Living together in biofilms: The microbial cell factory and its biotechnological implications

Microbial Cell Factories

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2016, Pages

  Berlanga, Mercedes ^a   Guerrero, Ricardo ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^b Barcelona Knowledge Hub Academia Europaea   (Spain)

Author keywords

Biofilms as cell factories; Living together; Protein BlsA; Surfactants; Synthetic microbial communities

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; SURFACTANT;

BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIAL GROWTH; BIOFILM; BIOFILM REACTOR; BIOTECHNOLOGY; DISPERSION; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FOOD; GENE EXPRESSION; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; NONHUMAN; OLIVE; PLANKTON; REVIEW; BACTERIAL PHENOMENA AND FUNCTIONS; BACTERIUM; BACTERIUM ADHERENCE; METABOLISM; MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM; PHYSIOLOGY;

BACTERIA; BACTERIAL ADHESION; BACTERIAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; BIOFILMS; BIOTECHNOLOGY; ETHANOL; MICROBIAL CONSORTIA; SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS;

EID: 84989315169     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14752859     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0569-5     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Kolter R. Biofilms in lab and nature: a molecular geneticist's voyage to microbial ecology. Int Microbiol. 2010;13:1-7.
2. Sachs JL, Hollowed AC. The origins of cooperative bacterial communities. mBio. 2012. doi: 10.1128/mBio.00099-12.
3. Hobley L, Harkins C, MacPhee CE, Stanley-Wall NR. Giving structure to the biofilm matrix: an overview of individual strategies and emerging common themes. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2015. doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuv015.
4. Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, Caldwell DE, Korber DR, Lappin-Scott HM. Microbial biofilms. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1995. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.003431.
5. Vlamakis H, Chai Y, Beauregard P, Losick R, Kolter R. Sticking together: building a biofilm the Bacillus subtilis way. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2960.
6. Rollet C, Gal L, Guzzo J. Biofilm-detached cells, a transition from a sessile to planktonic phenotype: a comparative study of adhesion and physiological characteristics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2009. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01415.
7. Peter H, Ylla I, Gudasz C, Romani AM, Sabater S, Tranvik LJ. Multifunctionality and diversity in bacterial biofilms. PLoS ONE. 2011. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023225.
8. Palmer J, Flint S, Brooks J. Bacterial cell attachment, the beginning of a biofilm. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009. doi: 10.1007/s10295-007-0234-4.
9. Petrova OE, Sauer K. Escaping the biofilm in more than one way: desorption, detachment or dispersion. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.01.004.
10. Matz C, Kjelleberg S. Off the hook-how bacteria survive protozoan grazing. Trends Microbiol. 2005;13:302-7.
11. Lee KWK, Periasamy S, Mukherjee M, Xie C, Kjelleberg S, Rice SA. Biofilm development and enhanced stress resistance of a model, mixed-species community biofilm. ISME J. 2014. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2013.194.
12. Burmølle M, Ren D, Bjarnsholt T, Sørensen SJ. Interactions in multiespecies biofilms: do they actually matter? Trends Microbiol. 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.12.004.
13. Young KD. The selective value of bacterial shape. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2006;70:660-703.
14. Martin M, Hölscher T, Dragos A, Cooper VS, Kovács AT. Laboratory evolution of microbial interactions in bacterial biofilms. J Bacteriol. 2016. doi: 10.1128/JB.01018-15.
15. Flemming HC, Wingender J. The biofilm matrix. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2415.
16. Merod RT, Wuertz S. Extracellular polymeric substance architecture influences natural genetic transformation of Acinetobacter baylyi in biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014;80:7752-7.
17. Meervenne E, De Weirdt R, Van Coillie E, Devlieghere F, Hernan L, Boon N. Biofilm models for the food industry: hot spots for plasmid transfer? Pathog Dis. 2014;70:332-8.
18. Kouzel N, Oldewurtel ER, Maier B. Gene transfer efficiency in gonococcal biofilms: role of biofilm age, architecture, and pilin antigenic variation. J Bacteriol. 2015;197:2422-31.
19. Turnbull L, Toyofuku M, Hynen AL, Kurosawa M, Pessi G, Petty NK, Osvath SR, Cárcamo-Oyarce G, et al. Explosive cell lysis as a mechanism for the biogenesis of bacterial membrane vesicles and biofilms. Nat Commun. 2016. doi: 10.1038/ncomms11220.
20. Guerrero R, Berlanga M. From the cell to the ecosystem: the physiological evolution of symbiosis. Evol Biol. 2015. doi: 10.1007/s11692-015-9360-5.
21. Guerrero R, Piqueras M, Berlanga M. Microbial mats and the search for minimal ecosystems. Int Microbiol. 2002;5:177-88.
22. Van Gestel J, Vlamakis H, Kolter R. Division of labor in biofilms: the ecology of cell differentiation. Microbiol Spectr. 2015. doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.MB-0002-2014.
23. Stewart PS, Franklin MJ. Physiological heterogeneity in biofilms. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008;6:199-210. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1838.
24. Berlanga M, Guerrero R. The holobiont concept: the case of xylophagous termites and cockroaches. Symbiosis. 2016. doi: 10.1007/s13199-016-0388-9.
25. Zhang W, Li C. Exploring quorum sensing interfering strategies in Gram-negative bacteria for the enhancement of environmental applications. Front Microbiol. 2016. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01535.
26. Grandclément C, Tannières M, Moréra S, Dessaux Y, Faure D. Quorum sensing quenching: role in nature and applied developments. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2016. doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuv038.
27. Araújo PA, Mergulhão F, Melo L, Simões M. The ability of an antimicrobial agent to penetrate a biofilm is not correlated with its killing or removal efficiency. Biofouling. 2014. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2014.904294.
28. Bridier A, Sanchez-Vizuete P, Guilbaud M, Piard J-C, Naïtali M, Briandet R. Biofilm-associated persistence of food-borne pathogens. Food Microbiol. 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.04.015.
29. Bryers JD. Medial biofilms. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2008;100:1-18. doi: 10.1002/bit.21838.
30. Lebeaux D, Chauhan A, Rendueles O, Beloin C. From in vitro to in vivo models of bacterial biofilm-related infections. Pathogens. 2013. doi: 10.3390/pathogens2020288.
31. Olsen I. Biofilm-specific antibiotic tolerance and resistance. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015. doi: 10.1007/s10096-015-2323.
32. McDougald D, Rice SA, Barraud N, Steinberg PD, Kjelleberg S. Should we stay or should we go: mechanisms and ecological consequences for biofilm dispersal. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012;10:39-50.
33. Guilhen C, Charbonnel N, Parisot N, Gueguen N, Iltis A, Forestier C, Balestrino D. Transcriptional profiling of Klebsiella pneumoniae defines signatures for planktonic, sessile and biofilm-dispersed cells. BMC Genom. 2016. doi: 10.1186/s12864-016-2557-x.
34. Rumbo-Feal S, Gómez MJ, Gayoso C, Álvarez-Fraga L, Cabral MP, Aransay AM, Rodríguez-Ezpeleta N, Fullaondo A, et al. Whole transcriptome analysis of Acinetobacter baumannii assessed by RNA-sequencing reveals different mRNA expression profiles in Biofilm compared to planktonic cells. PLoS ONE. 2013. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072968.
35. Post DMB, Held JM, Ketterer MR, Philips NJ, Sahu A, Apicella MA, Gibson BW. Comparative analyses of proteins from Haemophilus influenzae biofilm and planktonic populations using metabòlic labeling and mass spectrometry. BMC Microbiol. 2014. doi: 10.1186/s12866-014-0329-9.
36. European Listeria Genome Consortium, Trémoulet F, Duché O, Namane A, Martinie B, Labadie JC. Comparison of protein patterns of Listeria monocytogenes grown in biofilm or in planktonic mode by proteomic analysis. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2002;210:25-31.
37. Liu J, Ling J-Q, Wu CD. Physiological properties of Streptococcus mutants UA159 biofilm-detached cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2013. doi: 10.1111/1574-6968.12066.
38. Nakamura Y, Yamamoto N, Kino Y, Yamamoto N, Kamai S, Mori H, Kurokawa K, Nakashima N. Establishment of a multi-species biofilm model and metatranscriptomic analysis of biofilm and planktonic cell communities. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016. doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-7532-6.
39. Mukherjee S, Das P, Sen R. Towards commercial production of microbial surfactants. Trends Biotechnol. 2006. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.09.005.
40. Nickzad A, Déziel E. The involvement of rhamnolipids in microbial cell adhesion and biofilm development-an approach for control? Lett Appl Microbiol. 2014. doi: 10.1111/lam.12211.
41. Chrzanowski Ł, Ławniczak Ł, Czaczyk K. Why do microorganisms produce rhamnolipids? World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012;28:401-19.
42. Mireles JR, Toguchi A, Harshey RM. Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium swarming mutants with altered biofilm-forming abilities: surfactin inhibits biofilm formation. J Bacteriol. 2001;183:5848-54.
43. Davey ME, Caiazza NC, O'Toole GA. Rhamnolipid surfactant production affects biofilm architecture in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. J Bacteriol. 2003;185:1027-36.
44. Kearns DB. A field guide to bacterial swarming motility. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010;8:634-44.
45. Glick R, Gilmour C, Tremblay J, Satanower S, Avidan O, Déziel E, Greenberg EP, Poole K, et al. Increase in rhamnolipid synthesis under iron-limiting conditions influences surface motility and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol. 2010. doi: 10.1128/JB.01601-09.
46. Lequette Y, Greenberg EP. Timing and localization of rhamnolipid synthesis gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. J Bacteriol. 2005;187:37-44.
47. Dusane DH, Zinjarde SS, Venugopalan VP, Mclean RJ, Weber MM, Rahman PKSM. Quorum sensing: implications on rhamnolipid biosurfactant production. Biotechnol Gen Eng Rev. 2010;27:159-84.
48. Al-Tahhan RA, Sandrin TR, Bodour AA, Maier RM. Rhamnolipid-induced removal of lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: effect on cell surface properties and interaction with hydrophobic substrates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2000;66:3262-8.
49. Raya A, Sodagari M, Pinzon NM, He X, Zhang Newby BM, Ju LK. Effects of rhamnolipids and shear on initial attachment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 in glass flow chambers. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2010;17:1529-38.
50. Pamp SJ, Tolker-Nielsen T. Multiple roles of biosurfactants in structural biofilm development by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol. 2007;189:2531-9.
51. Wang J, Yu B, Tian D, Ni M. Rhamnolipid but not motility is associated with the initiation of biofilm seeding dispersal of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA17. J Biosci. 2013;38:149-56.
52. Fariq A, Saeed A. Production and biomedical applications of probiotic biosurfactants. Curr Microbiol. 2016. doi: 10.1007/s00284-015-0978.
53. Hobley L, Ostrowski A, Rao FV, Bromley KM, Porter M, Prescott AR, MacPhee CE, van Aalten DMF, Stanley-Wall NR. BslA is a self-assembling bacterial hydrophobin that coats the Bacillus subtilis biofilm. Proct Nat Acad Sci USA. 2013. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1306390110.
54. Romero D, Kolter R. Functional amyloids in bacteria. Int Microbiol. 2014;17:65-73.
55. Kovács AT, van Gestel J, Kuipers OP. The protective layer of biofilm: a repellent function for new class of amphiphilic proteins. Mol Microbiol. 2012. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08101.
56. Kobayashi K, Iwano M. BsIA (YuaB) forms a hydrophobic layer on the surface of Bacillus subtilis biofilms. Mol Microbiol. 2012. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08094.
57. Bromley KM, Morris RJ, Hobley L, Brandani G, Gillespie RM, Mccluskey M, Zachariae U, Marenduzzo D, Stanley-Wall NR, Macphee CE. Interfacial selfassembly of a bacterial hydrophobin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112:5419-24.
58. Stanley-Wall N, MacPhee CE. Connecting the dots between bacterial biofilms and ice cream. Phys Biol. 2015. doi: 10.1088/1478-3975/12/6/063001.
59. Queshi N, Annous BA, Ezeji TC, Karcher P, Maddox IS. Biofilms reactors for industrial bioconversion processes: employing potential of enhanced reaction rates. Microb Cell Fact. 2005. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-4-24.
60. Maksimova YG. Microbial biofilms in biotechnological processes. Appl Biochem Microbiol. 2014;50:750-60.
61. Ercan D, Demirci A. Current and future trends for biofilm reactors for fermentation processes. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2015. doi: 10.3109/07388551.2013.793170.
62. Rosche B, Li XZ, Hauer B, Schmid A, Buehler K. Microbial biofilms: a concept for industrial catalysis? Trends Biotechnol. 2009. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.08.001.
63. Cheng K-C, Demirci A, Cathmark JM. Advances in biofilm reactors for production of value-added products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2010. doi: 10.1007/s00253-010-2622-3.
64. Halan B, Buehler K, Schmid A. Biofilms as living catalysts in continuous chemical synthesis. Trends Biotechnol. 2012. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.05.003.
65. Monds RD, O'Toole GA. The development model of microbial biofilms: ten years of a paradigm up for review. Trends Microbiol. 2009;17:73-87.
66. Junter G-A, Coquet L, Vilain S, Jouenne T. Immobilized-cell physiology: current data and potentialities of proteomics. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2002;31:201-12.
67. Knudsen GM, Nielsen M-B, Grassby T, Danino-Appleton V, Thomsen LE, Colquhoun IJ, Brocklehurst TF, Olsen JE, Hinton JCD. A third mode of surface-associates growth: immobilization of Salmonella enterica serovar Thyphimurium modulates the RpoS-directed transcriptional programme. Environ Microbiol. 2012;14:1855-75.
68. Selimoglu SM, Elibol M. Alginate as an immobilization material for Mab production via encapsulated hybridoma cells. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2010;30:145-59.
69. Berlanga M, Miñana-Galbis D, Domènch Ò, Guerrero R. Enhanced polyhydroxyalkanoates accumulation by Halomonas spp. in artificial biofilms of alginate beads. Int Microbiol. 2012. doi: 10.2436/20.1501.01.172.
70. Lefebvre J, Vincent J-C. Control of the biomass heterogeneity in immobilized cell systems. Influence of initial cell and substrate concentrations, structure thickness, and type of bioreactors. Enzyme Microb Technol. 1997;20:536-43.
71. Hüsken LE, Tramper J, Wijffels RN. Growth and eruption of gel-entraped microcolonies. In: Wijffels RH, Buitelaar RM, Bucke C, Tramper J, editors. Immobilized cells: basics and applications. Netherlands: Elsevier; 1996. p. 336-40.
72. Uppuluri P, Chaturvedi AK, Srinivasan A, Banerjee M, Ramasubramaniam AK, Kohler JR, et al. Dispersion as an important step in the Candida albicans biofilm developmental cycle. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6:e1000828.
73. Rollet C, Gal L, Guzzo J. Biofilm-detached cells, a transition from a sessile to a planktonic phenotype: a comparative study of adhesion and physiological characteristics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2009;290:135-42.
74. Berlanga M, Domènech Ò, Guerrero R. Biofilm formation on polystyrene in detached vs. planktonic cells of polyhydroxyalkanoate-accumulating Halomonas venusta. Int Microbiol. 2014. doi: 10.2436/20.1501.01.223.
75. Ahamad PYA, Kunhi AAM. Enhanced degradation of phenol by Pseudomonas sp. CP4 entrapped in agar and calcium alginate beads in batch and continuous processes. Biodegradation. 2011;22:253-65.
76. Huang H-Y, Tang Y-J, King VA-E, Chou J-W, Tsen J-H. Properties of Lactobacillus reuteri chitosan-calcium-alginate encapsulation under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Int Microbiol. 2015. doi: 10.2436/20.1501.01.235.
77. Zhang Y-W, Prabhu P. Alginate immobilization of recombinant Escherichia coli whole cells harboring l-arabinose isomerase for l-ribulose production. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2010;33:741-8.
78. Darah I, Nisha M, Lim S-H. Polygalacturonase production by calcium alginate immobilized Enterobacter aerogenes NBO2 cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2015. doi: 10.1007/s12010-014-1447-4.
79. Atia A, Gomaa A, Fliss I, Beyssac E, Garrait G, Subirade M. A prebiotic matrix for encapsulation of probiotics: physicochemical and microbiological study. J Microencapsulation. 2016. doi: 10.3109/02652048.2015.1134688.
80. Benítez-Cabello A, Romero-Gil V, Rodríguez-Gómez F, Garrido-Fernández A, Jiménez-Díaz R, Arroyo-López FN. Evaluation and identification of poly-microbial biofilms on natural Green Gordal table olives. Anton van Leeuwen. 2015. doi: 10.1007/s10482-015-0515-2.
81. Hurtado A, Reguant C, Bordons A, Rozès N. Lactic acid bacteria from fermented table olives. Food Microbiol. 2012. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.01.006.
82. Arroyo-López FN, Romero-Gil V, Bautista-Gallego J, Rodríguez-Gómez F, Jiménez-Díaz R, García-García P, Querol A, Garrido-Fernández A. Yeasts in table olive processing: desirable or spoilage microorganisms? Int J Food Microbiol. 2012;160:42-9.
83. Chapot-Chartier M-P, Kulakauskas S. Cell wall structure and function in lactic acid bacteria. Microb Cell Fact. 2014;13(Suppl 1):S9. doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-S1-S9.
84. Arroyo-López FN, Bautista-Gallego J, Domínguez-Manzano J, Romero-Gil V, Rodriguez-Gómez F, García-García P, Garrido-Fernández A, Jiménez-Díaz R. Formation of lactic acid bacteria-yeasts communities on the olive surface during Spanish-style Manzanilla fermentations. Food Microbiol. 2012;32:295-301.
85. Domínguez-Manzano J, Olmo-Ruiz C, Bautista-Gallego J, Arroyo-López FN, Garrido-Fernández A, Jiménez-Díaz R. Biofilm formation on abiotic and biotic surfaces during Spanish style green table olive fermentation. Int J Food Microbiol. 2012;157:230-8.
86. Grounta A, Panagou EZ. Mono and dual species biofilm formation between Lactobacillus pentosus and Pichia membranifaciens on the surface of black olives under different sterile brine conditions. Ann Microbiol. 2014;64:1757-67.
87. Botta C, Cocolin L. Microbial dynamics and biodiversity in table olive fermentation: culture-dependent and -independent approaches. Front Microbiol. 2012. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00245.
88. Grounta A, Doulgeraki AI, Nychas G-JE, Panagou EZ. Biofilm formation on Conservolea natural Black olives during single and combined inoculation with a functional Lactobacillus pentosus starter culture. Food Microbiol. 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.12.002.
89. Osborne JP, Mira de Orduña R, Pilone GJ, Liu SQ. Acetaldehyde metabolism by wine lactic acid bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2000;191:51-5.
90. Lima LJR, Almeida MH, Nout MJN, Zwietering MH. Theobroma cacao L., "The food of the Gods": quality determinants of commercial cocoa beans, with particular reference to the impact of fermentation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2011. doi: 10.1080/10408391003799913.
91. Lee LW, Cheong MW, Curran P, Yu B, Liu SQ. Coffee fermentation and flavor-an intricate and delicate relationship. Food Chem. 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.124.
92. Escalante AE, Rebolleda-Gómez M, Benítez M, Travisano M. Ecological perspectives on synthetic biology: insights from microbial population biology. Front Microbiol. 2015. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00143.
93. Jagmann N, Philipp B. Design of synthetic microbial communities for biotechnological production processes. J Biotechnol. 2014;184:209-18.
94. Shong J, Jimenez Diaz MR, Collins CH. Towards synthetic microbial consortia for bioprocessing. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2012;23:798-802.
95. Faust K, Raes J. Microbial interactions: from networks to models. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012;10:538-50.
96. Großkopf T, Soyer OS. Synthetic microbial communities. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2014;18:72-7.
97. Haruta S, Kato S, Yamamoto K, Igarashi Y. Intertwined interspecies relationships: approaches to untangle the microbial network. Environ Microbiol. 2009;11:2963-9.
98. Pandhal J, Noirel J. Synthetic microbial ecosystems for biotechnology. Biotechnol Lett. 2014. doi: 10.1007/s10529-014-1480-y.
99. Song H, Ding M-Z, Jia X-Q, Ma Q, Yuan Y-J. Synthetic microbial consortia: from systematic analysis to construction and applications. Chem Soc Rev. 2014. doi: 10.1039/c4cs00114a.
100. Kaeberlein T, Lewis K, Epstein SS. Isolating "uncultivable" microorganisms in pure culture in a simulated natural environment. Science. 2002;296:1127-9.
101. Gich F, Janys MA, König M, Overmann J. Enrichment of previously uncultured bacteria from natural complex communities by adhesion to solid surfaces. Environ Microbiol. 2012;14:2984-97.
102. Sieuwerts S, de Bok FAM, Hugenholtz J, van Hylckama Vlieg JET. Unraveling microbial interactions in food fermentations: from classical to genomics approaches. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00113-08.
103. Christian N, Handorf T, Ebenhoh O. Metabolic synergy: increasing biosynthetic capabilities by network cooperation. Genome Inform Ser. 2007;18:320-9.
104. Kato S, Haruta S, Cui ZJ, Ishii M, Igarashi Y. Network relationships of bacteria in a stable mixed culture. Microb Ecol. 2008;56:403-11.
105. Klitgord N, Segre D. Environments that induce synthetic microbial ecosystems. PLoS Comput Biol. 2010;6:e1001002.
106. Mitri S, Foster KR. A genotypic view of social interactions in microbial communities. Annu Rev Genet. 2013. doi: 10.1146/annurev-genet-111212-133307.
107. Kerner A, Park J, Williams A, Lin XN. A programmable Escherichia coli consortium via tunable symbiosis. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e34032.
108. Patle S, Lal B. Ethanol production from hydrolysed agricultural wastes using mixed culture of Zymomonas mobilis and Candida tropicalis. Biotechnol Lett. 2007;29:1839-43.
109. Ma Q, Zhou J, Zhang WW, Meng XX, Sun JW, Yuan YJ. Integrated proteomic and metabolomics analysis of an artificial microbial community for two-step production of vitamin C. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e26108.
110. Liu L, Chen K, Zhang J, Liu L, Chen J. Gelatin enhances 2-keto-l-gulonic acid production based on Ketogulonigenium vulgare genome annotation. J Biotechnol. 2011. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.08.007.
111. Xia T, Eiteman MA, Altman E. Simultaneous utilization of glucose, xylose and arabinose in the presence of acetate by a consortium of Escherichia coli strains. Microb Cell Fact. 2012;11:77.
112. Goyal G, Tsai S-L, Madan B, DaSilva NA, Chen W. Simultaneous cell growth and ethanol production from cellulose by an engineered yeast consortium displaying a functional mini-cellulosome. Microb Cell Fact. 2011;10:89.
113. Bland RR, Chen HC, Jewell WJ, Bellamy WD, Zall RR. Continuous high rate production of ethanol by Zymomonas mobilis in an attached film expanded bed fermentor. Biotechnol Lett. 1982;4:323-8.
114. Kunduru MR, Pometto AL. Continuous ethanol production by Zymomonas mobilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in biofilm reactors. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 1996;16:249-56.
115. Todhanakasem T, Sangsutthiseree A, Areerat K, Young GM, Thanonkeo P. Biofilm production by Zymomonas mobilis enhances ethanol production and tolerance to toxic inhibitors from rice bran hydrolysate. New Biotechnol. 2014;31:451-9.
116. Forberg C, Haggstrom L. Control of cell adhesion and activity during continuous production of acetone and butanol with adsorbed cells. Enz Microbial Technol. 1985;7:230-4.
117. Urbance SE, Pometto AL, DiSpirito AA, Denli Y. Evaluation of succínic acid continuous and repeat-batch biofilm fermentation by Actinobacillus succinogenes using plàstic composite support bioreactors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004;65:664-70.