
    • 47249133004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case-control study of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXosVOgtr4%3D, PID: 18434341
    • Wilcox MH, Mooney L, Bendall R, et al. A case-control study of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62(2):388–96.
    • (2008) J Antimicrob Chemother , vol.62 , Issue.2 , pp. 388-396
    • Wilcox, M.H.1    Mooney, L.2    Bendall, R.3
  • 22
    • 33748563622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtFyhsLbN, PID: 16965399
    • Kuijper EJ, Coignard B, Tull P, et al. Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12(Suppl 6):2–18.
    • (2006) Clin Microbiol Infect , vol.12 , pp. 2-18
    • Kuijper, E.J.1    Coignard, B.2    Tull, P.3
  • 23
    • 33947105999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence of Clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease
    • PID: 17368233
    • Rodemann JF, Dubberke ER, Reske KA, et al. Incidence of Clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5(3):339–44.
    • (2007) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 339-344
    • Rodemann, J.F.1    Dubberke, E.R.2    Reske, K.A.3
  • 24
    • 84899812464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile colonization and rising C. difficile-associated disease rates
    • PID: 24799643
    • Koo HL, Van JN, Zhao M, et al. Real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile colonization and rising C. difficile-associated disease rates. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35(6):667–73.
    • (2014) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.35 , Issue.6 , pp. 667-673
    • Koo, H.L.1    Van, J.N.2    Zhao, M.3
  • 25
    • 64049106774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile colitis in hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel diseases
    • PID: 19273954
    • Ricciardi R, Ogilvie JW Jr, Roberts PL, et al. Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile colitis in hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Dis Colon Rectum. 2009;52(1):40–5.
    • (2009) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.52 , Issue.1 , pp. 40-45
    • Ricciardi, R.1    Ogilvie, J.W.2    Roberts, P.L.3
  • 26
    • 44949261865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A national survey of the prevalence and impact of Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients
    • PID: 18513271
    • Nguyen GC, Kaplan GG, Harris ML, et al. A national survey of the prevalence and impact of Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(6):1443–50.
    • (2008) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.103 , Issue.6 , pp. 1443-1450
    • Nguyen, G.C.1    Kaplan, G.G.2    Harris, M.L.3
  • 27
    • 79952458766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal trends in disease outcomes related to Clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
    • PID: 20824818
    • Ananthakrishnan AN, McGinley EL, Saeian K, et al. Temporal trends in disease outcomes related to Clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011;17(4):976–83.
    • (2011) Inflamm Bowel Dis , vol.17 , Issue.4 , pp. 976-983
    • Ananthakrishnan, A.N.1    McGinley, E.L.2    Saeian, K.3
  • 28
    • 79956076630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased health burden associated with Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXot1CqsLw%3D, PID: 21517920
    • Jen MH, Saxena S, Bottle A, et al. Increased health burden associated with Clostridium difficile diarrhoea in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33(12):1322–31.
    • (2011) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.33 , Issue.12 , pp. 1322-1331
    • Jen, M.H.1    Saxena, S.2    Bottle, A.3
  • 29
    • 33947111354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of Clostridium difficile on inflammatory bowel disease
    • PID: 17368234
    • Issa M, Vijayapal A, Graham MB, et al. Impact of Clostridium difficile on inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5(3):345–51.
    • (2007) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 345-351
    • Issa, M.1    Vijayapal, A.2    Graham, M.B.3
  • 30
    • 58849083648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in inflammatory bowel disease
    • Bossuyt P, Verhaegen J, Van Assche G, et al. Increasing incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohn’s Colitis. 2009;3(1):4–7.
    • (2009) J Crohn’s Colitis , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 4-7
    • Bossuyt, P.1    Verhaegen, J.2    Van Assche, G.3
  • 31
    • 84925717627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile and pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective, comparative, multicenter, ESPGHAN study
    • PID: 25268634
    • Martinelli M, Strisciuglio C, Veres G, et al. Clostridium difficile and pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective, comparative, multicenter, ESPGHAN study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20(12):2219–25.
    • (2014) Inflamm Bowel Dis , vol.20 , Issue.12 , pp. 2219-2225
    • Martinelli, M.1    Strisciuglio, C.2    Veres, G.3
  • 32
    • 84907862138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection in pediatric and adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BC2cnoslWqsg%3D%3D, PID: 24788321
    • Hourigan SK, Oliva-Hemker M, Hutfless S. The prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection in pediatric and adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2014;59(9):2222–7.
    • (2014) Dig Dis Sci , vol.59 , Issue.9 , pp. 2222-2227
    • Hourigan, S.K.1    Oliva-Hemker, M.2    Hutfless, S.3
  • 33
    • 78751545522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review: Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3M7hslGnsg%3D%3D, PID: 21198703
    • Goodhand JR, Alazawi W, Rampton DS. Systematic review: Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33(4):428–41.
    • (2011) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.33 , Issue.4 , pp. 428-441
    • Goodhand, J.R.1    Alazawi, W.2    Rampton, D.S.3
  • 34
    • 84884553359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is Clostridium difficile associated with relapse of inflammatory bowel disease? Results from a retrospective and prospective cohort study in the Netherlands
    • PID: 23867869
    • Masclee GM, Penders J, Jonkers DM, et al. Is Clostridium difficile associated with relapse of inflammatory bowel disease? Results from a retrospective and prospective cohort study in the Netherlands. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(10):2125–31.
    • (2013) Inflamm Bowel Dis , vol.19 , Issue.10 , pp. 2125-2131
    • Masclee, G.M.1    Penders, J.2    Jonkers, D.M.3
  • 35
    • 0037204196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
    • PID: 11821511
    • Bartlett JG. Clinical practice. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(5):334–9.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , Issue.5 , pp. 334-339
    • Bartlett, J.G.1
  • 36
    • 80455173556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host and pathogen factors for Clostridium difficile infection and colonization
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsVWqur7E, PID: 22047560
    • Loo VG, Bourgault AM, Poirier L, et al. Host and pathogen factors for Clostridium difficile infection and colonization. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(18):1693–703.
    • (2011) N Engl J Med , vol.365 , Issue.18 , pp. 1693-1703
    • Loo, V.G.1    Bourgault, A.M.2    Poirier, L.3
  • 37
    • 39749170731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection
    • PID: 18177217
    • Bartlett JG, Gerding DN. Clinical recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(Suppl 1):S12–8.
    • (2008) Clin Infect Dis , vol.46 , pp. S12-S18
    • Bartlett, J.G.1    Gerding, D.N.2
  • 38
    • 84897005978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multistate point-prevalence survey of health care-associated infections
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXlvVCitLo%3D, PID: 24670166
    • Magill SS, Edwards JR, Bamberg W, et al. Multistate point-prevalence survey of health care-associated infections. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(13):1198–208.
    • (2014) N Engl J Med , vol.370 , Issue.13 , pp. 1198-1208
    • Magill, S.S.1    Edwards, J.R.2    Bamberg, W.3
  • 39
    • 76149131339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for and estimated incidence of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection, North Carolina, USA
    • PID: 20113547
    • Kutty PK, Woods CW, Sena AC, et al. Risk factors for and estimated incidence of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection, North Carolina, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(2):197–204.
    • (2010) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.16 , Issue.2 , pp. 197-204
    • Kutty, P.K.1    Woods, C.W.2    Sena, A.C.3
  • 40
    • 58349083309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Renewed interest in a difficult disease: Clostridium difficile infections–epidemiology and current treatment strategies
    • PID: 19114771
    • McFarland LV. Renewed interest in a difficult disease: Clostridium difficile infections–epidemiology and current treatment strategies. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2009;25(1):24–35.
    • (2009) Curr Opin Gastroenterol , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 24-35
    • McFarland, L.V.1
  • 41
    • 67650430007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infliximab and other immunomodulating drugs in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and the risk of serious bacterial infections
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtVSnur3M, PID: 19438424
    • Schneeweiss S, Korzenik J, Solomon DH, et al. Infliximab and other immunomodulating drugs in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and the risk of serious bacterial infections. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;30(3):253–64.
    • (2009) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.30 , Issue.3 , pp. 253-264
    • Schneeweiss, S.1    Korzenik, J.2    Solomon, D.H.3
  • 42
    • 66949151443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The vexed relationship between Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease: an assessment of carriage in an outpatient setting among patients in remission
    • PID: 19319128
    • Clayton EM, Rea MC, Shanahan F, et al. The vexed relationship between Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease: an assessment of carriage in an outpatient setting among patients in remission. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(5):1162–9.
    • (2009) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.104 , Issue.5 , pp. 1162-1169
    • Clayton, E.M.1    Rea, M.C.2    Shanahan, F.3
  • 43
    • 84863726088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and proton pump inhibitor therapy: a meta-analysis
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtVSgtrvE, PID: 22710578
    • Janarthanan S, Ditah I, Adler DG, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and proton pump inhibitor therapy: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(7):1001–10.
    • (2012) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.107 , Issue.7 , pp. 1001-1010
    • Janarthanan, S.1    Ditah, I.2    Adler, D.G.3
  • 44
    • 69249181666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination immunomodulator and antibiotic treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and Clostridium difficile infection
    • PID: 19523534
    • Ben-Horin S, Margalit M, Bossuyt P, et al. Combination immunomodulator and antibiotic treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7(9):981–7.
    • (2009) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.7 , Issue.9 , pp. 981-987
    • Ben-Horin, S.1    Margalit, M.2    Bossuyt, P.3
  • 45
    • 67349197840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of Clostridium difficile infection on pediatric inflammatory bowel disease
    • PID: 19230908
    • Pascarella F, Martinelli M, Miele E, et al. Impact of Clostridium difficile infection on pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr. 2009;154(6):854–8.
    • (2009) J Pediatr , vol.154 , Issue.6 , pp. 854-858
    • Pascarella, F.1    Martinelli, M.2    Miele, E.3
  • 46
    • 84868005722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
    • Binion DG. Clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;8(9):615–7.
    • (2012) Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.8 , Issue.9 , pp. 615-617
    • Binion, D.G.1
  • 47
    • 38549093523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Excess hospitalisation burden associated with Clostridium difficile in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1c%2FisFChsQ%3D%3D, PID: 17905821
    • Ananthakrishnan AN, McGinley EL, Binion DG. Excess hospitalisation burden associated with Clostridium difficile in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 2008;57(2):205–10.
    • (2008) Gut , vol.57 , Issue.2 , pp. 205-210
    • Ananthakrishnan, A.N.1    McGinley, E.L.2    Binion, D.G.3
  • 48
    • 45849135980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1cvjtFehsw%3D%3D, PID: 18467184
    • Shen BO, Jiang ZD, Fazio VW, et al. Clostridium difficile infection in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(7):782–8.
    • (2008) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.6 , Issue.7 , pp. 782-788
    • Shen, B.O.1    Jiang, Z.D.2    Fazio, V.W.3
  • 49
    • 84876384416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors and outcome of PCR-detected Clostridium difficile infection in ileal pouch patients
    • PID: 23328770
    • Li Y, Qian J, Queener E, Shen B. Risk factors and outcome of PCR-detected Clostridium difficile infection in ileal pouch patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(2):397–403.
    • (2013) Inflamm Bowel Dis , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 397-403
    • Li, Y.1    Qian, J.2    Queener, E.3    Shen, B.4
  • 50
    • 34548442485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile enteritis: an early postoperative complication in inflammatory bowel disease patients after colectomy
    • PID: 17390162
    • Lundeen SJ, Otterson MF, Binion DG, et al. Clostridium difficile enteritis: an early postoperative complication in inflammatory bowel disease patients after colectomy. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11(2):138–42.
    • (2007) J Gastrointest Surg , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 138-142
    • Lundeen, S.J.1    Otterson, M.F.2    Binion, D.G.3
  • 51
    • 73449110950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile enteritis after colectomy
    • PID: 19999913
    • Causey MW, Spencer MP, Steele SR. Clostridium difficile enteritis after colectomy. Am Surg. 2009;75(12):1203–6.
    • (2009) Am Surg , vol.75 , Issue.12 , pp. 1203-1206
    • Causey, M.W.1    Spencer, M.P.2    Steele, S.R.3
  • 52
    • 33745940132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversion” colitis caused by Clostridium difficile infection: report of a case
    • PID: 16729217
    • Tsironi E, Irving PM, Feakins RM, et al. “Diversion” colitis caused by Clostridium difficile infection: report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49(7):1074–7.
    • (2006) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.49 , Issue.7 , pp. 1074-1077
    • Tsironi, E.1    Irving, P.M.2    Feakins, R.M.3
  • 53
    • 0019426823 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic-associated colitis–an abating enigma
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaL38%2FjtFKktQ%3D%3D, PID: 7288115
    • Tedesco FJ. Antibiotic-associated colitis–an abating enigma. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1981;3(3):221–4.
    • (1981) J Clin Gastroenterol , vol.3 , Issue.3 , pp. 221-224
    • Tedesco, F.J.1
  • 54
    • 77957262217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pseudomembranous colitis complicating ulcerative colitis
    • PID: 21175502
    • Kawaratani H, Tsujimoto T, Toyohara M, et al. Pseudomembranous colitis complicating ulcerative colitis. Dig Endosc. 2010;22(4):373–5.
    • (2010) Dig Endosc , vol.22 , Issue.4 , pp. 373-375
    • Kawaratani, H.1    Tsujimoto, T.2    Toyohara, M.3
  • 55
    • 34547970504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ulcerative colitis in China: retrospective analysis of 3100 hospitalized patients
    • PID: 17716349
    • Wang Y, Ouyang Q, Group ACIw. Ulcerative colitis in China: retrospective analysis of 3100 hospitalized patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22(9):1450–5.
    • (2007) J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.22 , Issue.9 , pp. 1450-1455
    • Wang, Y.1    Ouyang, Q.2
  • 56
    • 78650828068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reference assays for Clostridium difficile infection: one or two gold standards?
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhs1els7o%3D, PID: 21118850
    • Planche T, Wilcox M. Reference assays for Clostridium difficile infection: one or two gold standards? J Clin Pathol. 2011;64(1):1–5.
    • (2011) J Clin Pathol , vol.64 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-5
    • Planche, T.1    Wilcox, M.2
  • 57
    • 84875952150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile infections
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXlsVequrw%3D, PID: 23439232, (quiz 99)
    • Surawicz CM, Brandt LJ, Binion DG, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile infections. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(4):478–98 (quiz 99).
    • (2013) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.108 , Issue.4 , pp. 478-498
    • Surawicz, C.M.1    Brandt, L.J.2    Binion, D.G.3
  • 58
    • 84908161271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of treatment variation on outcomes in patients with Clostridium difficile
    • PID: 24862310
    • Brown AT, Seifert CF. Effect of treatment variation on outcomes in patients with Clostridium difficile. Am J Med. 2014;127(9):865–70.
    • (2014) Am J Med , vol.127 , Issue.9 , pp. 865-870
    • Brown, A.T.1    Seifert, C.F.2
  • 59
    • 0028265436 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of four commercially available rapid enzyme immunoassays with cytotoxin assay for detection of Clostridium difficile toxin(s) from stool specimens
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXksFWlsb4%3D, PID: 8051237
    • Merz CS, Kramer C, Forman M, et al. Comparison of four commercially available rapid enzyme immunoassays with cytotoxin assay for detection of Clostridium difficile toxin(s) from stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32(5):1142–7.
    • (1994) J Clin Microbiol , vol.32 , Issue.5 , pp. 1142-1147
    • Merz, C.S.1    Kramer, C.2    Forman, M.3
  • 60
    • 84866724584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repeat stool testing for Clostridium difficile using enzyme immunoassay in patients with inflammatory bowel disease increases diagnostic yield
    • PID: 22852871
    • Deshpande A, Pasupuleti V, Patel P, et al. Repeat stool testing for Clostridium difficile using enzyme immunoassay in patients with inflammatory bowel disease increases diagnostic yield. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28(9):1553–60.
    • (2012) Curr Med Res Opin , vol.28 , Issue.9 , pp. 1553-1560
    • Deshpande, A.1    Pasupuleti, V.2    Patel, P.3
  • 61
    • 0028783711 scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile colitis: an efficient clinical approach to diagnosis
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DyaK28%2FmtFylsA%3D%3D, PID: 7486465
    • Manabe YC, Vinetz JM, Moore RD, et al. Clostridium difficile colitis: an efficient clinical approach to diagnosis. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123(11):835–40.
    • (1995) Ann Intern Med , vol.123 , Issue.11 , pp. 835-840
    • Manabe, Y.C.1    Vinetz, J.M.2    Moore, R.D.3
  • 62
    • 55849138317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonutility of repeat laboratory testing for detection of Clostridium difficile by use of PCR or enzyme immunoassay
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmtFWms70%3D, PID: 18784320
    • Aichinger E, Schleck CD, Harmsen WS, et al. Nonutility of repeat laboratory testing for detection of Clostridium difficile by use of PCR or enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(11):3795–7.
    • (2008) J Clin Microbiol , vol.46 , Issue.11 , pp. 3795-3797
    • Aichinger, E.1    Schleck, C.D.2    Harmsen, W.S.3
  • 63
    • 80053519955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presumptive identification of Clostridium difficile strain 027/NAP1/BI on Cepheid Xpert: interpret with caution
    • PID: 21849697
    • Kok J, Wang Q, Thomas LC, et al. Presumptive identification of Clostridium difficile strain 027/NAP1/BI on Cepheid Xpert: interpret with caution. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49(10):3719–21.
    • (2011) J Clin Microbiol , vol.49 , Issue.10 , pp. 3719-3721
    • Kok, J.1    Wang, Q.2    Thomas, L.C.3
  • 64
    • 80052444456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic accuracy of real-time polymerase chain reaction in detection of Clostridium difficile in the stool samples of patients with suspected Clostridium difficile infection: a meta-analysis
    • PID: 21890762
    • Deshpande A, Pasupuleti V, Rolston DD, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of real-time polymerase chain reaction in detection of Clostridium difficile in the stool samples of patients with suspected Clostridium difficile infection: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53(7):e81–90.
    • (2011) Clin Infect Dis , vol.53 , Issue.7 , pp. e81-e90
    • Deshpande, A.1    Pasupuleti, V.2    Rolston, D.D.3
  • 65
    • 84871216196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of the type of diagnostic assay on Clostridium difficile infection and complication rates in a mandatory reporting program
    • PID: 23011147
    • Longtin Y, Trottier S, Brochu G, et al. Impact of the type of diagnostic assay on Clostridium difficile infection and complication rates in a mandatory reporting program. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56(1):67–73.
    • (2013) Clin Infect Dis , vol.56 , Issue.1 , pp. 67-73
    • Longtin, Y.1    Trottier, S.2    Brochu, G.3
  • 66
    • 84881480104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Similar outcomes of IBD inpatients with Clostridium difficile infection detected by ELISA or PCR assay
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXht1Gjs7bF, PID: 23525735
    • Wang Y, Atreja A, Wu X, et al. Similar outcomes of IBD inpatients with Clostridium difficile infection detected by ELISA or PCR assay. Dig Dis Sci. 2013;58(8):2308–13.
    • (2013) Dig Dis Sci , vol.58 , Issue.8 , pp. 2308-2313
    • Wang, Y.1    Atreja, A.2    Wu, X.3
  • 67
    • 84863338529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamate dehydrogenase is highly conserved among Clostridium difficile ribotypes
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xmt1yrsro%3D, PID: 22301027
    • Carman RJ, Wickham KN, Chen L, et al. Glutamate dehydrogenase is highly conserved among Clostridium difficile ribotypes. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(4):1425–6.
    • (2012) J Clin Microbiol , vol.50 , Issue.4 , pp. 1425-1426
    • Carman, R.J.1    Wickham, K.N.2    Chen, L.3
  • 68
    • 77749340505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile testing in the clinical laboratory by use of multiple testing algorithms
    • PID: 20071552
    • Novak-Weekley SM, Marlowe EM, Miller JM, et al. Clostridium difficile testing in the clinical laboratory by use of multiple testing algorithms. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(3):889–93.
    • (2010) J Clin Microbiol , vol.48 , Issue.3 , pp. 889-893
    • Novak-Weekley, S.M.1    Marlowe, E.M.2    Miller, J.M.3
  • 69
    • 84885955622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in outcome according to Clostridium difficile testing method: a prospective multicentre diagnostic validation study of C. difficile infection
    • PID: 24007915
    • Planche TD, Davies KA, Coen PG, et al. Differences in outcome according to Clostridium difficile testing method: a prospective multicentre diagnostic validation study of C. difficile infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13(11):936–45.
    • (2013) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.13 , Issue.11 , pp. 936-945
    • Planche, T.D.1    Davies, K.A.2    Coen, P.G.3
  • 70
    • 33947112799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammatory bowel disease and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a growing problem
    • PID: 17368229
    • Tremaine WJ. Inflammatory bowel disease and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a growing problem. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5(3):310–1.
    • (2007) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 310-311
    • Tremaine, W.J.1
  • 71
    • 79958795293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Practice of gastroenterologists in treating flaring inflammatory bowel disease patients with Clostridium difficile: antibiotics alone or combined antibiotics/immunomodulators?
    • PID: 21674710
    • Yanai H, Nguyen GC, Yun L, et al. Practice of gastroenterologists in treating flaring inflammatory bowel disease patients with Clostridium difficile: antibiotics alone or combined antibiotics/immunomodulators? Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011;17(7):1540–6.
    • (2011) Inflamm Bowel Dis , vol.17 , Issue.7 , pp. 1540-1546
    • Yanai, H.1    Nguyen, G.C.2    Yun, L.3
  • 72
    • 77956340254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoids are associated with increased risk of short-term mortality in hospitalized patients with Clostridium difficile-associated disease
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtFaitrfJ, PID: 20389295
    • Das R, Feuerstadt P, Brandt LJ. Glucocorticoids are associated with increased risk of short-term mortality in hospitalized patients with Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(9):2040–9.
    • (2010) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.105 , Issue.9 , pp. 2040-2049
    • Das, R.1    Feuerstadt, P.2    Brandt, L.J.3
  • 73
    • 84859007390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for infection with Clostridium difficile in Europe, Canada, and the USA: a double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XltVajs7Y%3D, PID: 22321770
    • Cornely OA, Crook DW, Esposito R, et al. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for infection with Clostridium difficile in Europe, Canada, and the USA: a double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(4):281–9.
    • (2012) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.12 , Issue.4 , pp. 281-289
    • Cornely, O.A.1    Crook, D.W.2    Esposito, R.3
  • 74
    • 84863719891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term follow-up of colonoscopic fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • PID: 22450732
    • Brandt LJ, Aroniadis OC, Mellow M, et al. Long-term follow-up of colonoscopic fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(7):1079–87.
    • (2012) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.107 , Issue.7 , pp. 1079-1087
    • Brandt, L.J.1    Aroniadis, O.C.2    Mellow, M.3
  • 75
    • 84926417736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised clinical trial: faecal microbiota transplantation by colonoscopy vs. vancomycin for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXlslKis78%3D, PID: 25728808
    • Cammarota G, Masucci L, Ianiro G, et al. Randomised clinical trial: faecal microbiota transplantation by colonoscopy vs. vancomycin for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;41(9):835–43.
    • (2015) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.41 , Issue.9 , pp. 835-843
    • Cammarota, G.1    Masucci, L.2    Ianiro, G.3
  • 76
    • 84865494677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review: faecal microbiota transplantation in the management of inflammatory bowel disease
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xhs1CqtbjL, PID: 22827693
    • Anderson JL, Edney RJ, Whelan K. Systematic review: faecal microbiota transplantation in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;36(6):503–16.
    • (2012) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.36 , Issue.6 , pp. 503-516
    • Anderson, J.L.1    Edney, R.J.2    Whelan, K.3
  • 77
    • 84877020842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stool substitute transplant therapy for the eradication of Clostridium difficile infection: ‘RePOOPulating’ the gut
    • PID: 24467987
    • Petrof EO, Gloor GB, Vanner SJ, et al. Stool substitute transplant therapy for the eradication of Clostridium difficile infection: ‘RePOOPulating’ the gut. Microbiome. 2013;1(1):3.
    • (2013) Microbiome , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 3
    • Petrof, E.O.1    Gloor, G.B.2    Vanner, S.J.3
  • 78
    • 84988663720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fecal microbiota transplantation is safe and efficacious for recurrent or refractory Clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
    • PID: 27580384
    • Fischer M, Kao D, Kelly C, et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation is safe and efficacious for recurrent or refractory Clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22(10):2402–9.
    • (2016) Inflamm Bowel Dis , vol.22 , Issue.10 , pp. 2402-2409
    • Fischer, M.1    Kao, D.2    Kelly, C.3
  • 79
    • 0034628426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7hs12mtg%3D%3D, PID: 10666429
    • Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, et al. Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(6):390–7.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.342 , Issue.6 , pp. 390-397
    • Kyne, L.1    Warny, M.2    Qamar, A.3
  • 80
    • 0035915688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXptVyruw%3D%3D, PID: 11213096
    • Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, et al. Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Lancet. 2001;357(9251):189–93.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , Issue.9251 , pp. 189-193
    • Kyne, L.1    Warny, M.2    Qamar, A.3
  • 81
    • 74949110785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe Clostridium difficile colitis: an observational study and review of the literature
    • PID: 20063275
    • Abougergi MS, Broor A, Cui W, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe Clostridium difficile colitis: an observational study and review of the literature. J Hosp Med. 2010;5(1):E1–9.
    • (2010) J Hosp Med , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. E1-E9
    • Abougergi, M.S.1    Broor, A.2    Cui, W.3
  • 82
    • 33646582618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe, refractory, and recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea
    • PID: 16525744
    • McPherson S, Rees CJ, Ellis R, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe, refractory, and recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhea. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006;49(5):640–5.
    • (2006) Dis Colon Rectum , vol.49 , Issue.5 , pp. 640-645
    • McPherson, S.1    Rees, C.J.2    Ellis, R.3
  • 83
    • 74249096590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum anti-toxin B antibody correlates with protection from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXntlSltg%3D%3D, PID: 19941990
    • Leav BA, Blair B, Leney M, et al. Serum anti-toxin B antibody correlates with protection from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Vaccine. 2010;28(4):965–9.
    • (2010) Vaccine , vol.28 , Issue.4 , pp. 965-969
    • Leav, B.A.1    Blair, B.2    Leney, M.3
  • 84
    • 74849098405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXosFShtw%3D%3D, PID: 20089970
    • Lowy I, Molrine DC, Leav BA, et al. Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(3):197–205.
    • (2010) N Engl J Med , vol.362 , Issue.3 , pp. 197-205
    • Lowy, I.1    Molrine, D.C.2    Leav, B.A.3
  • 85
    • 84928023485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXotFGls78%3D, PID: 25875259
    • Leffler DA, Lamont JT. Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(16):1539–48.
    • (2015) N Engl J Med , vol.372 , Issue.16 , pp. 1539-1548
    • Leffler, D.A.1    Lamont, J.T.2
  • 86
    • 84875880336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of Clostridium difficile colitis on 5-year health outcomes in patients with ulcerative colitis
    • COI: 1:STN:280:DC%2BC3s%2FkslGruw%3D%3D, PID: 23061526
    • Murthy SK, Steinhart AH, Tinmouth J, et al. Impact of Clostridium difficile colitis on 5-year health outcomes in patients with ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;36(11–12):1032–9.
    • (2012) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.36 , Issue.11-12 , pp. 1032-1039
    • Murthy, S.K.1    Steinhart, A.H.2    Tinmouth, J.3
  • 87
    • 76849114352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical outcomes of patients with ulcerative colitis and co-existing Clostridium difficile infection
    • PID: 19255850
    • Jodorkovsky D, Young Y, Abreu MT. Clinical outcomes of patients with ulcerative colitis and co-existing Clostridium difficile infection. Dig Dis Sci. 2010;55(2):415–20.
    • (2010) Dig Dis Sci , vol.55 , Issue.2 , pp. 415-420
    • Jodorkovsky, D.1    Young, Y.2    Abreu, M.T.3
  • 88
    • 84909609665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of Clostridium difficile infection on inflammatory bowel disease outcome: a review
    • PID: 25206277
    • Trifan A, Stanciu C, Stoica O, et al. Impact of Clostridium difficile infection on inflammatory bowel disease outcome: a review. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(33):11736–42.
    • (2014) World J Gastroenterol , vol.20 , Issue.33 , pp. 11736-11742
    • Trifan, A.1    Stanciu, C.2    Stoica, O.3
  • 89
    • 77952241224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and clinical impact of endoscopic pseudomembranes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and Clostridium difficile infection
    • Ben-Horin S, Margalit M, Bossuyt P, et al. Prevalence and clinical impact of endoscopic pseudomembranes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and Clostridium difficile infection. J Crohn’s Colitis. 2010;4(2):194–8.
    • (2010) J Crohn’s Colitis , vol.4 , Issue.2 , pp. 194-198
    • Ben-Horin, S.1    Margalit, M.2    Bossuyt, P.3
  • 90
    • 79955021766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection in patients with ulcerative colitis: investigations of risk factors and efficacy of antibiotics for steroid refractory patients
    • PID: 21435967
    • Kaneko T, Matsuda R, Taguri M, et al. Clostridium difficile infection in patients with ulcerative colitis: investigations of risk factors and efficacy of antibiotics for steroid refractory patients. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2011;35(4):315–20.
    • (2011) Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 315-320
    • Kaneko, T.1    Matsuda, R.2    Taguri, M.3
  • 91
    • 78049520847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with ulcerative colitis
    • Kariv R, Navaneethan U, Venkatesh PG, et al. Impact of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with ulcerative colitis. J Crohn’s Colitis. 2011;5(1):34–40.
    • (2011) J Crohn’s Colitis , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 34-40
    • Kariv, R.1    Navaneethan, U.2    Venkatesh, P.G.3
  • 92
    • 84858284133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of severe outcomes associated with Clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
    • COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xmt1Cgu7o%3D, PID: 22360370
    • Ananthakrishnan AN, Guzman-Perez R, Gainer V, et al. Predictors of severe outcomes associated with Clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35(7):789–95.
    • (2012) Aliment Pharmacol Ther , vol.35 , Issue.7 , pp. 789-795
    • Ananthakrishnan, A.N.1    Guzman-Perez, R.2    Gainer, V.3
  • 93
    • 78049491461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease: understanding the evolving relationship
    • PID: 20954275
    • Navaneethan U, Venkatesh PG, Shen B. Clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease: understanding the evolving relationship. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(39):4892–904.
    • (2010) World J Gastroenterol , vol.16 , Issue.39 , pp. 4892-4904
    • Navaneethan, U.1    Venkatesh, P.G.2    Shen, B.3
  • 94
    • 84858076739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridium difficile infection is associated with worse long term outcome in patients with ulcerative colitis
    • Navaneethan U, Mukewar S, Venkatesh PG, et al. Clostridium difficile infection is associated with worse long term outcome in patients with ulcerative colitis. J Crohn’s Colitis. 2012;6(3):330–6.
    • (2012) J Crohn’s Colitis , vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp. 330-336
    • Navaneethan, U.1    Mukewar, S.2    Venkatesh, P.G.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.