Identification and Validation of a Brief Test Anxiety Screening Tool

International Journal of School and Educational Psychology

Volumn 1, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 246-258

  von der Embse, Nathaniel P ^a   Kilgus, Stephen P ^a   Segool, Natasha ^b   Putwain, Dave ^c  

^a EAST CAROLINA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HARTFORD   (United States)

^c EDGE HILL UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Brief assessment; educational accountability; high stakes testing; test anxiety

Indexed keywords

EID: 85006545420     PISSN: 21683603     EISSN: 21683611     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/21683603.2013.826152     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Albers, C. A., Glover, T. A., and Kratochwill, T. R., 2007. Introduction to the special series: How can universal screening enhance educational and mental health outcomes?. Journal of School Psychology, 45: 113–116
2. Baird, J., 2009. “ Country case study: England ”. In Secondary school external examination systems: Reliability, robustness and resilience, Edited by: Vlaardingerbroek, B., and Taylor, N., 29–54. Amherst, NY: Cambria
3. Bentler, P. M., 1990. Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107: 238–246
4. Birenbaum, M., and Pinku, P., 1997. Effects of test anxiety, information organization, and testing situation on performance on two test formats. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 22 (1): 23–38
5. Bodas, J., and Ollendick, T. H., 2005. Test anxiety: A cross-cultural perspective. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 8: 65–88
6. Bradshaw, C. P., Buckley, J. A., and Ialongo, N. S., 2008. School-based service utilization among urban children with early onset educational and mental health problems: The squeaky wheel phenomenon. School Psychology Quarterly, 23: 169–186
7. Burns, M. K., 2012. Assessment research and school psychology: Introduction to the special topic. School Psychology Review, 41: 243–245
8. Cattell, R. B., 1966. The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1: 245–276
9. Chafouleas, S. M., Sanetti, L. M., Kilgus, S. P., and Maggin, D. M., 2012. Evaluating sensitivity to behavioral change using direct behavior rating single-item scales. Exceptional Children, 78 (4): 491–505
10. Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Ahmetoglu, G., and Furnham, A., 2008. Little more than personality: Dispositional determinants of test anxiety (the Big Five, core self-evaluations and self-assessed intelligence). Learning and Individual Differences, 18: 258–263
11. Cohen, J., 1988. Statistical power analysis for the behavior sciences, 2nd ed., New York, NY: Academic
12. Cook, C. R., Rasetshwane, K. B., Truelson, E., Grant, S., Dart, E. H., Collins, T. A., and Sprague, J., 2011. Development and validation of the Student Internalizing Behavior Screener: Examination of reliability, validity, and classification accuracy. Assessment for Effective Intervention, 36: 71–79
13. Costello, A. B., and Osborne, J. W., 2005. Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research, & Evaluation, 10: 1–8
14. Covington, M., 1992. Making the grade: A self-worth perspective on motivation and school reform, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press
15. Curran, P. J., West, S. G., and Finch, J. F., 1996. The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1: 16–29
16. Egloff, B., and Schmuckle, S. C., 2004. Gender differences in explicit and implicit anxiety measures. Personality and Individual Differences, 36: 1807–1815
17. Ergene, T., 2003. Effective interventions on test anxiety reduction: A meta-analysis. School Psychology International, 24: 313–328
18. Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., and Strahan, E. J., 1999. Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4: 272–299
19. Field, A. P., 2009. Discovering statistics using SPSS, 3rd ed., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
20. Field, A. P., and Lawson, J., 2003. Fear information and the development of fears during childhood: Effects on implicit fear responses and behavioural avoidance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41: 1277–1293
21. Flaxman, P., Bond, F. W., and Keogh, E., 2002. “ Preventing and treating evaluation strain: A brief CBT approach ”. In Handbook of brief cognitive behavioural therapy, Edited by: Bond, F. W., and Dryden, W., Chichester, England: John Willey and Sons
22. Friedman, I. A., and Bendas-Jacob, O., 1997. Measuring perceived test anxiety in adolescents: A self-report scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 57: 1035–1046
23. Gorsuch, R. L., 1983. Factor analysis, 2nd ed., Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
24. Gregg, A. P., 2008. Oracle of the unconscious or deceiver of the unwitting?. Psychologist, 21: 762–767
25. Gresham, F. M., Cook, C. R., Collins, T., Dart, E., Rasethwane, K., Truelson, T., and Grant, S., 2010. Developing a change-sensitive brief behavior rating scale as a progress monitoring tool for social behavior: An example using the Social Skills Rating System—Teacher Form. School Psychology Review, 39: 364–379
26. Guttman, L., 1954. Some necessary conditions for common-factor analysis. Psychometrika, 19: 149–161
27. Hembree, R., 1988. Correlates, causes, effects, and treatment of test anxiety. Review of Educational Research, 58 (1): 47–77
28. Hersch, R., and Walker, H. M., 1983. Great expectations: Making schools effective for all students. Policy Studies Review, 2: 147–188
29. Hoelter, J. W., 1983. The analysis of covariance structures: Goodness-of-fit indices. Sociological Methods and Research, 11: 325–344
30. Horn, J. L., 1965. A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30: 179–185
31. Hu, L., and Bentler, P. M., 1999. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6: 1–55
32. Janssen, K. J., Donders, A. R., Harrell, F. E., Vergouwe, Y., Chen, Q., and Grobbee, D. E., 2010. Missing covariate data in medical research: To impute is better than to ignore. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63: 721–727
33. Kaiser, H. F., 1974. An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39: 32–36
34. Kline, R. B., 2011. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 3rd ed., New York, NY: Guilford
35. LeBeau, R. T., Glenn, D., Liao, B., Wittchen, H., Beesdo-Baum, K., Ollendick, T., and Craske, M. G., 2010. Specific phobia: A preliminary review of DSM–IV specific phobia and preliminary recommendations for DSM–V. Depression and Anxiety, 27: 148–167
36. Levitt, V. H., and Merrell, K. W., 2009. Linking assessment to intervention for internalizing problems of children and adolescents. School Psychology Forum, 3: 13–26
37. Lowe, P. A., Grumbein, M. J., and Raad, J. M., 2011. Examination of the psychometric properties of the Test Anxiety Scale for Elementary Students (TAS-E) scores. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29: 503–514. doi:10.1177/0734282910395894
38. Lowe, P. A., Lee, S. W., Witteborg, K. M., Prichard, K. W., Luhr, M. E., Cullinan, C. M., and Janik, M., 2008. The Test Anxiety Inventory for Children and Adolescents (TAICA): Examination of the psychometric properties of a new multidimensional measure of test anxiety among elementary and secondary school students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 26: 215–230
39. Martin, A. J., 2010. Building classroom suucess: Eliminating acadmeic fear and failure, London, England: Continuum
40. McKeachie, W. J., Lin, Y., and Middleton, M. J., 2004. Two types of low test-anxious (low-worry) students. Counselling and Clinical Psychology Journal, 1 (3): 141–151
41. Merrell, K. W., 2008. Helping students overcome depression and anxiety: A practical guide, 2nd ed., New York, NY: Guildford
42. Morris, L. W., and Liebert, R. M., 1970. Relationship of cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety to physiological arousal and academic performance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 35: 332–337
43. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, P.L. 107-110 C.F.R
44. Nunnally, J. C., 1978. Psychometric theory, 2nd ed., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
45. Oetting, E. R., and Cole, C. W., 1980. Test anxiety profile, Fort Collins, CO: Tri-Ethnic Center for Prevention Research
46. Owens, M., Stevenson, J., Hadwin, J. A., and Norgate, R., 2012. Anxiety and depression in academic performance: An exploration of the mediating factors of worry and working memory. School Psychology International, 33: 433–449
47. Owens, M., Stevenson, J., Norgate, R., and Hadwin, J. A., 2008. Processing efficiency theory in children: Working memory as a mediator between test anxiety and academic performance. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 21: 417–430
48. Perryman, J., 2006. Panoptic performativity and school inspection regimes: Disciplinary mechanisms and life under special measures. Journal of Education Policy, 21: 147–161
49. Perryman, J., Ball, S. J., Maguire, M., and Braun, A., 2011. Life in the pressure cooker—School league tables and English and math teachers' responses to accountability in a results-driven era. British Journal of Educational Studies, 59: 179–195
50. Peugh, J. L., and Enders, C. K., 2004. Missing data in educational research: A review of reporting practices and suggestions for improvement. Review of Educational Research, 74: 525–556
51. Putwain, D. W., 2008. Test anxiety and GCSE performance: The effect of gender and socio-economic background. Educational Psychology in Practice, 24: 319–334
52. Putwain, D. W., Langdale, H. C., Woods, K. A., and Nicholson, L. J., 2011. Developing and piloting a dot-probe measure of attentional bias for test anxiety. Learning and Individual Differences, 21: 478–482. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.02.002
53. Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R., and Wrightsman, L. S., 1991. “ Criteria for scale selection and evaluation ”. In Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes, Edited by: Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R., and Wrightsman, L. S., 1–15. San Diego, CA: Academic
54. Sarason, S. B., Davidson, K. S., Lighthall, F. F., Waite, R., and Ruebush, B. K., 1960. Anxiety in elementary school children, New York, NY: Wiley
55. Schmidt, W. H., and Houang, R. T., 2012. Curricular coherence and the common core state standards for mathematics. Educational Researcher, 41: 294–308
56. Segool, N., Carlson, J., Goforth, A., von der Embse, N., and Barterian, J., 2013. Heightened test anxiety among young children: Elementary school students' anxious responses to high-stakes testing. Psychology in the Schools, 50: 489–499
57. Segool, N., von der Embse, N., Mata, A., and Gallant, J., in press. Empirical validation of a cognitive behavioral model of high-stakes test anxiety. School Mental Health
58. Severson, H. H., Walker, H. M., Hope-Doolittle, J., Kratochwill, T. R., and Gresham, F. M., 2007. Proactive, early screening to detect behaviorally at-risk students: Issues, approaches, emerging innovations, and professional practices. Journal of School Psychology, 45: 193–223
59. Spada, M. M., and Moneta, G. B., 2012. A metacognitive-motivational model of surface approach to studying. Educational Psychology, 32: 45–62
60. Spielberger, C. D., 1980. Preliminary professional manual for the Test Anxiety Inventory, Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press
61. Steiger, J. H., & Lind, J. C. (1980, June). Statistically based tests for the number of common factors. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society, Iowa City, IA
62. Streiner, D. L., and Cairney, J., 2007. What's under the ROC? An introduction to receiver operating characteristic curves. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52: 121–128
63. Taylor, M. A., and Pastor, D. A., 2007. A confirmatory factor analysis of the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 67: 1002–1018
64. Thompson, B., 2004. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
65. Thurstone, L. L., 1947. Multiple factor analysis, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
66. Tucker, L. R., and Lewis, C., 1973. A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38: 1–10
67. Velicer, W. F., 1976. Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations. Psychometrika, 41: 321–327
68. Velicer, W. F., Eaton, C. A., and Fava, J. L., 2000. “ Construct explication through factor or component analysis: A review and evaluation of alternative procedures for determining the number of factors of components ”. In Problems and solutions in human assessment, Edited by: Goffin, R. D., and Helmes, E., 41–71. Boston, MA: Kluwer
69. Volpe, R. J., Gadow, K. D., Blom-Hoffman, J., and Feinberg, A. B., 2009. Factor analytic and individualized approaches to constructing brief measures of ADHD behaviors. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 17: 118–128
70. Von der Embse, N., Barterian, J., and Segool, N., 2013. Test anxiety interventions for children and adolescents: A systematic review of treatment studies from 2000–2010. Psychology in the Schools, 50 (1): 57–71
71. Von der Embse, N., and Hasson, R., 2012. Test anxiety and high-stakes tests: Implications for educators. Preventing School Failure, 56 (3): 180–187
72. Wren, D. G., and Benson, J., 2004. Measuring test anxiety in children: Scale development and internal construct validation. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 17: 227–240
73. Ysseldyke, J., Burns, M., Dawson, P., Kelley, B., Morrison, D., Ortiz, S., and Telzrow, C., 2006. School psychology: A blueprint for training and practice III, Bethesda, MD: National Association of School Psychologists
74. Zeidner, M., 1998. Test anxiety, the state of the art, New York, NY: Plenum Press
75. Zuriff, G. E., 1997. Accommodations for test anxiety under ADA. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 25: 197–206