Psychological therapies for children and adolescents exposed to trauma

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2016, Issue 10, 2016, Pages

  Gillies, Donna ^a   Maiocchi, Licia ^b   Bhandari, Abhishta P ^c   Taylor, Fiona ^d   Gray, Carl ^e   O'Brien, Louise ^f  

^a CUMBERLAND HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b James Cook University ^*  (Australia)

^c JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^d Prevention Early Intervention and Recovery Service   (Australia)

^e Redbank House   (Australia)

^f UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR; ANXIETY; BEHAVIOR; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY; DEPRESSION; EMOTION; EYE MOVEMENT DESENSITIZATION AND REPROCESSING; FAMILY THERAPY; FUNCTIONAL DISEASE; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MENTAL HEALTH; NARRATIVE THERAPY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY; PSYCHOEDUCATION; PSYCHOTHERAPY; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VIOLENCE; ADOLESCENT; AGGRESSION; CHILD; CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DESENSITIZATION (PSYCHOLOGY); EXPOSURE TO VIOLENCE; META ANALYSIS; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVIEW; PSYCHOLOGY; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WAR EXPOSURE; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; AGGRESSION; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE, SEXUAL; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DESENSITIZATION, PSYCHOLOGIC; EXPOSURE TO VIOLENCE; FAMILY THERAPY; HUMANS; INTERVIEW, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PSYCHOTHERAPY; PSYCHOTHERAPY, PSYCHODYNAMIC; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WAR EXPOSURE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84990997234     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012371     Document Type: Review

References (210)

1. Baker CR. A comparison of individual and group therapy as treatment of sexually abused adolescent females. PhD dissertation, University of Maryland, USA, 1985.
2. Barron, IG, Abdallah G, Smith P. Randomized control trial of a CBT trauma recovery program in Palestinian schools. Journal of Loss and Trauma 2013;18(4):306-21.
3. Berger R, Gelkopf M. School-based intervention for the treatment of tsunami-related distress in children: a quasi-randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2009;78(6):364-71.
4. Berger R, Gelkopf M, Heineberg Y. A teacher-delivered intervention for adolescents exposed to ongoing and intense traumatic war-related stress: a quasi-randomized controlled study. Journal of Adolescent Health 2012;51(5):453-61.
5. Berkowitz SJ, Stover CS, Marans SR. The child and family traumatic stress intervention: secondary prevention for youth at risk of developing PTSD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2011;52(6):676-85.
6. Goslin MC, Stover CS, Berkowitz SJ, Marans SR. Identifying youth at risk for difficulties following a traumatic event: pre-event factors are associated with acute symptomatology. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2013;26:475-82.
7. Berliner L, Saunders BE. Treating fear and anxiety in sexually abused children: results of a controlled 2-year follow-up study. Child Maltreatment 1996;1(4):294-309.
8. Betancourt T. A Feasibility Trial of the Youth Readiness Intervention: A Group Psychosocial Intervention for War-Affected Youth in Sierra Leone. ClinicalTrialsgov [wwwclinicaltrialsgov] 2012.
9. Betancourt TS. A Feasibility Trial of the Youth Readiness Intervention: A Group Psychosocial Intervention for War-Affected Youth in Sierra Leone. http://clinicaltrialsgov/show/NCT02128568 2014.
10. Betancourt TS, McBain R, Newnham EA, Akinsulure-Smith AM, Brennan RT, Weisz JR, et al. A behavioral intervention for war-affected youth in Sierra Leone: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2014;53:1288-97.
11. Carbonell DM, Parteleno-Barehmi C. Psychodrama groups for girls coping with trauma. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy 1999;49(3):285-306.
12. Carrion VG, Kletter H, Weems CF, Berry RR, Rettger JP. Cue-centered treatment for youth exposed to interpersonal violence: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2013;26:654-62.
13. Celano M, Hazzard A, Webb C, McCall C. Treatment of traumagenic beliefs among sexually abused girls and their mothers: an evaluation study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1996;24(1):1-17.
14. Chapman L, Morabito D, Ladakakos C, Schreier H, Knudson MM. The effectiveness of art therapy interventions in reducing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in pediatric trauma patients. Art Therapy 2001;18(2):100-4.
15. Chemtob CM, Nakashima JP, Hamada RS. Psychosocial intervention for post disaster trauma symptoms in elementary school children: a controlled community field study. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2002;156(3):211-6.
16. Church D, Pina O, Reategu IC, Brooks A. Single-session reduction of the intensity of traumatic memories in abused adolescents after EFT: a randomized controlled pilot study. Traumatology 2012;18(3):73-9.
17. Cohen JA, Mannarino AP. A treatment outcome study for sexually abused preschool children: initial findings.[erratum appears in J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996 Jun;35(6):835]. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1996;35(1):42-50.
18. Cohen JA, Mannarino AP. A treatment study for sexually abused preschool children: outcome during a one-year follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1997;36(9):1228-35.
19. Cohen JA, Mannarino AP. Factors that mediate treatment outcome of sexually abused preschool children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1996;35(10):1402-10.
20. Cohen JA, Mannarino AP. Factors that mediate treatment outcome of sexually abused preschool children: six- and 12-month follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1998;37(1):44-51.
21. Cohen JA, Mannarino AP. Interventions for sexually abused children: initial treatment outcome findings. Child Maltreatment 1998;3(1):17-26.
22. Cohen JA, Mannarino AP, Knudsen K. Treating sexually abused children: 1 year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Child Abuse and Neglect 2005;29(2):135-45.
23. Cohen JA, Mannarino AP, Knudsen K. Treatment outcome for sexually abused children at one-year follow-up. 156th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, May 17-22, San Francisco CA. 2003, issue 107.
24. Cohen JA, Mannarino AP, Iyengar S. Community treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder for children exposed to intimate partner violence: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2011;165(1):16-21.
25. Cox CM, Kenardy JA, Hendrikz JK. A randomized controlled trial of a web-based early intervention for children and their parents following unintentional injury. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2010;35(6):581-92.
26. Damra JKM, Nassar YH, Ghabri TMF. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy: cultural adaptations for application in Jordanian culture. Counselling Psychology Quarterly 2014;27:308-23.
27. Danielson CK, McCart MR, Walsh K, de Arellano MA, White D, Resnick HS. Reducing substance use risk and mental health problems among sexually assaulted adolescents: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Family Psychology 2012;26(4):628-35.
28. Deblinger E, Lippmann J, Steer R. Sexually abused children suffering posttraumatic stress symptoms: initial treatment outcome findings. Child Maltreatment 1996;1(4):310-21.
29. Deblinger E, Steer RA, Lippmann J. Two-year follow-up study of cognitive behavioral therapy for sexually abused children suffering post-traumatic stress symptoms. Child Abuse and Neglect 1999;23(12):1371-8.
30. Deblinger E, Stauffer LB, Steer RA. Comparative efficacies of supportive and cognitive behavioral group therapies for young children who have been sexually abused and their nonoffending mothers. Child Maltreatment 2001;6(4):332-43.
31. Deblinger E, Mannarino AP, Cohen JA, Runyon MK, Steer RA. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children: impact of the trauma narrative and treatment length. Depression and Anxiety 2011;28(1):67-75.
32. Mannarino AP, Cohen JA, Deblinger E, Runyon MK, Steer RA. Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for children: sustained impact of treatment 6 and 12 months later. Child Maltreatment 2012;17(3):231-41.
33. Diehle J, Opmeer BC, Boer F, Mannarino AP, Lindauer RJL. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: what works in children with posttraumatic stress symptoms? A randomized controlled trial. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2014;24(2):227-36.
34. Lindauer RJL. Effects of Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (TF-CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for Children With Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms After Emergency Care. http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=1814.
35. Dominguez RZ. Evaluation of cognitive-behavioral and supportive treatments for sexually abused children: analyzing the process of change using individual growth curve analyses. Dissertation Abstracts International. University of Houston, 2001:5370.
36. Farkas L. The effects of Motivation-Adaptive Skills-Trauma Resolution (MASTR) - Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on traumatized adolescents with conduct problems. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2010;71(1-B):655.
37. Glodich A. Psychoeducational groups for adolescents exposed to violence and abuse: assessing the effectiveness of increasing knowledge of trauma to avert reenactment and risk-taking behaviors. Dissertation Abstracts International. Massachusetts, United States: Smith College School for Social Work, 2000; Vol. 60, issue 9-A:3527. [AAT 9945613.]
38. Jaberghaderi N, Greenwald R, Rubin A, Dalatabadi S, Zand SO. A comparison of CBT and EMDR for sexually-abused Iranian girls. 18th Annual Meeting, International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, November 7 - 10, Baltimore, MD. 2002.
39. Jaberghaderi N, Greenwald R, Rubin A, Zand Shahin O, Dolatabadi S. A comparison of CBT and EMDR for sexually-abused Iranian girls. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 2004;11(5):358-68.
40. Kazak A, Alderfer M, Streisand R, Simms S, Rourke M, Barakat L, et al. Family treatment of posttraumatic stress in childhood cancer survival. 19th Annual Meeting, International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, October 29 - November 1, Chicago, IL. 2003.
41. Kazak AE, Alderfer MA, Streisand R, Simms S, Rourke MT, Barakat LP, et al. Treatment of posttraumatic stress symptoms in adolescent survivors of childhood cancer and their families: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Family Psychology 2004;18(3):493-504.
42. Kemp M, Drummond P, McDermott B. A wait-list controlled pilot study of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for children with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms from motor vehicle accidents. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2010;15(1):5-25.
43. Layne CM, Saltzman WR, Poppleton L, Burlingame GM, Pasalic A, Durakovic E, et al. Effectiveness of a school-based group psychotherapy program for war-exposed adolescents: a randomized controlled trial [NCT00480480]. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2008;47(9):1048-62.
44. Ghosh Ippen C, Harris WW, Van Horn P, Lieberman AF. Traumatic and stressful events in early childhood: can treatment help those at highest risk?. Child Abuse and Neglect 2011;35(7):504-13.
45. Lieberman AF, Ghosh Ippen C, Van Horn P. Child-parent psychotherapy: 6-month follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2006;45:913-8.
46. Lieberman AF, Van Horn P, Ippen CG. Toward evidence-based treatment: child-parent psychotherapy with preschoolers exposed to marital violence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2005;44(12):1241-8.
47. McMullen J. Randomized Control Trial of Group Intervention With Former War-Affected Boys in the Democratic Republic of Congo. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01494831.
48. McMullen J, O'Callaghan P, Shannon C, Black A, Eakin J. Group trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy with former child soldiers and other war-affected boys in the DR Congo: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2013;54(11):1231-41.
49. O'Callaghan P, McMullen J, Shannon C, Rafferty H, Black A. A randomized controlled trial of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for sexually exploited, war-affected congolese girls. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2013;52(4):359-69.
50. O'Callaghan P, Branham L, Shannon C, Betancourt TS, Dempster M, McMullen JA. Pilot study of a family focused, psychosocial intervention with war-exposed youth at risk of attack and abduction in north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Child Abuse and Neglect 2014;38:1197-207. [NCT01542398]
51. Shannon C. Is a Family-Based, Life Skills Focused Intervention Effective in Reducing Psychological Distress and Stigma and Improving Inter-personal Relations and Functioning Among Former LRA Abductees and Other War-Affected Children in Their Community in Dungu, the Democratic Republic of Congo?. http://clinicaltrialsgov/show/NCT01542398 2012.
52. Overbeek MM, de Schipper JC, Lamers-Winkelman F, Schuengel C. Effectiveness of specific factors in community-based intervention for child-witnesses of interparental violence: a randomized trial. Child Abuse and Neglect 2013;37:1202-14.
53. Overbeek MM, de Schipper JC, Lamers-Winkelman F, Schuengel C. Risk factors as moderators of recovery during and after interventions for children exposed to interparental violence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2014;84:295-306.
54. Overbeek MM, de Schipper JC, Lamers-Winkelman F, Schuengel C. The effectiveness of a trauma-focused psycho-educational secondary prevention program for children exposed to interparental violence: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2012;13:12.
55. Pace T, Negi L, Donaldson-Lavelle B, Ozawa-de SB, Reddy S, Cole S, et al. Cognitively-based compassion training reduces peripheral inflammation in adolescents in foster care with high rates of early life adversity [abstract]. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012;12(Suppl 1):P175.
56. Pace TW, Negi LT, Dodson-Lavelle B, Ozawa-de SB, Reddy SD, Cole SP, et al. Engagement with cognitively-based compassion training is associated with reduced salivary C-reactive protein from before to after training in foster care program adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013;38(2):294-9.
57. Pace TWW, Negi LT, Adame DD, Cole SP, Sivilli TI, Brown TD, et al. Effect of compassion meditation on neuroendocrine, innate immune and behavioral responses to psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009;34(1):87-98.
58. Reddy SD, Negi LT, Dodson-Lavelle B, Ozawa-de Silva B, Pace TW, Cole SP, et al. Cognitive-based compassion training: a promising prevention strategy for at-risk adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies 2013;22(2):219-30.
59. Diab M, Punamaki R-L, Palosaari E, Qouta SR. Can psychosocial intervention improve peer and sibling relations among war-affected children? Impact and mediating analyses in a randomized controlled trial. Social Development 2014;23:215-31.
60. Punamaki R-L, Peltonen K, Diab M, Qouta SR. Psychosocial interventions and emotion regulation among war-affected children: randomized control trial effects. Traumatology 2014;20:241-52.
61. Qouta SR, Palosaari E, Diab M, Punamaki R-L. Intervention effectiveness among war-affected children: a cluster randomized controlled trial on improving mental health. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2012;25(3):288-98.
62. Raider M C, Steele W, Delillo-Storey M, Jacobs J, Kuban C. Structured sensory therapy (SITCAP-ART) for traumatized adjudicated adolescents in residential treatment. Residential Treatment for Children and Youth 2008;25(2):167-85.
63. Salloum A. Group therapy for children after homicide and violence: a pilot study. Research on Social Work Practice 2008;18(3):198-211.
64. Salloum A, Overstreet S. Evaluation of individual and group grief and trauma interventions for children post disaster. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2008;37(3):495-507.
65. Salloum A, Overstreet S, Salloum A, Overstreet S. Grief and trauma intervention for children after disaster: exploring coping skills versus trauma narration. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2012;50(3):169-79.
66. Schottelkorb AA, Doumas DM, Garcia R. Treatment for childhood refugee trauma: a randomized, controlled trial. International Journal of Play Therapy 2012;21(2):57-73.
67. Shechtman Z, Mor M. Groups for children and adolescents with trauma-related symptoms: outcomes and processes. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy 2010;60(2):221-44.
68. Shirk SR, DePrince AP, Crisostomo PS, Labus J. Cognitive behavioral therapy for depressed adolescents exposed to interpersonal trauma: an initial effectiveness trial. Psychotherapy 2014;51:167-79.
69. Stallard P. A randomised controlled trial to determine whether mental health problems and significant psychological distress in children involved in everyday road traffic accidents can be prevented. National Research Register 2003.
70. Stallard P, Velleman R, Salter E, Howse I, Yule W, Taylor G. A randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of an early psychological intervention with children involved in road traffic accidents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2006;47(2):127-34.
71. Stallard P, Velleman R, Salter E, Howse I, Yule W, Taylor G, et al. A randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of an early intervention with child trauma victims. 31st Annual Conference of the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies; 2003 July 16 - 19, York. 2003:83.
72. Stallard P, Velleman R, Salter W, Howse I, Yule W, Taylor G, et al. Does early intervention prevent psychological distress in children involved in road traffic accidents? The results of a randomised controlled trial. 32nd Congress of the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies (jointly with the European Association of Behavioural and Cognitive Therapies); 2004 September 7 - 11; Manchester. 2004:111.
73. Kataoka S, Jaycox LH, Wong M, Nadeem E, Langley A, Tang L, et al. Effects on school outcomes in low-income minority youth: preliminary findings from a community-partnered study of a school-based trauma intervention. Ethnicity and Disease 2011;21(3 Suppl 1):S1-71-7.
74. Stein BD, Jaycox LH, Kataoka SH, Wong M, Tu W, Elliott MN, et al. A mental health intervention for schoolchildren exposed to violence: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290(5):603-11.
75. Taussig HN, Culhane SE. Impact of a mentoring and skills group program on mental health outcomes for maltreated children in foster care [NCT00809315]. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2010;164(8):739-46.
76. Taussig HN, Culhane SE, Garrido E, Knudtson MD. RCT of a mentoring and skills group program: placement and permanency outcomes for foster youth. Pediatrics 2012;130(1):e33-9.
77. Taussig HN, Culhane SE, Hettleman D. Fostering healthy futures: an innovative preventive intervention for preadolescent youth in out-of-home care. Child Welfare 2007;86(5):113-31.
78. Tol WA, Komproe IH, Jordans MJ, Susanty D, de Jong JT. Developing a function impairment measure for children affected by political violence: a mixed methods approach in Indonesia. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 2011;23(4):375-83.
79. Tol WA, Komproe IH, Jordans MJD, Gross AL, Susanty D, Macy RD, et al. Mediators and moderators of a psychosocial intervention for children affected by political violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2010;78(6):818-28.
80. Tol WA, Komproe IH, Susanty D, Jordans MJ, Macy RD, De Jong JT. School-based mental health intervention for children affected by political violence in Indonesia: a cluster randomized trial. JAMA 2008;300(6):655-62.
81. Tol WA, Komproe IH, Jordans MJ, Vallipuram A, Sipsma H, Sivayokan S, et al. Outcomes and moderators of a preventive school-based mental health intervention for children affected by war in Sri Lanka: a cluster randomized trial. World Psychiatry 2012;11(2):114-22.
82. Tol WA, Komproe IH, Jordans MJD, Ndayisaba A, Ntamutumba P, Sipsma H, et al. School-based mental health intervention for children in war-affected Burundi: a cluster randomized trial. BMC Medicine 2014;12:56.
83. de Jong J. Efficacy of a School-Based Psychosocial Intervention to Deal With the Psychosocial Impact of Armed Conflict on School-Aged Children in Burundi. http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN42284825.
84. McCrone P, Weeramanthri T, Knapp M, Rushton A, Trowell J, Miles G, et al. Cost-effectiveness of individual versus group psychotherapy for sexually abused girls. Child and Adolescent Mental Health 2005;10(1):26-31.
85. Trowell J, Kolvin I. Lessons from a psychotherapy outcome study with sexually abused girls. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1999;4(1):79-89.
86. Trowell J, Kolvin I, Weeramanthri T, Sadowski H, Berelowitz M, Glasser D, et al. Psychotherapy for sexually abused girls: psychopathological outcome findings and patterns of change. British Journal of Psychiatry 2002;180:234-47.
87. Trowell JA, Berelowitz M, Kolvin I. In: Aveline M, Shapiro DA editor(s). Design and Methodological Issues in Setting Up a Psychotherapy Outcome Study With Girls Who Have Been Sexually Abused. Chichester: John Wiley, 1995.
88. Zehnder D, Meuli M, Landolt MA. Effectiveness of a single-session early psychological intervention for children after road traffic accidents: a randomised controlled trial [NCT00296842]. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 2010;4:7.
89. Berger R, Pat-Horenczyk R, Gelkopf M. School-based intervention for prevention and treatment of elementary-students' terror-related distress in Israel: a quasi-randomized controlled trial. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2007;20(4):541-51.
90. Betancourt T, Bolton P, Bass J, Murray L, Verdeli H, Clougherty K, et al. Phase III: a randomized controlled trial of mental health interventions for Acholi war-affected youth in Gulu, Northern Uganda. 22nd Annual Meeting, International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, November 4 - 7 2006, Hollywood, CA. 2006:114.
91. Bolton P, Bass J, Betancourt T, Speelman L, Onyango G, Clougherty K, et al. Interventions for depression symptoms among adolescent survivors of war and displacement in northern Uganda: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007;298(5):519-27.
92. Burke MM. Short-term group therapy for sexually abused girls: a learning theory based treatment for negative affect. PhD, University of Georgia, 1988.
93. Catani C, Kohiladevy M, Ruf M, Schauer E, Elbert T, Neuner F. Treating children traumatized by war and tsunami: a comparison between exposure therapy and meditation-relaxation in North-East Sri Lanka. BMC Psychiatry 2009;9:22. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-244X-9-22]
94. Chen Y, Shen WW, Gao K, Lam CS, Chang WC, Deng H. Effectiveness RCT of a CBT intervention for youths who lost parents in the Sichuan, China, earthquake. Psychiatric Services 2014;65:259-62.
95. Cohen J, Mannarino A, Deblinger E, Steer R. A multisite treatment study for PTSD in sexually abused children. 19th Annual Meeting, International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, October 29 - November 1, Chicago, IL. 2003.
96. Cohen JA, Deblinger E, Mannarino AP, Steer RA. A multisite, randomized controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004;43(4):393-402.
97. Deblinger E, Mannarino AP, Cohen JA, Steer RA. A follow-up study of a multisite, randomized, controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2006;45(12):1474-84.
98. Cooley MR. Community Violence and Youth: Preventing Anxiety Disorders. http://clinicaltrialsgov/show/NCT00073619 2001. [NCT00073619]
99. Cooley-Strickland MR, Griffin RS, Darney D, Otte K, Ko J. Urban African American youth exposed to community violence: a school-based anxiety preventive intervention efficacy study. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community 2011;39(2):149-66.
100. Dybdahl R. Children and mothers in war: an outcome study of a psychosocial intervention program. Child Development 2001;72(4):1214-30.
101. Ehntholt KA, Smith P, Yule W. School-based CBT group intervention for refugee children who have experienced war-related trauma. 31st Annual Conference of the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies; 2003 July 16 - 19, York. 2003, issue 83.
102. Ehntholt KA, Smith PA, Yule W. School-based cognitive-behavioural therapy group intervention for refugee children who have experienced war-related trauma. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2005;10(2):235-50.
103. Ensink K, Normandin L, Kernberg PF. Efficacy of a Reflective Functioning Treatment (RFT) for young sexually abused children. Society for Psychotherapy Research 35th Annual General Meeting Book of Abstracts. Rome, Italy, June 16 - 19, 2004.
104. Ertl V, Pfeiffer A, Schauer E, Elbert T, Neuner F. Community-implemented trauma therapy for former child soldiers in Northern Uganda: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2011;306(5):503-12.
105. Gelkopf M, Berger R. A school-based, teacher-mediated prevention program (ERASE-Stress) for reducing terror-related traumatic reactions in Israeli youth: a quasi-randomized controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 2009;50(8):962-71.
106. Gellman AR. Guided imagery: exploring an alternative adjunctive intervention with traumatized adolescents in residential foster care. PhD dissertation, New York University, 2001.
107. Goenjian AK, Karayan I, Pynoos RS, Minassian D, Najarian LM, Steinberg AM, et al. Outcome of psychotherapy among early adolescents after trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997;154(4):536-42.
108. Graham-Bermann SA, Lynch S, Banyard V, DeVoe ER, Halabu H. Community-based intervention for children exposed to intimate partner violence: an efficacy trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2007;75:199-209.
109. Graham-Bermann SA, Miller LE. Intervention to reduce traumatic stress following intimate partner violence: an efficacy trial of the Moms' Empowerment Program (MEP). Psychodynamic Psychiatry 2013;41(2):329-49.
110. Howell KH, Miller LE, Lilly MM, Graham-Bermann SA. Fostering social competence in preschool children exposed to intimate partner violence: evaluating the preschool kids' club intervention. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma 2013;22(4):425-45.
111. Hardin SB, Weinrich S, Weinrich M, Garrison C, Addy C, Hardin TL. Effects of a long-term psychosocial nursing intervention on adolescents exposed to catastrophic stress. Issues in Mental Health Nursing 2002;23(6):537-51.
112. Jacob N, Neuner F, Maedl A, Schaal S, Elbert T. Dissemination of psychotherapy for trauma spectrum disorders in postconflict settings: a randomized controlled trial in Rwanda. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2014;83:354-63.
113. Schaal S. Phase 2: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial With Orphans and Widows Who Experienced the Genocide Carried Out by Trained Local Psychologists - NET/IPT Versus Waiting List. ClinicalTrialsgov [wwwclinicaltrialsgov] 2007.
114. Jeffres MJ. The efficacy of EMDR with traumatized children. Dissertation Abstracts International 2004:4042.
115. Jensen TK. Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for Children: A Study of Process and Outcome. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00635752 issue accessed 1-10-13.
116. Jensen TK, Holt T, Ormhaug SM, Egeland K, Granly L, Hoaas LC, et al. A randomized effectiveness study comparing trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy with therapy as usual for youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2014;43:356-69.
117. Ormhaug SM, Jensen TK, Wentzel-Larsen T, Shirk SR. The therapeutic alliance in treatment of traumatized youths: relation to outcome in a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2014;82:52-64.
118. Jordans MJ, Komproe IH, Tol WA, Kohrt BA, Luitel NP, Macy RD, et al. Evaluation of a classroom-based psychosocial intervention in conflict-affected Nepal: a cluster randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN48004304]. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 2010;51(7):818-26.
119. Kassam-Adams N, Garcia-Espana JF, Marsac ML, Kohser KL, Baxt C, Nance M, et al. A pilot randomized controlled trial assessing secondary prevention of traumatic stress integrated into pediatric trauma care. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2011;24(3):252-9.
120. Kataoka SH, Stein BD, Jaycox LH, Wong M, Escudero P, Tu W, et al. A school-based mental health program for traumatized Latino immigrant children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2003;42(3):311-8.
121. Kenardy J, Thompson K, Le Brocque R, Olsson K. Information provision intervention for children and their parents following pediatric accidental injury. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2008;17(5):316-25.
122. King NJ, Tonge BJ, Mullen P, Myerson N, Heyne D, Rollings S, et al. Treating sexually abused children with posttraumatic stress symptoms: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2000;39(11):1347-55.
123. Krueger SJ. Cognitive behavioral and integrative treatment of abused children: examining cognitive and emotional processes and developmental considerations. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2013; Vol. 74.
124. Lyshak-Stelzer F, Singer P, St John P, Chemtob CM. Art therapy for adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: a pilot study. Art Therapy 2007;24(4):163-9.
125. McWhirter PT. Differential therapeutic outcomes of community-based group interventions for women and children exposed to intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2011;26(12):2457-82.
126. Murray LK, Skavenski S, Kane JC, Mayeya J, Dorsey S, Cohen JA, et al. Effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy among trauma-affected children in Lusaka, Zambia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatriatics 2015;169(8):761-9.
127. Pfeffer CR, Jiang H, Kakuma T, Hwang J, Metsch M. Group intervention for children bereaved by the suicide of a relative. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2002;41(5):505-13.
128. Phipps S, Peasant C, Barrera M, Alderfer MA, Huang Q, Vannatta K. Resilience in children undergoing stem cell transplantation: results of a complementary intervention trial. Pediatrics 2012;129(3):e762-70.
129. Rimane E, Rosner R. Developmentally Adapted Cognitive Processing Therapy for Adolescents and Young Adults With PTSD Symptoms After Physical and Sexual Abuse - D-CPT. http://wwwdrksde/DRKS00004787 2013.
130. Rosner R, Konig HH, Neuner F, Schmidt U, Steil R. Developmentally adapted cognitive processing therapy for adolescents and young adults with PTSD symptoms after physical and sexual abuse: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014;15:195.
131. Rubin A, Bischofshausen S, Conroy-Moore K, Dennis B, Hastie M, Melnick L, et al. The effectiveness of EMDR in a child guidance center. Research on Social Work Practice 2001;11(4):435-57.
132. Ruf M, Schauer M, Neuner F, Catani C, Elbert T. World Psychiatric Association, International Congress; 2006 July 12 - 16; Istanbul, Turkey. 2006:146.
133. Ruf M, Schauer M, Neuner F, Catani C, Schauer E, Elbert T. Narrative exposure therapy for 7- to 16-year-olds: a randomized controlled trial with traumatized refugee children. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2010;23(4):437-45.
134. Ruf M. Lifeline-NET (Narrative Exposure Therapy): a short-term treatment for traumatized refugees and asylum seekers. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01720732 2012.
135. Saxe GN, Heidi EB, Fogler J, Navalta CP. Innovations in practice: preliminary evidence for effective family engagement in treatment for child traumatic stress-trauma systems therapy approach to preventing dropout. Child and Adolescent Mental Health 2012;17(1):58-61.
136. Schaal S, Elbert T, Neuner F. Narrative exposure therapy versus interpersonal psychotherapy: a pilot randomized controlled trial with Rwandan genocide orphans. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2009;78(5):298-306.
137. Schauer E. Trauma treatment for children in war: build-up of an evidence-based large-scale mental health intervention in north-eastern Sri Lanka. PhD thesis submitted to Konstanz University, 2008.
138. Scheeringa MS, Weems CF, Cohen JA, Amaya-Jackson L, Guthrie D. Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in three-through six year-old children: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2011;52(8):853-60.
139. Shelby JS. Crisis intervention with children following Hurricane Andrew: a comparison of two treatment approaches. Dissertation Abstracts International 1995:1121.
140. Shooshtary MH, Panaghi L, Moghadam JA. Outcome of cognitive behavioral therapy in adolescents after natural disaster. Journal of Adolescent Health 2008;42(5):466-72.
141. Soltanifar A. The Efficacy of Developmental Attachment-Based Play Therapy on Developmental Trauma Disorder Symptoms in Children From 3 to 9 Years Old. Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, http://www.irct.ir/searchresult.php?id=5280&number=8.
142. Soltanifar A, Rezaei Ardani A, Soltanifar A, Jafarzadeh Fadaki M, Modarres Gharavi M, Mokhber N. Attachment-based play therapy for Iranian children and parenting stress of their mothers. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 2013;18(4):432-37.
143. Stronach EP. Preventive interventions and sustained attachment security in maltreated children: a 12-month follow-up of a randomized controlled trial dissertation. Dissertation Abstracts International 2013; Vol. 74, issue 3-B(E).
144. Stronach EP, Toth SL, Rogosch F, Cicchetti D. Preventive interventions and sustained attachment security in maltreated children. Development and Psychopathology 2013;25(4):919-30.
145. Thabet AA, Vostanis P, Karim K. Group crisis intervention for children during ongoing war conflict. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2005;14(5):262-9.
146. Wang Z-Y, Yang F, Wang Y-Y, Gao J, Qian M-Y. Effects of group intervention on depression and post-traumatic stress symptoms among junior middle school students in earthquake area. Chinese Mental Health Journal 2011;25(4):284-8.
147. Wolmer L, Hamiel D, Laor N. Preventing children's posttraumatic stress after disaster with teacher-based intervention: a controlled study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2011;50(4):340-8.
148. Wolmer L, Hamiel D, Barchas JD, Slone M, Laor N. Teacher-delivered resilience-focused intervention in schools with traumatized children following the second Lebanon War. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2011;24(3):309-16.
149. Crombach A. Treatment of Aggressive Behavior and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01519193.
150. Elbert T. Trauma and Truth Interventions (NET) Versus Conflict Resolution and Social Skills Trainings for Vulnerable Youths in Northern Uganda. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00893750.
151. Elbert T. MemoTV: Epigenetic, Neural and Cognitive Memories of Traumatic Stress and Violence in Former Offenders of the Townships of South Africa. http://clinicaltrialsgov/show/NCT02012738 2013.
152. Hultmann O. Identification and Treatment of Children Exposed or Subjected to Intimate Partner Violence or Child Abuse in Sweden. http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN58027256.
153. Jessiman P. Letting the Future In: Therapeutic Intervention for Child Sexual Abuse - Randomised Trial. http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN65340805.
154. Kassam-Adams N, Marsac ML, Kohser KL, Kenardy J, March S, Winston FK. Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Novel Web-Based Intervention to Prevent Posttraumatic Stress in Children Following Medical Events. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2015;41(1):138-48.
155. Marsac ML, Kohser KL, Winston FK, Kenardy J, March S, Kassam-Adams N. Using a web-based game to prevent posttraumatic stress in children following medical events: design of a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 2013;4:21311.
156. Landolt M. Psychological Interventions in Children After Road Traffic Accidents or Burns: A Randomized Controlled Study. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01085370.
157. Mahmoudi-Gharaei J, Mohammadi M, Bina M, Yasami M, Fakour Y. Supportive and cognitive behavioral group interventions on Bam earthquake related PTSD symptoms in adolescents. Tehran University Medical Journal 2006;64(8):57-67.
158. Narimani M, Basharpoor S, Gamarigive H, Abolgasemi A. Impact of cognitive processing and holographic reprocessing on posttraumatic symptoms improvement amongst Iranian students. Advances in Cognitive Science 2013;15:50-62.
159. Ooi C. A Pretest Posttest 3-Month Follow-up Randomised Controlled Trial of a Group Intervention "Teaching Recovery Techniques" to Prevent Worsening of Early Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Young Migrants. http://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12611000948998.aspx.
160. Rowe C. Family-Based Drug Services for Young Disaster Victims (Katrina). ClinicalTrials.gov 2013; Vol. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01859000.
161. Rowe CL, La Greca AM, Alexandersson A. Family and individual factors associated with substance involvement and PTS symptoms among adolescents in greater New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2010;78(6):806-17.
162. Ruggiero KJ. Web-based Intervention for Disaster-Affected Youth and Families. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01606514.
163. Ruggiero KJ, Davidson TM, McCauley J, Gros KS, Welsh K, Price M, et al. Bounce Back Now! Protocol of a population-based randomized controlled trial to examine the efficacy of a web-based intervention with disaster-affected families. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2015;40:138-49.
164. Ruggiero KJ, Price M, Adams Z, Stauffacher K, McCauley J, Danielson CK, Knapp R, Hanson RF, Davidson TM, Amstadter AB, Carpenter MJ, Saunders BE, Kilpatrick DG, Resnick HS. Web intervention for adolescents affected by disaster: population-based randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2015;54(9):709-17.
165. Shen P-Y, Zhu X-Y, Xin Y. Effects of expressive group counseling on psychological well-being in children after earthquake. Chinese Mental Health Journal 2012;26:466-70.
166. Zang Y. Resilience and Implications From Writings of Children Traumatised by the Earthquake: A Study of Guided Narrative Technique. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR), http://www.chictr.org/en/proj/show.aspx?proj=4143.
167. Zang Y. The Effect of a Guided Narrative Technique Among Children Traumatised by the Earthquake: Pilot Study. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR), http://www.chictr.org/en/proj/show.aspx?proj=4142.
168. Zang Y, Hunt N, Cox T. The effect of guided narrative technique among children traumatised by the earthquake. In: Barrette C, Haylock B, Mortimer D editor(s). Trauma Imprints: Performance, Art, Literature and Theoretical Practice. 1st Edition. Oxford, UK: Inter-disciplinary Press, 2011:173-282. [ISBN: 978-1-84888-085-6]
169. Belcher HME. FamilyLive Feasibility and Effectiveness Study. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01524185 issue accessed 1-10-13.
170. Dorsey S, Whetten K. Randomized Controlled Trial of Trauma-Focused CBT in Tanzania and Kenya. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01822366.
171. Roos A Randomized Comparison of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Cognitive Behavioral Writing Therapy (CBWT) in Pediatric Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Single-Incident Trauma NTR3870. http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=3870. [NTR3870]
172. Sansom-Daly UM, Wakefield CE, Bryant RA, Butow P, Sawyer S, Patterson P, et al. Online group-based cognitive-behavioural therapy for adolescents and young adults after cancer treatment: a multicenter randomised controlled trial of Recapture Life-AYA. BMC Cancer 2012;12:339.
173. Toth S, Todd J. Prevention of Depression in Maltreated and Nonmaltreated Adolescents. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01534377.
174. American Academy of Child, Adolescent Psychiatry. Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1998;37 Suppl 10:4-26.
175. Cohen JA, Bukstein O, Walter H, Benson RS, Chrisman A, Farchione TR, et al. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescent with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2010;49(4):414-30.
176. Achenbach TM, Edelbrock CS. Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry, 1983.
177. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR). 4th Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000:463-468.
178. Bisson JI, Roberts NP, Andrew M, Cooper R, Lewis C. Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 12. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003388.pub4]
179. BluePages. http://bluepages.anu.edu.au/treatments/what_works/psychological_treatments/ (accessed 20 August 2012).
180. Bryant RA, Friedman M. Medication and non-medication treatments of post-traumatic stress disorder. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2001;14(2):119-23.
181. Carr A. Interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatric Rehabilitation 2004;7(4):231-44.
182. Donnelly CL, Amaya-Jackson L. Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment options. Paediatric Drugs 2002;4(3):159-70.
183. Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997;315:629-34.
184. Fletcher KE. Childhood posttraumatic stress disorder. In: Mash EJ, Barkley RA editor(s). Child Psychopathology. 2nd Edition. New York, NY: The Guildford Press, 2003:330-71.
185. Foa EB, Meadows EA. Psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: a critical review. Annual Review of Psychology 1997;48:449-80.
186. Forman-Hoffman VL, Zolotor AJ, McKeeman JL, Blanco R, Knauer SR, Lloyd SW, et al. Comparative effectiveness of interventions for children exposed to nonrelational traumatic events. Pediatrics 2013;131(3):526-39.
187. Foy DW, Madvig BT, Pynoos RS, Camilleri AJ. Etiologic factors in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of School Psychology 1996;34(2):133-45.
188. Gillies D, Taylor F, Gray C, O'Brien L, D'Abrew N. Psychological therapies for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 12. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006726.pub2]
189. Henken T, Huibers MJ, Churchill R, Restifo KK, Roelofs JJ. Family therapy for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue Issue 3. Art. No.: CD006728. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006728]
190. Higgins JPT, Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 2008.
191. Kovacs M. Children's Depression Inventory. https://www.mhs.com/ecom/(3jkh5055rnqsekfhnxgzn145)/TechBrochures/CDI.pdf 1992 (accessed 18 May 2007).
192. Kramer DN, Landolt MA. Characteristics and efficacy of early psychological interventions in children and adolescents after single trauma: a meta-analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 2011;2:7858.
193. Leenarts LE, Diehle J, Doreleijers TA, Jansma EP, Lindauer RJ. Evidence-based treatments for children with trauma-related psychopathology as a result of childhood maltreatment: a systematic review. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2012;22(5):269-83.
194. Macdonald G, Higgins JPT, Ramchandani P, Valentine JC, Bronger LP, Klein P, et al. Cognitive-behavioural interventions for children who have been sexually abused. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 5. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001930; Art. No.: CD001930.pub3]
195. McNally RJ. Assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of School Psychology 1996;3(2):147-61.
196. Neuner F, Schauer M, Klaschik C, Karunakara U, Elbert T. A comparison of narrative exposure therapy, supportive counseling, and psychoeducation for treating posttraumatic stress disorder in an African refugee settlement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2004;72(4):579-87.
197. Parry-Jones W, Barton J. Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 1995;8(4):227-30.
198. Perrin S, Smith P, Yule W. Practitioner review: the assessment and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2000;41(3):277-89.
199. Roberts NP, Kitchiner NJ, Kenardy J, Bisson JI. Early psychological interventions to treat acute traumatic stress symptoms. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007944.pub2]
200. Robertson M, Humphreys L, Ray R. Psychological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: recommendations for the clinician based on a review of the literature. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 2004;10(2):106-18.
201. Rose S, Bisson J, Churchill R, Wessely S. Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue Issue 2. Art. No.: CD000560. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000560]
202. Saigh PA, Green BL, Korol M. The history and prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder with special reference to children and adolescents. Journal of School Psychology 1996;34(2):107-31.
203. Saigh PA, Yasik AE, Oberfield RA, Green BL, Halamandaris PV, Rubenstein H, et al. The Children's PTSD Inventory: development and reliability. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2000;13(3):369-80.
204. Schaffer D, Gould MS, Brasic J, Ambrosini P, Fisher P, Bird H, et al. A Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS). Archives of General Psychiatry 1983;40(11):1228-31.
205. Sones HM, Thorp SR, Raskind M. Prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 2011;34(1):79-94.
206. Spielberger CD. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1973.
207. Varni JW, Seid M, Kurtin PS. PedsQL™ 4.0: reliability and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ Version 4.0 generic core scales in healthy and patient populations. Medical Care 2001;39(8):800-12.
208. World Health Organization. Chapter V. Mental and behavioural disorders (F40-F48). International Classification of Diseases 10. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1990:www3.who.int/icd/currentversion/gf40.htm (accessed 6 September 2006).
209. Yule W. Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. International Review of Psychiatry 2001;13(3):194-200.
210. Gillies D, O'Brien L, Rogers P, Meekings C. Psychological therapies for the prevention and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents (Protocol). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue Issue 3. Art. No.: CD006726. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858]