메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 139, Issue 5, 2017, Pages 1548-1558.e4

Mechanism of TH2/TH17-predominant and neutrophilic TH2/TH17-low subtypes of asthma

Author keywords

Asthma endotype; C3a; IL 1; infection; neutrophilic asthma; TH2 TH17 predominant asthma

Indexed keywords

ANAKINRA; COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C3A; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR; INTERLEUKIN 1ALPHA; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 23; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE P38; MYELOPEROXIDASE; CYTOKINE; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; SERUM AMYLOID A;

EID: 85006256524     PISSN: 00916749     EISSN: 10976825     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.08.032     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (109)

References (48)
  • 4
    • 84860679595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asthma phenotypes: the evolution from clinical to molecular approaches
    • 4 Wenzel, S.E., Asthma phenotypes: the evolution from clinical to molecular approaches. Nat Med 18 (2012), 716–725.
    • (2012) Nat Med , vol.18 , pp. 716-725
    • Wenzel, S.E.1
  • 6
    • 84948710699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The other side of asthma: steroid-refractory disease in the absence of TH2-mediated inflammation
    • 6 Gelfand, E.W., Alam, R., The other side of asthma: steroid-refractory disease in the absence of TH2-mediated inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 135 (2015), 1196–1198.
    • (2015) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.135 , pp. 1196-1198
    • Gelfand, E.W.1    Alam, R.2
  • 7
    • 84902603361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Innate immunity in the lung regulates the development of asthma
    • 7 DeKruyff, R.H., Yu, S., Kim, H.Y., Umetsu, D.T., Innate immunity in the lung regulates the development of asthma. Immunol Rev 260 (2014), 235–248.
    • (2014) Immunol Rev , vol.260 , pp. 235-248
    • DeKruyff, R.H.1    Yu, S.2    Kim, H.Y.3    Umetsu, D.T.4
  • 9
    • 84876889786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms underlying helper T-cell plasticity: implications for immune-mediated disease
    • 9 Hirahara, K., Poholek, A., Vahedi, G., Laurence, A., Kanno, Y., Milner, J.D., et al. Mechanisms underlying helper T-cell plasticity: implications for immune-mediated disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 131 (2013), 1276–1287.
    • (2013) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.131 , pp. 1276-1287
    • Hirahara, K.1    Poholek, A.2    Vahedi, G.3    Laurence, A.4    Kanno, Y.5    Milner, J.D.6
  • 10
    • 78149326083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel subset of CD4(+) T(H)2 memory/effector cells that produce inflammatory IL-17 cytokine and promote the exacerbation of chronic allergic asthma
    • 10 Wang, Y.H., Voo, K.S., Liu, B., Chen, C.Y., Uygungil, B., Spoede, W., et al. A novel subset of CD4(+) T(H)2 memory/effector cells that produce inflammatory IL-17 cytokine and promote the exacerbation of chronic allergic asthma. J Exp Med 207 (2010), 2479–2491.
    • (2010) J Exp Med , vol.207 , pp. 2479-2491
    • Wang, Y.H.1    Voo, K.S.2    Liu, B.3    Chen, C.Y.4    Uygungil, B.5    Spoede, W.6
  • 11
    • 84913530341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased frequency of dual-positive TH2/TH17 cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid characterizes a population of patients with severe asthma
    • 11 Irvin, C., Zafar, I., Good, J., Rollins, D., Christianson, C., Gorska, M.M., et al. Increased frequency of dual-positive TH2/TH17 cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid characterizes a population of patients with severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 134 (2014), 1175–1186.e7.
    • (2014) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.134 , pp. 1175-1186.e7
    • Irvin, C.1    Zafar, I.2    Good, J.3    Rollins, D.4    Christianson, C.5    Gorska, M.M.6
  • 12
    • 56149097181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TH17 cells mediate steroid-resistant airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in mice
    • 12 McKinley, L., Alcorn, J.F., Peterson, A., Dupont, R.B., Kapadia, S., Logar, A., et al. TH17 cells mediate steroid-resistant airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. J Immunol 181 (2008), 4089–4097.
    • (2008) J Immunol , vol.181 , pp. 4089-4097
    • McKinley, L.1    Alcorn, J.F.2    Peterson, A.3    Dupont, R.B.4    Kapadia, S.5    Logar, A.6
  • 13
    • 70349871248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Allergic sensitization through the airway primes Th17-dependent neutrophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness
    • 13 Wilson, R.H., Whitehead, G.S., Nakano, H., Free, M.E., Kolls, J.K., Cook, D.N., Allergic sensitization through the airway primes Th17-dependent neutrophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 180 (2009), 720–730.
    • (2009) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.180 , pp. 720-730
    • Wilson, R.H.1    Whitehead, G.S.2    Nakano, H.3    Free, M.E.4    Kolls, J.K.5    Cook, D.N.6
  • 14
    • 84863393757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Refractory asthma: importance of bronchoscopy to identify phenotypes and direct therapy
    • 14 Good, J.T. Jr., Kolakowski, C.A., Groshong, S.D., Murphy, J.R., Martin, R.J., Refractory asthma: importance of bronchoscopy to identify phenotypes and direct therapy. Chest 141 (2012), 599–606.
    • (2012) Chest , vol.141 , pp. 599-606
    • Good, J.T.1    Kolakowski, C.A.2    Groshong, S.D.3    Murphy, J.R.4    Martin, R.J.5
  • 15
    • 77949390343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Establishment of extracellular signal-regulated kinase ½ bistability and sustained activation through Sprouty 2 and its relevance for epithelial function
    • 15 Liu, W., Tundwal, K., Liang, Q., Goplen, N., Rozario, S., Quayum, N., et al. Establishment of extracellular signal-regulated kinase ½ bistability and sustained activation through Sprouty 2 and its relevance for epithelial function. Mol Cell Biol 30 (2010), 1783–1799.
    • (2010) Mol Cell Biol , vol.30 , pp. 1783-1799
    • Liu, W.1    Tundwal, K.2    Liang, Q.3    Goplen, N.4    Rozario, S.5    Quayum, N.6
  • 16
    • 84880828549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Particle-induced pulmonary acute phase response correlates with neutrophil influx linking inhaled particles and cardiovascular risk
    • 16 Saber, A.T., Lamson, J.S., Jacobsen, N.R., Ravn-Haren, G., Hougaard, K.S., Nyendi, A.N., et al. Particle-induced pulmonary acute phase response correlates with neutrophil influx linking inhaled particles and cardiovascular risk. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e69020.
    • (2013) PLoS One , vol.8 , pp. e69020
    • Saber, A.T.1    Lamson, J.S.2    Jacobsen, N.R.3    Ravn-Haren, G.4    Hougaard, K.S.5    Nyendi, A.N.6
  • 17
    • 84964990175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mucosal production of uric acid by airway epithelial cells contributes to particulate matter-induced allergic sensitization
    • 17 Gold, M.J., Hiebert, P.R., Park, H.Y., Stefanowicz, D., Le, A., Starkey, M.R., et al. Mucosal production of uric acid by airway epithelial cells contributes to particulate matter-induced allergic sensitization. Mucosal Immunol 9 (2016), 809–820.
    • (2016) Mucosal Immunol , vol.9 , pp. 809-820
    • Gold, M.J.1    Hiebert, P.R.2    Park, H.Y.3    Stefanowicz, D.4    Le, A.5    Starkey, M.R.6
  • 18
    • 79952339508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dangers within: DAMP responses to damage and cell death in kidney disease
    • 18 Rosin, D.L., Okusa, M.D., Dangers within: DAMP responses to damage and cell death in kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 22 (2011), 416–425.
    • (2011) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.22 , pp. 416-425
    • Rosin, D.L.1    Okusa, M.D.2
  • 19
    • 0035891592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complement factors C3a and C5a are increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after segmental allergen provocation in subjects with asthma
    • 19 Krug, N., Tschernig, T., Erpenbeck, V.J., Hohlfeld, J.M., Köhl, J., Complement factors C3a and C5a are increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after segmental allergen provocation in subjects with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 (2001), 1841–1843.
    • (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.164 , pp. 1841-1843
    • Krug, N.1    Tschernig, T.2    Erpenbeck, V.J.3    Hohlfeld, J.M.4    Köhl, J.5
  • 21
    • 79954597670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An unexpected role for uric acid as an inducer of T helper 2 cell immunity to inhaled antigens and inflammatory mediator of allergic asthma
    • 21 Kool, M., Willart, M.A., van Nimwegen, M., Bergen, I., Pouliot, P., Virchow, J.C., et al. An unexpected role for uric acid as an inducer of T helper 2 cell immunity to inhaled antigens and inflammatory mediator of allergic asthma. Immunity 34 (2011), 527–540.
    • (2011) Immunity , vol.34 , pp. 527-540
    • Kool, M.1    Willart, M.A.2    van Nimwegen, M.3    Bergen, I.4    Pouliot, P.5    Virchow, J.C.6
  • 22
    • 79960386345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum amyloid A activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes Th17 allergic asthma in mice
    • 22 Ather, J.L., Ckless, K., Martin, R., Foley, K.L., Suratt, B.T., Boyson, J.E., et al. Serum amyloid A activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes Th17 allergic asthma in mice. J Immunol 187 (2011), 64–73.
    • (2011) J Immunol , vol.187 , pp. 64-73
    • Ather, J.L.1    Ckless, K.2    Martin, R.3    Foley, K.L.4    Suratt, B.T.5    Boyson, J.E.6
  • 23
    • 0029201101 scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-1 signal transduction
    • 23 O'Neill, L.A., Interleukin-1 signal transduction. Int J Clin Lab Res 25 (1995), 169–177.
    • (1995) Int J Clin Lab Res , vol.25 , pp. 169-177
    • O'Neill, L.A.1
  • 24
    • 84862519263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of a CXCR2 antagonist in patients with severe asthma and sputum neutrophils: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial
    • 24 Nair, P., Gaga, M., Zervas, E., Alagha, K., Hargreave, F.E., O'Byrne, P.M., et al. Safety and efficacy of a CXCR2 antagonist in patients with severe asthma and sputum neutrophils: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Exp Allergy 42 (2012), 1097–1103.
    • (2012) Clin Exp Allergy , vol.42 , pp. 1097-1103
    • Nair, P.1    Gaga, M.2    Zervas, E.3    Alagha, K.4    Hargreave, F.E.5    O'Byrne, P.M.6
  • 25
    • 0036467556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CXCR2 is necessary for the development and persistence of chronic fungal asthma in mice
    • 25 Schuh, J.M., Blease, K., Hogaboam, C.M., CXCR2 is necessary for the development and persistence of chronic fungal asthma in mice. J Immunol 168 (2002), 1447–1456.
    • (2002) J Immunol , vol.168 , pp. 1447-1456
    • Schuh, J.M.1    Blease, K.2    Hogaboam, C.M.3
  • 26
    • 11144276440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CXCR2 is essential for maximal neutrophil recruitment and methacholine responsiveness after ozone exposure
    • 26 Johnston, R.A., Mizgerd, J.P., Shore, S.A., CXCR2 is essential for maximal neutrophil recruitment and methacholine responsiveness after ozone exposure. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 288 (2005), L61–L67.
    • (2005) Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol , vol.288 , pp. L61-L67
    • Johnston, R.A.1    Mizgerd, J.P.2    Shore, S.A.3
  • 28
    • 84897409424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IL-1α and complement cooperate in triggering local neutrophilic inflammation in response to adenovirus and eliminating virus-containing cells
    • 28 Di Paolo, N.C., Baldwin, L.K., Irons, E.E., Papayannopoulou, T., Tomlinson, S., Shayakhmetov, D.M., IL-1α and complement cooperate in triggering local neutrophilic inflammation in response to adenovirus and eliminating virus-containing cells. PLoS Pathog, 10, 2014, e1004035.
    • (2014) PLoS Pathog , vol.10 , pp. e1004035
    • Di Paolo, N.C.1    Baldwin, L.K.2    Irons, E.E.3    Papayannopoulou, T.4    Tomlinson, S.5    Shayakhmetov, D.M.6
  • 29
    • 82755165065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IL-1α/IL-1R1 expression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mechanistic relevance to smoke-induced neutrophilia in mice
    • 29 Botelho, F.M., Bauer, C.M., Finch, D., Nikota, J.K., Zavitz, C.C., Kelly, A., et al. IL-1α/IL-1R1 expression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and mechanistic relevance to smoke-induced neutrophilia in mice. PLoS One, 6, 2011, e28457.
    • (2011) PLoS One , vol.6 , pp. e28457
    • Botelho, F.M.1    Bauer, C.M.2    Finch, D.3    Nikota, J.K.4    Zavitz, C.C.5    Kelly, A.6
  • 30
    • 0026611673 scopus 로고
    • IL-6 and NF-IL6 in acute-phase response and viral infection
    • 30 Akira, S., Kishimoto, T., IL-6 and NF-IL6 in acute-phase response and viral infection. Immunol Rev 127 (1992), 25–50.
    • (1992) Immunol Rev , vol.127 , pp. 25-50
    • Akira, S.1    Kishimoto, T.2
  • 31
    • 84927580933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STAT5 programs a distinct subset of GM-CSF-producing T helper cells that is essential for autoimmune neuroinflammation
    • 31 Sheng, W., Yang, F., Zhou, Y., Yang, H., Low, P.Y., Kemeny, D.M., et al. STAT5 programs a distinct subset of GM-CSF-producing T helper cells that is essential for autoimmune neuroinflammation. Cell Res 24 (2014), 1387–1402.
    • (2014) Cell Res , vol.24 , pp. 1387-1402
    • Sheng, W.1    Yang, F.2    Zhou, Y.3    Yang, H.4    Low, P.Y.5    Kemeny, D.M.6
  • 32
    • 32644490529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of a role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in refractory asthma
    • 32 Berry, M.A., Hargadon, B., Shelley, M., Parker, D., Shaw, D.E., Green, R.H., et al. Evidence of a role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in refractory asthma. N Engl J Med 354 (2006), 697–708.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.354 , pp. 697-708
    • Berry, M.A.1    Hargadon, B.2    Shelley, M.3    Parker, D.4    Shaw, D.E.5    Green, R.H.6
  • 33
    • 34548125305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interleukins 1β and 6 but not transforming growth factor-β are essential for the differentiation of interleukin 17-producing human T helper cells
    • 33 Acosta-Rodriguez, E.V., Napoletani, G., Lanzavecchia, A., Sallusto, F., Interleukins 1β and 6 but not transforming growth factor-β are essential for the differentiation of interleukin 17-producing human T helper cells. Nat Immunol 8 (2007), 942–949.
    • (2007) Nat Immunol , vol.8 , pp. 942-949
    • Acosta-Rodriguez, E.V.1    Napoletani, G.2    Lanzavecchia, A.3    Sallusto, F.4
  • 34
    • 0029974609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new biologic role for C3a and C3a desArg: regulation of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta synthesis
    • 34 Takabayashi, T., Vannier, E., Clark, B.D., Margolis, N.H., Dinarello, C.A., Burke, J.F., et al. A new biologic role for C3a and C3a desArg: regulation of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta synthesis. J Immunol 156 (1996), 3455–3460.
    • (1996) J Immunol , vol.156 , pp. 3455-3460
    • Takabayashi, T.1    Vannier, E.2    Clark, B.D.3    Margolis, N.H.4    Dinarello, C.A.5    Burke, J.F.6
  • 35
    • 0028980191 scopus 로고
    • Activation of the endothelium by IL-1 alpha and glucocorticoids results in major increase of complement C3 and factor B production and generation of C3a
    • 35 Coulpier, M., Andreev, S., Lemercier, C., Dauchel, H., Lees, O., Fontaine, M., et al. Activation of the endothelium by IL-1 alpha and glucocorticoids results in major increase of complement C3 and factor B production and generation of C3a. Clin Exp Immunol 101 (1995), 142–149.
    • (1995) Clin Exp Immunol , vol.101 , pp. 142-149
    • Coulpier, M.1    Andreev, S.2    Lemercier, C.3    Dauchel, H.4    Lees, O.5    Fontaine, M.6
  • 36
    • 33645162402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variants in the gene encoding C3 are associated with asthma and related phenotypes among African Caribbean families
    • 36 Barnes, K.C., Grant, A.V., Baltadzhieva, D., Zhang, S., Berg, T., Shao, L., et al. Variants in the gene encoding C3 are associated with asthma and related phenotypes among African Caribbean families. Genes Immun 7 (2006), 27–35.
    • (2006) Genes Immun , vol.7 , pp. 27-35
    • Barnes, K.C.1    Grant, A.V.2    Baltadzhieva, D.3    Zhang, S.4    Berg, T.5    Shao, L.6
  • 37
    • 0034739041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A role for the C3a anaphylatoxin receptor in the effector phase of asthma
    • 37 Humbles, A.A., Lu, B., Nilsson, C.A., Lilly, C., Israel, E., Fujiwara, Y., et al. A role for the C3a anaphylatoxin receptor in the effector phase of asthma. Nature 406 (2000), 998–1001.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.406 , pp. 998-1001
    • Humbles, A.A.1    Lu, B.2    Nilsson, C.A.3    Lilly, C.4    Israel, E.5    Fujiwara, Y.6
  • 38
    • 84870376361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Th17-associated cytokines promote human airway smooth muscle cell proliferation
    • 38 Chang, Y., Al-Alwan, L., Risse, P.A., Halayko, A.J., Martin, J.G., Baglole, C.J., et al. Th17-associated cytokines promote human airway smooth muscle cell proliferation. FASEB J 26 (2012), 5152–5160.
    • (2012) FASEB J , vol.26 , pp. 5152-5160
    • Chang, Y.1    Al-Alwan, L.2    Risse, P.A.3    Halayko, A.J.4    Martin, J.G.5    Baglole, C.J.6
  • 39
    • 84869127960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Autocrine-regulated airway smooth muscle cell migration is dependent on IL-17-induced growth-related oncogenes
    • 39 Al-Alwan, L.A., Chang, Y., Baglole, C.J., Risse, P.A., Halayko, A.J., Martin, J.G., et al. Autocrine-regulated airway smooth muscle cell migration is dependent on IL-17-induced growth-related oncogenes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130 (2012), 977–985.e6.
    • (2012) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.130 , pp. 977-985.e6
    • Al-Alwan, L.A.1    Chang, Y.2    Baglole, C.J.3    Risse, P.A.4    Halayko, A.J.5    Martin, J.G.6
  • 40
    • 0028334022 scopus 로고
    • IL-4 down-regulates IL-2-, IL-3-, and GM-CSF-induced cytokine gene expression in peripheral blood monocytes
    • 40 Cluitmans, F.H., Esendam, B.H., Landegent, J.E., Willemze, R., Falkenburg, J.H., IL-4 down-regulates IL-2-, IL-3-, and GM-CSF-induced cytokine gene expression in peripheral blood monocytes. Ann Hematol 68 (1994), 293–298.
    • (1994) Ann Hematol , vol.68 , pp. 293-298
    • Cluitmans, F.H.1    Esendam, B.H.2    Landegent, J.E.3    Willemze, R.4    Falkenburg, J.H.5
  • 42
    • 84873518011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sputum mediator profiling and relationship to airway wall geometry imaging in severe asthma
    • 42 Desai, D., Gupta, S., Siddiqui, S., Singapuri, A., Monteiro, W., Entwisle, J., et al. Sputum mediator profiling and relationship to airway wall geometry imaging in severe asthma. Respir Res, 14, 2013, 17.
    • (2013) Respir Res , vol.14 , pp. 17
    • Desai, D.1    Gupta, S.2    Siddiqui, S.3    Singapuri, A.4    Monteiro, W.5    Entwisle, J.6
  • 43
    • 84863797299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neutrophilic inflammatory phenotype is associated with systemic inflammation in asthma
    • 43 Wood, L.G., Baines, K.J., Fu, J., Scott, H.A., Gibson, P.G., The neutrophilic inflammatory phenotype is associated with systemic inflammation in asthma. Chest 142 (2012), 86–93.
    • (2012) Chest , vol.142 , pp. 86-93
    • Wood, L.G.1    Baines, K.J.2    Fu, J.3    Scott, H.A.4    Gibson, P.G.5
  • 44
    • 84878978627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RIP1-driven autoinflammation targets IL-1α independently of inflammasomes and RIP3
    • 44 Lukens, J.R., Vogel, P., Johnson, G.R., Kelliher, M.A., Iwakura, Y., Lamkanfi, M., et al. RIP1-driven autoinflammation targets IL-1α independently of inflammasomes and RIP3. Nature 498 (2013), 224–227.
    • (2013) Nature , vol.498 , pp. 224-227
    • Lukens, J.R.1    Vogel, P.2    Johnson, G.R.3    Kelliher, M.A.4    Iwakura, Y.5    Lamkanfi, M.6
  • 45
    • 84920950343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IL-33: an alarmin cytokine with crucial roles in innate immunity, inflammation and allergy
    • 45 Cayrol, C., Girard, J.P., IL-33: an alarmin cytokine with crucial roles in innate immunity, inflammation and allergy. Curr Opin Immunol 31 (2014), 31–37.
    • (2014) Curr Opin Immunol , vol.31 , pp. 31-37
    • Cayrol, C.1    Girard, J.P.2
  • 47
    • 84905463184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of macrolides in asthma: current evidence and future directions
    • 47 Wong, E.H., Porter, J.D., Edwards, M.R., Johnston, S.L., The role of macrolides in asthma: current evidence and future directions. Lancet Respir Med 2 (2014), 657–670.
    • (2014) Lancet Respir Med , vol.2 , pp. 657-670
    • Wong, E.H.1    Porter, J.D.2    Edwards, M.R.3    Johnston, S.L.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.