Biofuel production from citrus wastes: A feasibility study in Iran

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 69, Issue , 2017, Pages 1100-1112

  Taghizadeh Alisaraei, Ahmad ^a   Hosseini, Seyyed Hasan ^a   Ghobadian, Barat ^b   Motevali, Ali ^c  

^a GORGAN UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND NATURAL RESOURCES   (Iran)

^b TARBIAT MODARES UNIVERSITY   (Iran)

^c SARI AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND NATURAL RESOURCES UNIVERSITY   (Iran)

Author keywords

Biofuel; Citrus waste; Digestion; Fermentation; Iran

Indexed keywords

BIOFUELS; BIOGAS; BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS; ETHANOL; FOOD PROCESSING; OILS AND FATS;

BIOFUEL PRODUCTION; CITRUS PRODUCTION; CITRUS WASTES; DIGESTION; ENERGY SOURCE; FEASIBILITY STUDIES; HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTS; IRAN; PROCESSING INDUSTRY; WORLD ENERGIES;

CITRUS FRUITS;

EID: 85001949347     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: 18790690     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.102     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. [1] Hamzeh, Y., Ashori, A., Mirzaei, B., Abdulkhani, A., Molaei, M., Current and potential capabilities of biomass for green energy in Iran. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15 (2011), 4934–4938, 10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.060.
2. [2] Mohammadnejad, M., Ghazvini, M., Mahlia, T.M.I., Andriyana, a, A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Iran. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15 (2011), 4652–4658, 10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.087.
3. [3] Renewable energy organization of Iran. n.d. 〈http://www.suna.org.ir〉.
4. [4] Huang, Y.H., Wu, J.H., Analysis of biodiesel promotion in Taiwan. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 12 (2008), 1176–1186, 10.1016/j.rser.2007.01.009.
5. [5] Najafi, G., Ghobadian, B., Tavakoli, T., Buttsworth, D.R., Yusaf, T.F., Faizollahnejad, M., Performance and exhaust emissions of a gasoline engine with ethanol blended gasoline fuels using artificial neural network. Appl Energy 86 (2009), 630–639, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.09.017.
6. [6] Najafi, G., Ghobadian, B., Yusaf, T.F., Algae as a sustainable energy source for biofuel production in Iran: a case study. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15 (2011), 3870–3876, 10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.010.
7. [7] Liu, B.T., Mcconkey, B., Huffman, T., Smith, S., Macgregor, B., et al. Potential and impacts of renewable energy production from agricultural biomass in Canada. Appl Energy 130 (2014), 222–229.
8. [8] P. M, Energy production from biomass (part 1): overview of biomass. Bioresour Technol 83 (2002), 37–46.
9. [9] Demirbas, A., Potential applications of renewable energy sources, biomass combustion problems in boiler power systems and combustion related environmental issues. Prog Energy Combust Sci 31 (2005), 171–192, 10.1016/j.pecs.2005.02.002.
10. [10] Taghizadeh-Alisaraei, A., Rezaei-Asl, A., The effect of added ethanol to diesel fuel on performance, vibration, combustion and knocking of a CI engine. Fuel 185 (2016), 718–733, 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.08.041.
11. [11] Ghobadian, B., Liquid biofuels potential and outlook in Iran. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16 (2012), 4379–4384, 10.1016/j.rser.2012.05.013.
12. [12] Izadi, Malihe, Ali Zangi Abadi, E.F., Analysis of the spatial distribution of processing industry in Isfahan province cities using (Pidi). Town Country Plan 4 (2012), 5–22 [in persian].
13. [13] KianiMKD. Investigating the Thermal Balance of an Internal Combustion Engine Using Bioethanol-Gasoline Blend. Tarbiat Modares, Iran; 2008.
14. [14] Kangarshahi, Ali Asadi, Gholamreza Savaghebi, N.A.A., Reduce alternate bearing in citrus unshiu with nitrogen and pruning Management in East of Mazandaran. J Hortic Sci, 2012, 3.
15. [15] Martín, M. a, Siles, J. a, Chica, a F., Martín, a, Biomethanization of orange peel waste. Bioresour Technol 101 (2010), 8993–8999, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.133.
16. [16] Anwar, F., Naseer, R., Bhanger, M.I., Ashraf, S., Talpur, F.N., Aladedunye, F.A., Physico-chemical characteristics of citrus seeds and seed oils from Pakistan. J Am Oil Chem Soc 85 (2008), 321–330, 10.1007/s11746-008-1204-3.
17. [17] El-AdawyTARahmaEHEl-BedawyAAGafarAE. Properties of some citrus seeds. Part 3. Evaluation as a new source of protein and oil. Nahrung-Food; 1999.
18. [18] Wikandari, R., Millati, R., Cahyanto, M.N., Taherzadeh, M.J., Biogas production from citrus waste by membrane bioreactor. Membranes, 4, 2014, Basel, 596–607, 10.3390/membranes4030596.
19. [19] Mizuki, E., Akao, T., Saruwatari, T., Inhibitory effect of Citrus unshu peel on anaerobic digestion. Biol Wastes 33 (1990), 161–168, 10.1016/0269-7483(90)90002-A.
20. [20] Citrus, O.F., Hydrolysis, S.B.Y.D., Optimization study of citrus wastes. BioResources 3 (2008), 108–122.
21. [21] WikandariRNguyenHMillatiRNiklassonCTaherzadehMJ. Improvement of Biogas Production from Orange Peel Waste by Leaching of Limonene. Biomed Res International; 2015.
22. [22] Grohmann, K., Baldwin, E. a, Buslig, B.S., Production of ethanol from enzymatically hydrolyzed orange peel by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 45–46 (1994), 315–327, 10.1007/BF02941808.
23. [23] Kaparaju, P.L.N., Rintala, J. a, Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of industrial orange waste. Environ Technol 27 (2006), 623–633, 10.1080/09593332708618676.
24. [24] Wilkins, M.R., Widmer, W.W., Grohmann, K., Cameron, R.G., Hydrolysis of grapefruit peel waste with cellulase and pectinase enzymes. Bioresour Technol 98 (2007), 1596–1601, 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.06.022.
25. [25] Singh, R., Shukla, A., Tiwari, S., Srivastava, M., A review on deligni fi cation of lignocellulosic biomass for enhancement of ethanol production potential. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 32 (2014), 713–728.
26. [26] Wilkins, M.R., Widmer, W.W., Grohmann, K., Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of citrus peel waste by Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce ethanol. Process Biochem 42 (2007), 1614–1619, 10.1016/j.procbio.2007.09.006.
27. [27] Oberoi, H.S., Vadlani, P.V., Nanjundaswamy, A., Bansal, S., Singh, S., Kaur, S., et al. Enhanced ethanol production from Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata) waste via a statistically optimized simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process. Bioresour Technol 102 (2011), 1593–1601, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.08.111.
28. [28] Uçkun, E., Liu, Y., Kiran, E.U., Liu, Y., Bioethanol production from mixed food waste by an effective enzymatic pretreatment. Fuel 159 (2015), 463–469.
29. [29] Banerjee, S., Sen, R., Pandey, R. a, Chakrabarti, T., Satpute, D., Giri, B.S., et al. Evaluation of wet air oxidation as a pretreatment strategy for bioethanol production from rice husk and process optimization. Biomass and Bioenergy 33 (2009), 1680–1686, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.09.001.
30. [30] Minu, K., Jiby, K.K., Kishore, V.V.N., Isolation and purification of lignin and silica from the black liquor generated during the production of bioethanol from rice straw. Biomass- Bioenergy 39 (2012), 210–217, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.01.007.
31. [31] Dagnino, E.P., Chamorro, E.R., Romano, S.D., Felissia, F.E., Area, M.C., Optimization of the acid pretreatment of rice hulls to obtain fermentable sugars for bioethanol production. Ind Crops Prod 42 (2013), 363–368, 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.06.019.
32. [32] EvcanETariC. Production of bioethanol from apple pomace by using cocultures: Conversion of agro-industrial waste to value added product. Energy; 2015.
33. [33] Tan, H.T., Lee, K.T., Mohamed, A.R., Second-generation bio-ethanol (SGB) from Malaysian palm empty fruit bunch: energy and exergy analyses. Bioresour Technol 101 (2010), 5719–5727, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.023.
34. [34] Sánchez, Ó.J., Cardona, C. a, Sa, J., Trends in biotechnological production of fuel ethanol from different feedstocks. Bioresour Technol 99 (2008), 5270–5295, 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.11.013.
35. [35] Chiesa, S., Gnansounou, E., Use of empty fruit bunches from the oil palm for bioethanol production: a thorough comparison between dilute acid and dilute alkali pretreatment. Bioresour Technol 159 (2014), 355–364, 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.122.
36. [36] Yadav, K.S., Naseeruddin, S., Prashanthi, G.S., Sateesh, L., Rao, L.V., Srilekha Yadav, K., et al. Bioethanol fermentation of concentrated rice straw hydrolysate using co-culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stipitis. Bioresour Technol 102 (2011), 6473–6478, 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.03.019.
37. [37] Watanabe, M., Takahashi, M., Sasano, K., Kashiwamura, T., Ozaki, Y., Tsuiki, T., et al. Bioethanol production from rice washing drainage and rice bran. J Biosci Bioeng 108 (2009), 524–526, 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.06.014.
38. [38] Park, J.Y., Ike, M., Arakane, M., Shiroma, R., Li, Y., Arai-Sanoh, Y., et al. DiSC (direct saccharification of culms) process for bioethanol production from rice straw. Bioresour Technol 102 (2011), 6502–6507, 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.03.065.
39. [39] Roy, P., Orikasa, T., Tokuyasu, K., Nakamura, N., Shiina, T., Evaluation of the life cycle of bioethanol produced from rice straws. Bioresour Technol 110 (2012), 239–244, 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.094.
40. [40] Chen, W.H., Pen, B.L., Yu, C.T., Hwang, W.S., Pretreatment efficiency and structural characterization of rice straw by an integrated process of dilute-acid and steam explosion for bioethanol production. Bioresour Technol 102 (2011), 2916–2924, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.052.
41. [41] Ur Rehman, M.S., Kim, I., Chisti, Y., Han, J.I., Saif, M., Rehman, U., et al. Use of ultrasound in the production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass. Energy Educ Sci Technol Part A Energy Sci Res 30 (2012), 359–378.
42. [42] Girish, V, Kumar, KR, Girishna, ST, Estimation of sugar and bio ethanol from different decaying fruits extract. Adv Appl Sci Res 5:1 (2014), 106–110.
43. [43] NasreenZJabeenSShafiqueMUsmanSYaseenTYasmeenA. et al. Production of alcohol by yeast isolated from apple, orange and banana; 2014.
44. [44] Najafi, G., Ghobadian, B., Tavakoli, T., Yusaf, T., Potential of bioethanol production from agricultural wastes in Iran. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 13 (2009), 1418–1427, 10.1016/j.rser.2008.08.010.
45. [45] Choi, I.S., Lee, Y.G., Khanal, S.K., Park, B.J., Bae, H., Seong, I., et al. A low-energy, cost-effective approach to fruit and citrus peel waste processing for bioethanol production. Appl Energy 140 (2015), 65–74, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.11.070.
46. [46] Choi, I.S., Kim, J.-H.H., Wi, S.G., Kim, K.H., Bae, H.-J.J., Bioethanol production from mandarin (Citrus unshiu) peel waste using popping pretreatment. Appl Energy 102 (2013), 204–210, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.03.066.
47. [47] Boluda-Aguilar, M., García-Vidal, L., González-castañeda, F.D.P., López-gómez, A., Mandarin peel wastes pretreatment with steam explosion for bioethanol production. Bioresour Technol 101 (2010), 3506–3513, 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.063.
48. [48] Santi, G., Crognale, S., Annibale, A.D., Petruccioli, M., Ruzzi, M., Valentini, R., et al. Orange peel pretreatment in a novel lab-scale direct steam-injection apparatus for ethanol production. Biomass- Bioenergy 61 (2014), 146–156, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.12.007.
49. [49] Widmer, W., Zhou, W., Grohmann, K., Pretreatment effects on orange processing waste for making ethanol by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Bioresour Technol 101 (2010), 5242–5249, 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.038.
50. [50] Zhou, W., Widmer, W., Grohmann, K., Developments in ethanol production from citrus peel waste. Proc Fla State Hort Soc, 2008, 307–310.
51. [51] Length, F., Comparative study of biogas production from chemically-treated powdered and un-powdered rice husks. Environ Chem 3 (2011), 75–79.
52. [52] YangLGeXWanCYuFLiY. Progress and perspectives in converting biogas to transportation fuels. Renew Sustain Energy Rev; 2014.
53. [53] Periyasamy, Elaiyaraju, Biogas production from co-digestion of orange peel waste and jatropha de-oiled cake in an anaerobic batch reactor. Afr J Biotechnol, 2012, 11, 10.5897/AJB11.2622.
54. [54] Koppar, A., Pullammanappallil, P., Anaerobic digestion of peel waste and wastewater for on site energy generation in a citrus processing facility. Energy 60 (2013), 62–68, 10.1016/j.energy.2013.08.007.
55. [55] Zhang, R., El-Mashad, H.M., Hartman, K., Wang, F., Liu, G., Choate, C., et al. Characterization of food waste as feedstock for anaerobic digestion. Bioresour Technol 98 (2007), 929–935, 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.02.039.
56. [56] El-Shimi, S. a, El-Housseini, M., Ali, B.E., El-Shinnawi, M.M., Biogas generation from food-processing wastes. Resour Conserv Recycl 6 (1992), 315–327, 10.1016/0921-3449(92)90055-7.
57. [57] OnahDUOfforPOBAEEzekoyeVA. Characterization of biogas produced from rice husks and algae using a metal fixed-dome biodigester. Glob J Sci Front Res; 2014.
58. [58] Okeh, O.C., Onwosi, C.O., Odibo, F.J.C., Biogas production from rice husks generated from various rice mills in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Renew Energy 62 (2014), 204–208, 10.1016/j.renene.2013.07.006.
59. [59] Ratanatamskul, C., Onnum, G., Yamamoto, K., A prototype single-stage anaerobic digester for co-digestion of food waste and sewage sludge from high-rise building for on-site biogas production. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 95 (2014), 176–180.
60. [60] Bożym, M., Florczak, I., Zdanowska, P., Wojdalski, J., Klimkiewicz, M., An analysis of metal concentrations in food wastes for biogas production. Renew Energy 77 (2015), 467–472.
61. [61] Ratanatamskul, C., Wattanayommanaporn, O., Yamamoto, K., An on-site prototype two-stage anaerobic digester for co-digestion of food waste and sewage sludge for biogas production from high-rise building. Proc Sard, 2011, 102.
62. [62] Wang, D., Ai, P., Yu, L., Tan, Z., Zhang, Y., Comparing the hydrolysis and biogas production performance of alkali and acid pretreatments of rice straw using two-stage anaerobic fermentation. Biosyst Eng 132 (2015), 47–55, 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2015.02.007.
63. [63] Mussoline, W., Esposito, G., Lens, P., Garuti, G., Giordano, A., Design considerations for a farm-scale biogas plant based on pilot-scale anaerobic digesters loaded with rice straw and piggery wastewater. Biomass- Bioenergy 46 (2012), 469–478, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.07.013.
64. [64] Rizwan, M., Yousaf, S., Naseem, R., Haider, M.R., Zeshan, Yousaf, S., et al. Effect of mixing ratio of food waste and rice husk co-digestion and substrate to inoculum ratio on biogas production. Bioresour Technol 190 (2015), 451–457, 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.02.105.
65. [65] Teghammar, A., Karimi, K., Sárvári Horváth, I., Taherzadeh, M.J., Enhanced biogas production from rice straw, triticale straw and softwood spruce by NMMO pretreatment. Biomass- Bioenergy 36 (2012), 116–120, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.10.019.
66. [66] Ye, J., Li, D., Sun, Y., Wang, G., Yuan, Z., Zhen, F., et al. Improved biogas production from rice straw by co-digestion with kitchen waste and pig manure. Waste Manag 33 (2013), 2653–2658, 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.05.014.
67. [67] Hansen, T.L., Schmidt, J.E., Angelidaki, I., Marca, E., Jansen, J.L.C., Mosbæk, H., et al. Method for determination of methane potentials of solid organic waste. Waste Manag 24 (2004), 393–400, 10.1016/j.wasman.2003.09.009.
68. [68] Bouallagui, H., Lahdheb, H., Ben Romdan, E., Rachdi, B., Hamdi, M., Improvement of fruit and vegetable waste anaerobic digestion performance and stability with co-substrates addition. J Environ Manag 90 (2009), 1844–1849, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.12.002.
69. [69] Scano, E.A., Asquer, C., Pistis, A., Ortu, L., Demontis, V., Cocco, D., et al. Biogas from anaerobic digestion of fruit and vegetable wastes: experimental results on pilot-scale and preliminary performance evaluation of a full-scale power plant. Energy Convers Manag 77 (2014), 22–30, 10.1016/j.enconman.2013.09.004.
70. [70] Lane, a G., Laboratory scale anaerobic digestion of fruit and vegetable solid waste. Biomass 5 (1984), 245–259, 10.1016/0144-4565(84)90072-6.
71. [71] Prakash, E.V., Singh, L.P., Biomethanation of vegetable and fruit waste in co-digestion process. Int J Emerg Technol Adv Eng 3 (2013), 493–495.
72. [72] Rashid, U., Ibrahim, M., Yasin, S., Yunus, R., Taufiq-Yap, Y.H.H., Knothe, G., Biodiesel from Citrus reticulata (mandarin orange) seed oil, a potential non-food feedstock. Ind Crops Prod 45 (2013), 355–359, 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.12.039.
73. [73] Cc, O., Bull, O.S., Obunwo, C.C., Bio-diesel production from oil of orange (Citrus sinensis) peels as feedstock. J Appl Sci Environ Manag 18 (2014), 371–374.
74. [74] Bridgwater, A.V., Grassi, G., Biomass pyrolysis liquids upgrading and utilisation. 1991, Elsevier Science Publishers LTD. ECSC, EEC, EAEC, Brussels and Luxembourg, 10.1007/978-94-011-3844-4.
75. [75] Lopez-Velazquez, M. a, Santes, V., Balmaseda, J., Torres-Garcia, E., Pyrolysis of orange waste: a thermo-kinetic study. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 99 (2013), 170–177, 10.1016/j.jaap.2012.09.016.
76. [76] Morales, S., Miranda, R., Bustos, D., Cazares, T., Tran, H., Solar biomass pyrolysis for the production of bio-fuels and chemical commodities. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 109 (2014), 65–78, 10.1016/j.jaap.2014.07.012.
77. [77] Volpe, M., Panno, D., Volpe, R., Messineo, A., Upgrade of citrus waste as a biofuel via slow pyrolysis. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis, 2015, 10.1016/j.jaap.2015.06.015.
78. [78] Kim, B.-S., Kim, Y.-M., Jae, J., Watanabe, C., Kim, S., Jung, S.-C., et al. Pyrolysis and catalytic upgrading of Citrus unshiu peel. Bioresour Technol 194 (2015), 312–319, 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.035.
79. [79] Miranda, R., Bustos-Martinez, D., Blanco, C.S., Villarreal, M.H.H.G., Cantú, M.E.R.E.R., Pyrolysis of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) dry peel. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 86 (2009), 245–251, 10.1016/j.jaap.2009.06.001.
80. [80] Aguiar, L., Márquez-Montesinos, F., Gonzalo, a, Sánchez, J.L.L., Arauzo, J., Sa, J.L., et al. Influence of temperature and particle size on the fixed bed pyrolysis of orange peel residues. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 83 (2008), 124–130, 10.1016/j.jaap.2008.06.009.
81. [81] Su, H., Tan, F., Xu, Y., Enhancement of biogas and methanization of citrus waste via biodegradation pretreatment and subsequent optimized fermentation. Fuel 181 (2016), 843–851, 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.05.055.
82. [82] Fagbohungbe, M.O., Herbert, B.M.J., Hurst, L., Li, H., Usmani, S.Q., Semple, K.T., Impact of biochar on the anaerobic digestion of citrus peel waste. Bioresour Technol 216 (2016), 142–149, 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.106.
83. [83] Negro, V., Mancini, G., Ruggeri, B., Fino, D., Citrus waste as feedstock for bio-based products recovery: review on limonene case study and energy valorization. Bioresour Technol 214 (2016), 806–815, 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.006.
84. [84] Karmee, S.K., Liquid biofuels from food waste: current trends, prospect and limitation. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 53 (2016), 945–953, 10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.041.
85. [85] Hamawand, I., Sandell, G., Pittaway, P., Chakrabarty, S., Yusaf, T., Chen, G., et al. Bioenergy from cotton industry wastes: a review and potential. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 66 (2016), 435–448, 10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.033.
86. [86] Ji, L.Q., An assessment of agricultural residue resources for liquid biofuel production in China. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 44 (2015), 561–575, 10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.011.
87. [87] Zaafouri, K., Ben Hassen Trabelsi, A., Krichah, S., Ouerghi, A., Aydi, A., Claumann, C.A., et al. Enhancement of biofuels production by means of co-pyrolysis of Posidonia oceanica (L.) and frying oil wastes: experimental study and process modeling. Bioresour Technol 207 (2016), 387–398, 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.004.
88. [88] Koutinas, A., Kanellaki, M., Bekatorou, A., Kandylis, P., Pissaridi, K., Dima, A., et al. Economic evaluation of technology for a new generation biofuel production using wastes. Bioresour Technol 200 (2016), 178–185, 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.093.
89. [89] Abu Tayeh, H., Levy-Shalev, O., Azaizeh, H., Dosoretz, C.G., Subcritical hydrothermal pretreatment of olive mill solid waste for biofuel production. Bioresour Technol 199 (2016), 164–172, 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.138.
90. [90] Searle, S.Y., Malins, C.J., Waste and residue availability for advanced biofuel production in EU Member States. Biomass- Bioenergy 89 (2015), 2–10, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.01.008.
91. [91] Razaghi, A., Karthikeyan, O.P., Hao, H.T.N., Heimann, K., Hydrolysis treatments of fruit and vegetable waste for production of biofuel precursors. Bioresour Technol 217 (2016), 100–103, 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.041.
92. [92] Marín, F.R., Soler-rivas, C., Benavente-García, O., Castillo, J., Pérez-Alvarez, J. a, Benavente-garcı, O., et al. By-products from different citrus processes as a source of customized functional fibres. Food Chem 100 (2007), 736–741, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.04.040.
93. [93] Dahmoune, F., Boulekbache, L., Moussi, K., Aoun, O., Spigno, G., Madani, K., Valorization of Citrus limon residues for the recovery of antioxidants: evaluation and optimization of microwave and ultrasound application to solvent extraction. Ind Crops Prod 50 (2013), 77–87, 10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.07.013.
94. [94] Luque De Castro, M.D., Towards a comprehensive exploitation of agrofood residues: olive tree - olive oil as example. Comptes Rendus Chim 17 (2014), 252–260, 10.1016/j.crci.2013.11.010.
95. [95] Martín MA, Siles JA, El Bari H, Chica AF, Martín A. Orange Peel: Organic Waste or Energetic Resource? N.d.;1:25–28.
96. [96] Food And Agriculture Organization of The United Nations Statistics Division. 〈http://faostat3.fao.org/〉. n.d.
97. [97] Ministry of Agricultural Jihad Iran. Statistics of garden products 2014. Tehran: 2015.
98. [98] Ruiz, B., Flotats, X., Citrus essential oils and their influence on the anaerobic digestion process: an overview. Waste Manag 34 (2014), 2063–2079, 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.06.026.
99. [99] Hayat, K., Zhang, X., Chen, H., Xia, S., Jia, C., Zhong, F., Liberation and separation of phenolic compounds from citrus mandarin peels by microwave heating and its effect on antioxidant activity. Sep Purif Technol 73 (2010), 371–376, 10.1016/j.seppur.2010.04.026.
100. [100] Hayat, K., Hussain, S., Abbas, S., Farooq, U., Ding, B., Xia, S., et al. Optimized microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic acids from citrus mandarin peels and evaluation of antioxidant activity in vitro. Sep Purif Technol 70 (2009), 63–70, 10.1016/j.seppur.2009.08.012.
101. [101] Mohammadi MaghanakiMGhobadianBJanzadeh GalogahRNajafiGH The feasibility of using agricultural waste to produce electricity and heat simultaneously in Iran. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on waste, recycling and biomass management, Tehran: 2013, p. (in Persian).
102. [102] Syrup production instead of juice in the factory!. 〈http://www.ghatreh.com/news/nn14863459〉 n.d.
103. [103] FarboudniayMohamadaliHatamipourMohamadsadeghSeyed Mehdi MajidiMA. Production of pectin, dietary fiber and valuable nutrients from citrus waste. Natl. Iran. Chem. Eng. Congr., Elmo Sanat Tehran; 2005.
104. [104] Ning, S.K., Hung, M.C., Chang, Y.H., Wan, H.P., Lee, H.T., Shih, R.F., Benefit assessment of cost, energy, and environment for biomass pyrolysis oil. J Clean Prod 59 (2013), 141–149, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.06.042.
105. [105] Sharma, A., Pareek, V., Zhang, D., Biomass pyrolysis—a review of modelling, process parameters and catalytic studies. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 50 (2015), 1081–1096, 10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.193.
106. [106] Demirbas, A., Competitive liquid biofuels from biomass. Appl Energy 88 (2011), 17–28, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.07.016.
107. [107] EisentrautA. Sustainable production of second-generation biofuels – Potential and perspectives in major economies and developing countries; 2010.
108. [108] Li-Beisson, Y., Peltier, G., Third-generation biofuels: current and future research on microalgal lipid biotechnology, 20, 2013, D606, 10.1051/ocl/2013031.
109. [109] AzadAKRasulMGKhanMMKSharmaSCHazratMA. Prospect of biofuels as an alternative transport fuel in Australia. Renew Sustain Energy Rev; 2015.
110. [110] Forgacs, Gergely, Biogas production from citrus wastes and chicken feather, 2012, Chalmers University of Technology.
111. [111] Boluda-Aguilar, M., López-Gómez, A., Production of bioethanol by fermentation of lemon (Citrus limon L.) peel wastes pretreated with steam explosion. Ind Crops Prod 41 (2013), 188–197, 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.04.031.
112. [112] Pourbafrani, M., Forgács, G., Sárvári, I., Niklasson, C., Horváth, I.S., Niklasson, C., et al. Production of biofuels, limonene and pectin from citrus wastes. Bioresour Technol 101 (2010), 4246–4250, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.077.
113. [113] Balasubramanian, K., Ambikapathy, V., Panneerselvam, a, Studies on ethanol production from spoiled fruits by batch fermentations. J Microbiol Biotechnol Res 1 (2011), 158–163.
114. [114] Nigam, P.S., Singh, A., Production of liquid biofuels from renewable resources. Prog Energy Combust Sci 37 (2011), 52–68, 10.1016/j.pecs.2010.01.003.
115. [115] Lin, Y., Tanaka, S., Ethanol fermentation from biomass resources: current state and prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 69 (2006), 627–642, 10.1007/s00253-005-0229-x.
116. [116] Lohrasbi, M., Pourbafrani, M., Niklasson, C., Taherzadeh, M.J., Process design and economic analysis of a citrus waste biorefinery with biofuels and limonene as products. Bioresour Technol 101 (2010), 7382–7388, 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.04.078.
117. [117] Pourbafrani, M., McKechnie, J., MacLean, H.L., Saville, B. a, Life cycle greenhouse gas impacts of ethanol, biomethane and limonene production from citrus waste. Environ Res Lett 8 (2013), 1–12, 10.1088/1748-9326/8/1/015007.
118. [118] GashawAGetachewT. Fermentation of Crop Residues and Fruit Wastes for Production of Ethanol and Its Pretreatment Methods A Review. International J Res; 2014.
119. [119] Galbe, M., Zacchi, G., A review of the production of ethanol from softwood. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 59 (2002), 618–628, 10.1007/s00253-002-1058-9.
120. [120] Barfani, mohammad pour, Citrus waste biorefinery: process development, simulation and economic analysis, 2010, Chalmers University of Technology.
121. [121] THesis For The Degree Of Doctor Of Philosophy, Citrus Waste Biorefinery: Process Development, Simulation and Economic Analysis Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; 2010.
122. [122] Wu, B., Zhang, X., Xu, Y., Bao, D., Zhang, S., Assessment of the energy consumption of the biogas upgrading process with pressure swing adsorption using novel adsorbents. J Clean Prod 101 (2015), 251–261, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.082.
123. [123] DeubleinDSteinhauserA. Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources: An Introduction, Second Edition. doi: 10.1002/9783527632794; 2010.
124. [124] Li, Y., Park, S.Y., Zhu, J., Solid-state anaerobic digestion for methane production from organic waste. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15 (2011), 821–826, 10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.042.
125. [125] MontgomeryLFRZhengYZhaoJXuFLiY. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced biogas production; 2014.
126. [126] NguyenH. Biogas Production from Solvent Pretreated Orange Peel; 2012.
127. [127] Basu, P., Prabir, B., Basu, P., Biomass gasification and pyrolysis: practical design and theory, 2010, Elsevier, United States.
128. [128] Zeng, K., Flamant, G., Gauthier, D., Guillot, E., Solar pyrolysis of wood in a lab-scale solar reactor: influence of temperature and sweep gas flow rate on products distribution. Energy Procedia 69 (2015), 1849–1858, 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.03.163.
129. [129] Apaydin-Varol, E., Pu, E., Pütün, E., Pütün, A.E., Slow pyrolysis of pistachio shell. Fuel 86 (2007), 1892–1899, 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.11.041.
130. [130] Crocker, M., Thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals. RSC Energy Environ Ser, 1, 2010, 10.1039/9781849732260.
131. [131] Sharma, A., Pareek, V., Zhang, D., Biomass pyrolysis—a review of modelling, process parameters and catalytic studies. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 50 (2015), 1081–1096, 10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.193.
132. [132] Processing, T., Brown, R.C., Thermochemical processing of biomass, 2011, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 10.1002/9781119990840.
133. [133] Zhou, W., Widmer, W., Grohmann, K., Haven, W., Zhou, W., Widmer, W., et al. Economic analysis of ethanol production from citrus peel waste. Proc Fla State Hort Soc 120 (2007), 310–315.
134. [134] AghayanH. Statistics energy consumption of petroleum products- 2014; 2015.
135. [135] Eriksson, O., Environmental technology assessment of natural gas compared to biogas. Nat Gas, 2010, 127–147.
136. [136] Hill, J., Nelson, E., Tilman, D., Polasky, S., Tiffany, D., Environmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 (2006), 11206–11210, 10.1073/pnas.0604600103.