Asthma transition from childhood into adulthood

The Lancet Respiratory Medicine

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 224-234

  Fuchs, Oliver ^a,b,h   Bahmer, Thomas ^c,e,f,g,h   Rabe, Klaus F ^c,d,e,f,g,h   von Mutius, Erika ^a,b,h  

^a LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b Center for Lung Research   (Germany)

^c Zytologisches Labor   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF KIEL   (Germany)

^e Airway Research Centre North (ARCN)   (Germany)

^f German Center for Lung Research (DZL)   (Germany)

^g ARCN   (Germany)

^h German Centre for Lung Research (DZL)   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASTHMA; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE DURATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HUMAN; ONSET AGE; PHENOTYPE; PROGNOSIS; PULMONOLOGIST; RELAPSE; REMISSION; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFLAMMATION; REVIEW; SMOKING; WHEEZING; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD; CHRONIC DISEASE; FEMALE; MALE; PATHOLOGY; RECURRENT DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; SYNDROME; TIME FACTOR; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE OF ONSET; ASTHMA; CHILD; CHRONIC DISEASE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; RECURRENCE; RISK FACTORS; SYNDROME; TIME FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84996554709     PISSN: 22132600     EISSN: 22132619     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30187-4     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. 1 Bush, A, Phenotype specific treatment of asthma in childhood. Paediatr Respir Rev 5:suppl A (2004), S93–101.
2. 2 Martinez, FD, Vercelli, D, Asthma. Lancet 382 (2013), 1360–1372.
3. 3 McGeachie, MJ, Yates, KP, Zhou, X, et al. Patterns of growth and decline in lung function in persistent childhood asthma. N Engl J Med 374 (2016), 1842–1852.
4. 4 Martinez, FD, Asthma treatment and asthma prevention: a tale of 2 parallel pathways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 119 (2007), 30–33.
5. 5 Wenzel, SE, Asthma phenotypes: the evolution from clinical to molecular approaches. Nat Med 18 (2012), 716–725.
6. 6 Anderson, GP, Endotyping asthma: new insights into key pathogenic mechanisms in a complex, heterogeneous disease. Lancet 372 (2008), 1107–1119.
7. 7 Spycher, BD, Silverman, M, Kuehni, CE, Phenotypes of childhood asthma: are they real?. Clin Exp Allergy 40 (2010), 1130–1141.
8. 8 Spycher, BD, Minder, CE, Kuehni, CE, Multivariate modelling of responses to conditional items: new possibilities for latent class analysis. Stat Med 28 (2009), 1927–1939.
9. 9 Spycher, BD, Silverman, M, Brooke, AM, Minder, CE, Kuehni, CE, Distinguishing phenotypes of childhood wheeze and cough using latent class analysis. Eur Respir J 31 (2008), 974–981.
10. 10 Spycher, BD, Silverman, M, Pescatore, AM, Beardsmore, CS, Kuehni, CE, Comparison of phenotypes of childhood wheeze and cough in 2 independent cohorts. J Allergy Clin Immunol 132 (2013), 1058–1067.
11. 11 Depner, M, Fuchs, O, Genuneit, J, et al. Clinical and epidemiologic phenotypes of childhood asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 189 (2014), 129–138.
12. 12 Henderson, J, Granell, R, Heron, J, et al. Associations of wheezing phenotypes in the first 6 years of life with atopy, lung function and airway responsiveness in mid-childhood. Thorax 63 (2008), 974–980.
13. 13 Haldar, P, Pavord, ID, Shaw, DE, et al. Cluster analysis and clinical asthma phenotypes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178 (2008), 218–224.
14. 14 Garden, FL, Simpson, JM, Mellis, CM, Marks, GB, CAPS Investigators. Change in the manifestations of asthma and asthma-related traits in childhood: a latent transition analysis. Eur Respir J 47 (2016), 499–509.
15. 15 Brand, PLP, Baraldi, E, Bisgaard, H, et al. Definition, assessment and treatment of wheezing disorders in preschool children: an evidence-based approach. Eur Respir J 32 (2008), 1096–1110.
16. 16 de Nijs, SB, Venekamp, LN, Bel, EH, Adult-onset asthma: is it really different?. Eur Respir Rev 22 (2013), 44–52.
17. 17 Bush, A, Menzies-Gow, A, Phenotypic differences between pediatric and adult asthma. Proc Am Thorac Soc 6 (2009), 712–719.
18. 18 Illi, S, von Mutius, E, Lau, S, et al. Perennial allergen sensitisation early in life and chronic asthma in children: a birth cohort study. Lancet 368 (2006), 763–770.
19. 19 Chen, Q, Zhong, X, Acosta, L, et al. Allergic sensitization patterns identified through latent class analysis among children with and without asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 116 (2016), 212–228.
20. 20 Martinez, FD, Wright, AL, Taussig, LM, Holberg, CJ, Halonen, M, Morgan, WJ, Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. N Engl J Med 332 (1995), 133–138.
21. 21 Brand, PLP, Caudri, D, Eber, E, et al. Classification and pharmacological treatment of preschool wheezing: changes since 2008. Eur Respir J 43 (2014), 1172–1177.
22. 22 Chung, KF, Targeting the interleukin pathway in the treatment of asthma. Lancet 386 (2015), 1086–1096.
23. 23 Smith, JA, Drake, R, Simpson, A, Woodcock, A, Pickles, A, Custovic, A, Dimensions of respiratory symptoms in preschool children: population-based birth cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177 (2008), 1358–1363.
24. 24 Kurukulaaratchy, RJ, Zhang, H, Raza, A, et al. The diversity of young adult wheeze: a cluster analysis in a longitudinal birth cohort. Clin Exp Allergy 44 (2014), 724–735.
25. 25 Savenije, OE, Granell, R, Caudri, D, et al. Comparison of childhood wheezing phenotypes in 2 birth cohorts: ALSPAC and PIAMA. J Allergy Clin Immunol 127 (2011), 1505–1512.
26. 26 Lodge, CJ, Zaloumis, S, Lowe, AJ, et al. Early-life risk factors for childhood wheeze phenotypes in a high-risk birth cohort. J Pediatr 164 (2014), 289–294.
27. 27 Fleming, L, Tsartsali, L, Wilson, N, Regamey, N, Bush, A, Sputum inflammatory phenotypes are not stable in children with asthma. Thorax 67 (2012), 675–681.
28. 28 Fleming, L, Wilson, N, Regamey, N, Bush, A, Use of sputum eosinophil counts to guide management in children with severe asthma. Thorax 67 (2012), 193–198.
29. 29 Ullmann, N, Bossley, CJ, Fleming, L, Silvestri, M, Bush, A, Saglani, S, Blood eosinophil counts rarely reflect airway eosinophilia in children with severe asthma. Allergy 68 (2013), 402–406.
30. 30 Bossley, CJ, Fleming, L, Gupta, A, et al. Pediatric severe asthma is characterized by eosinophilia and remodeling without T(H)2 cytokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 129 (2012), 974–982.
31. 31 Nagakumar, P, Denney, L, Fleming, L, Bush, A, Lloyd, CM, Saglani, S, Type 2 innate lymphoid cells in induced sputum from children with severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 137 (2016), 624–626.
32. 32 Just, J, Gouvis-Echraghi, R, Rouve, S, Wanin, S, Moreau, D, Annesi-Maesano, I, Two novel, severe asthma phenotypes identified during childhood using a clustering approach. Eur Respir J 40 (2012), 55–60.
33. 33 Bush, A, COPD: a pediatric disease. COPD 5 (2008), 53–67.
34. 34 Strachan, DP, Butland, BK, Anderson, HR, Incidence and prognosis of asthma and wheezing illness from early childhood to age 33 in a national British cohort. BMJ 312 (1996), 1195–1199.
35. 35 Vonk, JM, Postma, DS, Boezen, HM, et al. Childhood factors associated with asthma remission after 30 year follow up. Thorax 59 (2004), 925–929.
36. 36 Ruotsalainen, M, Piippo-Savolainen, E, Hyvärinen, MK, Korppi, M, Respiratory morbidity in adulthood after respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization in infancy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 29 (2010), 872–874.
37. 37 van den Toorn, LM, Overbeek, SE, de Jongste, JC, Leman, K, Hoogsteden, HC, Prins, JB, Airway inflammation is present during clinical remission of atopic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 (2001), 2107–2113.
38. 38 Strachan, DP, Griffiths, JM, Johnston, ID, Ventilatory function in British adults after asthma or wheezing illness at ages 0–35. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154 (1996), 1629–1635.
39. 39 Marossy, AE, Strachan, DP, Rudnicka, AR, Anderson, HR, Childhood chest illness and the rate of decline of adult lung function between ages 35 and 45 years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175 (2007), 355–359.
40. 40 Jenkins, MA, Hopper, JL, Bowes, G, Carlin, JB, Factors in childhood as predictors of asthma in adult life. BMJ 309 (1994), 90–93.
41. 41 Burgess, JA, Walters, EH, Byrnes, GB, et al. Childhood allergic rhinitis predicts asthma incidence and persistence to middle age: a longitudinal study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 120 (2007), 863–869.
42. 42 Burgess, JA, Abramson, MJ, Gurrin, LC, et al. Childhood infections and the risk of asthma: a longitudinal study over 37 years. Chest 142 (2012), 647–654.
43. 43 Burgess, JA, Walters, EH, Byrnes, GB, et al. Childhood adiposity predicts adult-onset current asthma in females: a 25-yr prospective study. Eur Respir J 29 (2007), 668–675.
44. 44 Martin, PE, Matheson, MC, Gurrin, L, et al. Childhood eczema and rhinitis predict atopic but not nonatopic adult asthma: a prospective cohort study over 4 decades. J Allergy Clin Immunol 127 (2011), 1473–1479.
45. 45 Matheson, MC, Haydn Walters, E, Burgess, JA, et al. Childhood immunization and atopic disease into middle-age: a prospective cohort study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 21 (2010), 301–306.
46. 46 Phelan, PD, Robertson, CF, Olinsky, A, The Melbourne Asthma Study: 1964–1999. J Allergy Clin Immunol 109 (2002), 189–194.
47. 47 Oswald, H, Phelan, PD, Lanigan, A, et al. Childhood asthma and lung function in mid-adult life. Pediatr Pulmonol 23 (1997), 14–20.
48. 48 Tai, A, Tran, H, Roberts, M, Clarke, N, Wilson, J, Robertson, CF, The association between childhood asthma and adult chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 69 (2014), 805–810.
49. 49 Tai, A, Tran, H, Roberts, M, et al. Outcomes of childhood asthma to the age of 50 years. J Allergy Clin Immunol 133 (2014), 1572–1578.
50. 50 Tai, A, Tran, H, Roberts, M, Clarke, N, Wilson, J, Robertson, CF, Trends in eczema, rhinitis, and rye grass sensitization in a longitudinal asthma cohort. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 112 (2014), 437–440.
51. 51 Mandhane, PJ, Greene, JM, Cowan, JO, Taylor, DR, Sears, MR, Sex differences in factors associated with childhood- and adolescent-onset wheeze. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172 (2005), 45–54.
52. 52 Sears, MR, Greene, JM, Willan, AR, et al. A longitudinal, population-based, cohort study of childhood asthma followed to adulthood. N Engl J Med 349 (2003), 1414–1422.
53. 53 Belsky, DW, Shalev, I, Sears, MR, et al. Is chronic asthma associated with shorter leukocyte telomere length at midlife?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 190 (2014), 384–391.
54. 54 Wright, AL, Stern, DA, Kauffmann, F, Martinez, FD, Factors influencing gender differences in the diagnosis and treatment of asthma in childhood: the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study. Pediatr Pulmonol 41 (2006), 318–325.
55. 55 Castro-Rodriguez, JA, Holberg, CJ, Morgan, WJ, Wright, AL, Martinez, FD, Increased incidence of asthmalike symptoms in girls who become overweight or obese during the school years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 (2001), 1344–1349.
56. 56 Voraphani, N, Stern, DA, Wright, AL, Guerra, S, Morgan, WJ, Martinez, FD, Risk of current asthma among adult smokers with respiratory syncytial virus illnesses in early life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 190 (2014), 392–398.
57. 57 Stern, DA, Morgan, WJ, Halonen, M, Wright, AL, Wheezing and bronchial hyper-responsiveness in early childhood as predictors of newly diagnosed asthma in early adulthood: a longitudinal birth-cohort study. Lancet 372 (2008), 1058–1064.
58. 58 Andersson, M, Hedman, L, Bjerg, A, Forsberg, B, Lundbäck, B, Rönmark, E, Remission and persistence of asthma followed from 7 to 19 years of age. Pediatrics 132 (2013), e435–e442.
59. 59 Kurukulaaratchy, RJ, Matthews, S, Holgate, ST, Arshad, SH, Predicting persistent disease among children who wheeze during early life. Eur Respir J 22 (2003), 767–771.
60. 60 Raza, A, Kurukulaaratchy, RJ, Grundy, JD, et al. What does adolescent undiagnosed wheeze represent? Findings from the Isle of Wight Cohort. Eur Respir J 40 (2012), 580–588.
61. 61 Chan, JYC, Stern, DA, Guerra, S, Wright, AL, Morgan, WJ, Martinez, FD, Pneumonia in childhood and impaired lung function in adults: a longitudinal study. Pediatrics 135 (2015), 607–616.
62. 62 Strunk, RC, Weiss, ST, Yates, KP, et al. Mild to moderate asthma affects lung growth in children and adolescents. J Allergy Clin Immunol 118 (2006), 1040–1047.
63. 63 Tantisira, KG, Colvin, R, Tonascia, J, Strunk, RC, Weiss, ST, Fuhlbrigge, AL, Airway responsiveness in mild to moderate childhood asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178 (2008), 325–331.
64. 64 Gershon, A, Guan, J, Victor, JC, Wang, C, To, T, The course of asthma activity: a population study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 129 (2012), 679–686.
65. 65 Harmsen, L, Ulrik, CS, Porsbjerg, C, Thomsen, SF, Holst, C, Backer, V, Airway hyperresponsiveness and development of lung function in adolescence and adulthood. Respir Med 108 (2014), 752–757.
66. 66 Porsbjerg, C, von Linstow, ML, Ulrik, CS, Nepper-Christensen, S, Backer, V, Risk factors for onset of asthma: a 12-year prospective follow-up study. Chest 129 (2006), 309–316.
67. 67 van den Nieuwenhof, L, Schermer, T, Heijdra, Y, et al. Are asymptomatic airway hyperresponsiveness and allergy risk factors for asthma? A longitudinal study. Eur Respir J 32 (2008), 70–76.
68. 68 Lawson, JA, Janssen, I, Bruner, MW, Hossain, A, Pickett, W, Asthma incidence and risk factors in a national longitudinal sample of adolescent Canadians: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pulm Med, 14, 2014, 51.
69. 69 Balemans, WAF, van der Ent, CK, Schilder, AGM, Sanders, EAM, Zielhuis, GA, Rovers, MM, Prediction of asthma in young adults using childhood characteristics: development of a prediction rule. J Clin Epidemiol 59 (2006), 1207–1212.
70. 70 Ruotsalainen, M, Piippo-Savolainen, E, Hyvarinen, MK, Korppi, M, Adulthood asthma after wheezing in infancy: a questionnaire study at 27 years of age. Allergy 65 (2010), 503–509.
71. 71 Cazzoletti, L, Corsico, AG, Albicini, F, et al. The course of asthma in young adults: a population-based nine-year follow-up on asthma remission and control. PLoS One, 9, 2014, e86956.
72. 72 Porpodis, K, Papakosta, D, Manika, K, et al. Long-term prognosis of asthma is good—a 12-year follow-up study. Influence of treatment. J Asthma 46 (2009), 625–631.
73. 73 Sood, A, Qualls, C, Schuyler, M, et al. Adult-onset asthma becomes the dominant phenotype among women by age 40 years. the longitudinal CARDIA study. Ann Am Thorac Soc 10 (2013), 188–197.
74. 74 Pujades-Rodriguez, M, McKeever, T, Lewis, S, Whyatt, D, Britton, J, Venn, A, Effect of traffic pollution on respiratory and allergic disease in adults: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. BMC Pulm Med, 9, 2009, 42.
75. 75 Leander, M, Cronqvist, A, Janson, C, Uddenfeldt, M, Rask-Andersen, A, Health-related quality of life predicts onset of asthma in a longitudinal population study. Respir Med 103 (2009), 194–200.
76. 76 Jatakanon, A, Uasuf, C, Maziak, W, Lim, S, Chung, KF, Barnes, PJ, Neutrophilic inflammation in severe persistent asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160 (1999), 1532–1539.
77. 77 ten Brinke, A, Zwinderman, AH, Sterk, PJ, Rabe, KF, Bel, EH, Refractory eosinophilic airway inflammation in severe asthma: effect of parenteral corticosteroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170 (2004), 601–605.
78. 78 Kupczyk, M, Dahlen, B, Sterk, PJ, et al. Stability of phenotypes defined by physiological variables and biomarkers in adults with asthma. Allergy 69 (2014), 1198–1204.
79. 79 Nair, P, Pizzichini, MM, Kjarsgaard, M, et al. Mepolizumab for prednisone-dependent asthma with sputum eosinophilia. N Engl J Med 360 (2009), 985–993.
80. 80 Brusselle, GG, Maes, T, Bracke, KR, Eosinophils in the spotlight: Eosinophilic airway inflammation in nonallergic asthma. Nat Med 19 (2013), 977–979.
81. 81 Moore, WC, Meyers, DA, Wenzel, SE, et al. Identification of asthma phenotypes using cluster analysis in the Severe Asthma Research Program. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 181 (2010), 315–323.
82. 82 Miranda, C, Busacker, A, Balzar, S, Trudeau, J, Wenzel, SE, Distinguishing severe asthma phenotypes: role of age at onset and eosinophilic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113 (2004), 101–108.
83. 83 Walker, JA, Barlow, JL, McKenzie, AN, Innate lymphoid cells—how did we miss them?. Nat Rev Immunol 13 (2013), 75–87.
84. 84 Spits, H, Artis, D, Colonna, M, et al. Innate lymphoid cells—a proposal for uniform nomenclature. Nat Rev Immunol 13 (2013), 145–149.
85. 85 Fahy, JV, Type 2 inflammation in asthma-present in most, absent in many. Nat Rev Immunol 15 (2015), 57–65.
86. 86 Ortega, HG, Liu, MC, Pavord, ID, et al. Mepolizumab treatment in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med 371 (2014), 1198–1207.
87. 87 Bel, EH, Wenzel, SE, Thompson, PJ, et al. Oral glucocorticoid-sparing effect of mepolizumab in eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med 371 (2014), 1189–1197.
88. 88 Pavord, ID, Korn, S, Howarth, P, et al. Mepolizumab for severe eosinophilic asthma (DREAM): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 380 (2012), 651–659.
89. 89 Haldar, P, Brightling, CE, Hargadon, B, et al. Mepolizumab and exacerbations of refractory eosinophilic asthma. N Engl J Med 360 (2009), 973–984.
90. 90 Castro, M, Mathur, S, Hargreave, F, et al. Reslizumab for poorly controlled, eosinophilic asthma: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 184 (2011), 1125–1132.
91. 91 Castro, M, Wenzel, SE, Bleecker, ER, et al. Benralizumab, an anti-interleukin 5 receptor alpha monoclonal antibody, versus placebo for uncontrolled eosinophilic asthma: a phase 2b randomised dose-ranging study. Lancet Respir Med 2 (2014), 879–890.
92. 92 Nowak, RM, Parker, JM, Silverman, RA, et al. A randomized trial of benralizumab, an antiinterleukin 5 receptor alpha monoclonal antibody, after acute asthma. Am J Emerg Med 33 (2015), 14–20.
93. 93 Jia, G, Erickson, RW, Choy, DF, et al. Periostin is a systemic biomarker of eosinophilic airway inflammation in asthmatic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130 (2012), 647–654.
94. 94 Brightling, CE, Chanez, P, Leigh, R, et al. Efficacy and safety of tralokinumab in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b trial. Lancet Respir Med 3 (2015), 692–701.
95. 95 Piper, E, Brightling, C, Niven, R, et al. A phase II placebo-controlled study of tralokinumab in moderate-to-severe asthma. Eur Respir J 41 (2013), 330–338.
96. 96 Wenzel, S, Castro, M, Corren, J, et al. Dupilumab efficacy and safety in adults with uncontrolled persistent asthma despite use of medium-to-high-dose inhaled corticosteroids plus a long-acting beta agonist: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled pivotal phase 2b dose-ranging trial. Lancet 388 (2016), 31–44.
97. 97 Liu, Y, Zhang, S, Li, DW, Jiang, SJ, Efficacy of anti-interleukin-5 therapy with mepolizumab in patients with asthma: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. PLoS One, 8, 2013, e59872.
98. 98 Ober, C, Yao, TC, The genetics of asthma and allergic disease: a 21st century perspective. Immunol Rev 242 (2011), 10–30.
99. 99 Sleiman, PM, Hakonarson, H, Recent advances in the genetics and genomics of asthma and related traits. Curr Opin Pediatr 22 (2010), 307–312.
100. 100 Moffatt, MF, Gut, IG, Demenais, F, et al. A large-scale, consortium-based genomewide association study of asthma. N Engl J Med 363 (2010), 1211–1221.
101. 101 Moffatt, MF, Kabesch, M, Liang, L, et al. Genetic variants regulating ORMDL3 expression contribute to the risk of childhood asthma. Nature 448 (2007), 470–473.
102. 102 Granell, R, Henderson, AJ, Timpson, N, et al. Examination of the relationship between variation at 17q21 and childhood wheeze phenotypes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 131 (2013), 685–694.
103. 103 Kabesch, M, Epigenetics in asthma and allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 14 (2014), 62–68.
104. 104 Yang, IV, Schwartz, DA, Epigenetic mechanisms and the development of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130 (2012), 1243–1255.
105. 105 Morales, E, Bustamante, M, Vilahur, N, et al. DNA hypomethylation at ALOX12 is associated with persistent wheezing in childhood. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 185 (2012), 937–943.
106. 106 Murphy, TM, Wong, CC, Arseneault, L, et al. Methylomic markers of persistent childhood asthma: a longitudinal study of asthma-discordant monozygotic twins. Clin Epigenetics, 7, 2015, 130.
107. 107 Suttner, K, Rosenstiel, P, Depner, M, et al. TBX21 gene variants increase childhood asthma risk in combination with HLX1 variants. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123 (2009), 1062–1068.
108. 108 Suttner, K, Ruoss, I, Rosenstiel, P, et al. HLX1 gene variants influence the development of childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123 (2009), 82–88.
109. 109 Casaca, VI, Illi, S, Suttner, K, et al. TBX21 and HLX1 polymorphisms influence cytokine secretion at birth. PLoS One, 7, 2012, e31069.
110. 110 Haland, G, Carlsen, KC, Sandvik, L, et al. Reduced lung function at birth and the risk of asthma at 10 years of age. N Engl J Med 355 (2006), 1682–1689.
111. 111 Frey, U, Why are infants prone to wheeze? Physiological aspects of wheezing disorders in infants. Swiss Med Wkly 131 (2001), 400–406.
112. 112 Clarke, JR, Salmon, B, Silverman, M, Bronchial responsiveness in the neonatal period as a risk factor for wheezing in infancy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151 (1995), 1434–1440.
113. 113 Turner, SW, Young, S, Goldblatt, J, Landau, LI, Le Souef, PN, Childhood asthma and increased airway responsiveness: a relationship that begins in infancy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 179 (2009), 98–104.
114. 114 Young, S, Arnott, J, Le Souef, PN, Landau, LI, Flow limitation during tidal expiration in symptom-free infants and the subsequent development of asthma. J Pediatr 124 (1994), 681–688.
115. 115 Young, S, Arnott, J, O'Keeffe, PT, Le Souef, PN, Landau, LI, The association between early life lung function and wheezing during the first 2 yrs of life. Eur Respir J 15 (2000), 151–157.
116. 116 Lodge, CJ, Lowe, AJ, Allen, KJ, et al. Childhood wheeze phenotypes show less than expected growth in FEV1 across adolescence. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 189 (2014), 1351–1358.
117. 117 Simpson, A, Tan, VY, Winn, J, et al. Beyond atopy: multiple patterns of sensitization in relation to asthma in a birth cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 181 (2010), 1200–1206.
118. 118 Ricciardolo, FL, Revisiting the role of exhaled nitric oxide in asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med 20 (2014), 53–59.
119. 119 Singer, F, Luchsinger, I, Inci, D, et al. Exhaled nitric oxide in symptomatic children at preschool age predicts later asthma. Allergy 68 (2013), 531–538.
120. 120 van der Valk, RJ, Caudri, D, Savenije, O, et al. Childhood wheezing phenotypes and FeNO in atopic children at age 8. Clin Exp Allergy 42 (2012), 1329–1336.
121. 121 Fleming, L, Tsartsali, L, Wilson, N, Regamey, N, Bush, A, Longitudinal relationship between sputum eosinophils and exhaled nitric oxide in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 188 (2013), 400–402.
122. 122 Burrows, B, Sears, MR, Flannery, EM, Herbison, GP, Holdaway, MD, Silva, PA, Relation of the course of bronchial responsiveness from age 9 to age 15 to allergy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152 (1995), 1302–1308.
123. 123 Genuneit, J, Weinmayr, G, Radon, K, et al. Smoking and the incidence of asthma during adolescence: results of a large cohort study in Germany. Thorax 61 (2006), 572–578.