Clinical and microbiological characteristics of community-onset Clostridium difficile infection in The Netherlands

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

Volumn 15, Issue 12, 2009, Pages 1087-1092

  Bauer, M P ^a   Veenendaal, D ^b   Verhoef, L ^c   Bloembergen, P ^d   van Dissel, J T ^a   Kuijper, E J ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b Laboratory of Public Health Haarlem   (Netherlands)

^c SALTRO Artsenlaboratorium Utrecht   (Netherlands)

^d Isala Klinieken   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Clostridium difficile infection; Community onset; Faecal toxin enzyme immunoassay; PCR ribotypes; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; BACTERIAL TOXIN; BACTERIAL TOXIN A; BACTERIAL TOXIN B; PARACETAMOL; SEROTONIN NORADRENALIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BACTERIUM CULTURE; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; CHILD; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL TRIAL; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; COMMUNITY CARE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIARRHEA; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; FECES ANALYSIS; FEVER; HEMATOCHEZIA; HUMAN; INFANT; LABORATORY TEST; MICROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS; MOOD DISORDER; NETHERLANDS; PAIN; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; RECURRENT DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; SCHOOL CHILD;

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE;

EID: 70350531026     PISSN: 1198743X     EISSN: 14690691     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02853.x     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Owens RC, Donskey CJ, Gaynes RP, Loo VG, Muto CA. Antimicrobial-associated risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 46:S19-S31.
2. Goorhuis A, Van der Kooi T, Vaessen N. Spread and epidemiology of Clostridium difficile polymerase chain reaction ribotype 027/toxinotype III in The Netherlands. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45:695-703.
3. Karlström O, Fryklund B, Tullus K, Burman LG. A prospective nationwide study of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in Sweden. The Swedish C. difficile Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 26:141-145.
4. Kyne L, Merry C, O'Connell B, Keane C, O'Neill D. Community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection. J Infect 1998, 36:287-288.
5. Wheeler JG, Sethi D, Cowden JM. Study of infectious intestinal disease in England: rates in the community, presenting to general practice, and reported to national surveillance. BMJ 1999, 318:1046-1050.
6. Dial S, Delaney JAC, Barkun AN, Suissa S. Use of gastric acid-suppressive agents and the risk of community-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated disease. JAMA 2005, 294:2989-2995.
7. Paltansing S, van den Berg RJ, Guseinova RA, Visser CE, van der Vorm ER, Kuijper EJ. Characteristics and incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease, The Netherlands, 2005. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007, 13:1058-1064.
8. Riley TV, Wetherall F, Bowman J, Mogyorosy J, Colledge CL. Diarrheal disease due to Clostridium difficile in general practice. Pathology 1991, 23:346-349.
9. Bauer MP, Goorhuis A, Koster T. Community-onset Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea not associated with antibiotic usage. Two case reports with review of the changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. Neth J Med 2008, 66:207-211.
10. Surveillance for community-associated Clostridium difficile-Connecticut, 2006. MMWR 2008, 57:340-343.
11. Bidet P, Lalande V, Salauze B. Comparison of PCR-ribotyping, arbitrarily primed PCR, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for typing Clostridium difficile. J Clin Microbiol 2000, 38:2484-2487.
12. Barbut F, Mastrantonio P, Delmee M, Brazier J, Kuijper E, Poxton I. Prospective study of Clostridium difficile infections in Europe with phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of the isolates. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007, 13:1048-1057.
13. Heaton KW, Thompson WG, Heaton KW, Thompson WG. Diagnosis. Irritable bowel syndrome 1999, 27. In, eds, Oxford, Health Press
14. Larson HE, Borriello SP. Quantitative study of antibiotic-induced susceptibility to Clostridium difficile enterocecitis in hamsters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990, 34:1348-1353.
15. Standaard acute diarree. http://nhg.artsennet.nl/, Available at:
16. O'Connor D, Hynes P, Cormican M, Collins E, Corbett-Feeney G, Cassidy M. Evaluation of methods for detection of toxins in specimens of feces submitted for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol 2001, 39:2846-2849.
17. van den Berg RJ, Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet LS, Gerritsen HJ, Endtz HP, van der Vorm ER, Kuijper EJ. Prospective multicenter evaluation of a new immunoassay and real-time PCR for rapid diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43:5338-5340.
18. McDonald LC, Coignard B, Dubberke E, Song X, Horan T, Kutty PK. Recommendations for surveillance of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007, 28:140-145.
19. Kuijper EJ, Coignard B, Tull P. Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006, 12(suppl 6):2-18.
20. Kutty PK, Benoit SR, Woods CW. Assessment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease surveillance definitions. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008, 29:197-202.
21. MacCannell DR, Louie TJ, Gregson DB. Molecular analysis of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027 isolates from Eastern and Western Canada. J Clin Microbiol 2006, 44:2147-2152.
22. Wilcox MH, Mooney L, Bendall R, Settle CD, Fawley WN. A case-control study of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008, 62:388-396.
23. De Wit MA, Koopmans MP, Kortbeek LM, van Leeuwen NJ, Bartelds AI, van Duynhoven YT. Gastroenteritis in sentinel general practices, The Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2001, 7:82-91.
24. De Wit MA, Koopmans MP, Kortbeek LM. Sensor, a population-based cohort study on gastroenteritis in the Netherlands: incidence and aetiology. Am J Epidemiol 2001, 154:666-674.
25. Goorhuis A, Debast SB, van Leengoed LA. Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078: an emerging strain in humans and in pigs?. J Clin Microbiol 2008, 46:1157-1158.