Genetic factors in the etiology of preeclampsia/eclampsia

Chesley's Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy, Fourth Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 57-80

  Ward, Kenneth ^a   Taylor, Robert N ^b  

^a Juneau Biosciences LLC   (United States)

^b WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Candidate gene; DNA sequencing; Genetics; Genomics; Linkage analysis; Polygenic; Polymorphism; Preeclampsia

Indexed keywords

EID: 84987784956     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-407866-6.00004-3     Document Type: Chapter

References (161)

1. Chesley LC Hypertension in pregnancy: definitions, familial factor, and remote prognosis Kidney Int 18 2 1980 234-240
2. Esplin MS, Fausett MB, Fraser A, et al. Paternal and maternal components of the predisposition to preeclampsia New Engl J Med 344 12 2001 867-872
3. Treloar SA, Cooper DW, Brennecke SP, Grehan MM, Martin NG An Australian twin study of the genetic basis of preeclampsia and eclampsia Am J Obstet Gynecol 184 3 2001 374-381
4. Shen JJ, Tymkow C, MacMullen N Disparities in maternal outcomes among four ethnic populations Ethn Dis 15 3 2005 492-497
5. Thornton JG, Macdonald AM Twin mothers, pregnancy hypertension and pre-eclampsia Brit J Obstet Gynecol 106 6 1999 570-575
6. O’Shaughnessy KM, Ferraro F, Fu B, Downing S, Morris NH Identification of monozygotic twins that are concordant for preeclampsia Am J Obstet Gynecol 182 5 2000 1156-1157
7. Thornton JG, Onwude JL Pre-eclampsia: discordance among identical twins BMJ 303 6812 1991 1241-1242
8. Lachmeijer AM, Aarnoudse JG, ten Kate LP, Pals G, Dekker GA Concordance for pre-eclampsia in monozygous twins Brit J Obstet Gynecol 105 12 1998 1315-1317
9. Salonen Ros H, Lichtenstein P, Lipworth L, Cnattingius S Genetic effects on the liability of developing pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension Am J Med Genet 91 4 2000 256-260
10. Chappell S, Morgan L Searching for genetic clues to the causes of pre-eclampsia Clin Sci (Lond) 110 4 2006 443-458
11. Giarratano G Genetic influences on preterm birth MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 31 3 2006 169-175 quiz 76-77
12. Menon R, Fortunato SJ, Thorsen P, Williams S Genetic associations in preterm birth: a primer of marker selection, study design, and data analysis J Soc Gynecol Invest 13 8 2006 531-541
13. Genc MR, Schantz-Dunn J The role of gene-environment interaction in predicting adverse pregnancy outcome Best Pract Res Cl Ob 21 3 2007 491-504
14. Abildgaard U, Heimdal K Pathogenesis of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP): a review Eur J Obstet Gynec Reprod Biol 166 2 2013 117-123
15. Serrano NC Immunology and genetic of preeclampsia Clin Dev Immunol 13 2-4 2006 197-201
16. Dekker G, Robillard PY, Roberts C The etiology of preeclampsia: the role of the father J Reprod Immunol 89 2 2011 126-132
17. Brown MA The physiology of pre-eclampsia Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 22 11 1995 781-791
18. Lunell NO, Nylund LE, Lewander R, Sarby B Uteroplacental blood flow in pre-eclampsia measurements with indium-113m and a computer-linked gamma camera Clin Exp Hypertens B Hypertens Pregnancy 1 1 1982 105-117
19. Wallenburg HCS Hemodynamics in hypertensive pregnancy Rubin PC Hypertension in Pregnancy 1980 Elsevier Amsterdam 66-101
20. Need JA Pre-eclampsia in pregnancies by different fathers: immunological studies Br Med J 1 5957 1975 548-549
21. Feeney JG, Scott JS Pre-eclampsia and changed paternity Eur J Obstet Gynec Reprod Biol 11 1 1980 35-38
22. Astin M, Scott JR, Worley RJ Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia: a fatal father factor Lancet 2 8245 1981 533
23. Boyd PA, Lindenbaum RH, Redman C Pre-eclampsia and trisomy 13: a possible association Lancet 2 8556 1987 425-427
24. Broekhuizen FF, Elejalde R, Hamilton PR Early-onset preeclampsia, triploidy and fetal hydrops J Reprod Med 28 3 1983 223-226
25. Cooper DW, Hill JA, Chesley LC, Bryans CI Genetic control of susceptibility to eclampsia and miscarriage Brit J Obstet Gynecol 95 7 1988 644-653
26. Rasmussen S, Irgens LM Pregnancy-induced hypertension in women who were born small Hypertension 49 4 2007 806-812
27. Arngrimsson R, Bjornsson S, Geirsson RT, Bjornsson H, Walker JJ, Snaedal G Genetic and familial predisposition to eclampsia and pre-eclampsia in a defined population Brit J Obstet Gynecol 97 9 1990 762-769
28. Skjaerven R, Vatten LJ, Wilcox AJ, Ronning T, Irgens LM, Lie RT Recurrence of pre-eclampsia across generations: exploring fetal and maternal genetic components in a population based cohort BMJ 331 7521 2005 877
29. Dekker GA, Robillard PY Preeclampsia: a couple’s disease with maternal and fetal manifestations Curr Pharmaceut Des 11 6 2005 699-710
30. Cnattingius S, Reilly M, Pawitan Y, Lichtenstein P Maternal and fetal genetic factors account for most of familial aggregation of preeclampsia: a population-based Swedish cohort study Am J Med Genet Part A 130A 4 2004 365-371
31. Blaschitz A, Hutter H, Dohr G HLA Class I protein expression in the human placenta Early Pregnancy 5 1 2001 67-69
32. Gaunt G, Ramin K Immunological tolerance of the human fetus Am J Perinatol 18 6 2001 299-312
33. Snyder SK, Wessner DH, Wessells JL, et al. Pregnancy-specific glycoproteins function as immunomodulators by inducing secretion of IL-10, IL-6 and TGF-beta1 by human monocytes Am J Reprod Immunol 45 4 2001 205-216
34. Froen JF, Moyland RA, Saugstad OD, Stray-Pedersen B Maternal health in sudden intrauterine unexplained death: do urinary tract infections protect the fetus? Obstet Gynecol 100 5 Pt 1 2002 909-915
35. Petroff MG, Chen L, Phillips TA, Hunt JS B7 family molecules: novel immunomodulators at the maternal-fetal interface Placenta 23 suppl A 2002 S95-101
36. Pijnenborg R Implantation and immunology: maternal inflammatory and immune cellular responses to implantation and trophoblast invasion Reprod Biomed Online 4 suppl 3 2002 14-17
37. Power LL, Popplewell EJ, Holloway JA, Diaper ND, Warner JO, Jones CA Immunoregulatory molecules during pregnancy and at birth J Reprod Immunol 56 1-2 2002 19-28
38. Piccinni MP Role of immune cells in pregnancy Autoimmunity 36 1 2003 1-4
39. Bulla R, Fischetti F, Bossi F, Tedesco F Feto-maternal immune interaction at the placental level Lupus 13 9 2004 625-629
40. Juretic K, Strbo N, Crncic TB, Laskarin G, Rukavina D An insight into the dendritic cells at the maternal-fetal interface Am J Reprod Immunol 52 6 2004 350-355
41. Matthiesen L, Berg G, Ernerudh J, Ekerfelt C, Jonsson Y, Sharma S Immunology of preeclampsia Chem Immunol Allergy 89 2005 49-61
42. Piccinni MP T cells in pregnancy Chem Immunol Allergy 89 2005 3-9
43. Wicherek L, Klimek M, Dutsch-Wicherek M The level of maternal immune tolerance and fetal maturity Neuroendocrinol Lett 26 5 2005 561-566
44. Hauguel-de Mouzon S, Guerre-Millo M The placenta cytokine network and inflammatory signals Placenta 27 8 2006 794-798
45. Romero R, Gotsch F, Pineles B, Kusanovic JP Inflammation in pregnancy: its roles in reproductive physiology, obstetrical complications, and fetal injury Nutr Rev 65 12 Pt 2 2007 S194-S202
46. Rusterholz C, Hahn S, Holzgreve W Role of placentally produced inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in pregnancy and the etiology of preeclampsia Semin Immunopathol 29 2 2007 151-162
47. Vigano P, Cintorino M, Schatz F, Lockwood CJ, Arcuri F The role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in maintaining the immune privilege at the fetal-maternal interface Semin Immunopathol 29 2 2007 135-150
48. Koga K, Mor G Expression and function of toll-like receptors at the maternal-fetal interface Reprod Sci 15 3 2008 231-242
49. Kumar V, Medhi B Emerging role of uterine natural killer cells in establishing pregnancy Iran J Immunol 5 2 2008 71-81
50. Mor G Inflammation and pregnancy: the role of toll-like receptors in trophoblast-immune interaction Ann NY Acad Sci 1127 2008 121-128
51. Riley JK, Yokoyama WM NK cell tolerance and the maternal-fetal interface Am J Reprod Immunol 59 5 2008 371-387
52. van Rijn BB, Franx A, Steegers EA, et al. Maternal TLR4 and NOD2 gene variants, pro-inflammatory phenotype and susceptibility to early-onset preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome PloS One 3 4 2008 e1865
53. Redman CW, Sargent IL Latest advances in understanding preeclampsia Science 308 5728 2005 1592-1594
54. Saito S, Shiozaki A, Nakashima A, Sakai M, Sasaki Y The role of the immune system in preeclampsia Mol Aspects Med 28 2 2007 192-209
55. Robillard PY, Dekker G, Chaouat G, Hulsey TC, Saftlas A Epidemiological studies on primipaternity and immunology in preeclampsia--a statement after twelve years of workshops J Reprod Immunol 89 2 2011 104-117
56. Alexander BT Placental insufficiency leads to development of hypertension in growth-restricted offspring Hypertension 41 3 2003 457-462
57. Alexander BT Fetal programming of hypertension Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 290 1 2006 R1-R10
58. Alexander BT Prenatal influences and endothelial dysfunction: a link between reduced placental perfusion and preeclampsia Hypertension 49 4 2007 775-776
59. Mold JE, Michaelsson J, Burt TD, et al. Maternal alloantigens promote the development of tolerogenic fetal regulatory T cells in utero Science 322 5907 2008 1562-1565
60. Schiessl B Inflammatory response in preeclampsia Mol Aspects Med 28 2 2007 210-219
61. Huppertz B, Kingdom J, Caniggia I, et al. Hypoxia favours necrotic versus apoptotic shedding of placental syncytiotrophoblast into the maternal circulation Placenta 24 2-3 2003 181-190
62. Abrahams VM, Kim YM, Straszewski SL, Romero R, Mor G Macrophages and apoptotic cell clearance during pregnancy Am J Reprod Immunol 51 4 2004 275-282
63. Heiskanen J, Romppanen EL, Hiltunen M, et al. Polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene in women with preeclampsia J Assist Reprod Genet 19 5 2002 220-223
64. Keelan JA, Mitchell MD Placental cytokines and preeclampsia Front Biosci 12 2007 2706-2727
65. Makris A, Xu B, Yu B, Thornton C, Hennessy A Placental deficiency of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in preeclampsia and its relationship to an IL10 promoter polymorphism Placenta 27 4-5 2006 445-451
66. Kamali-Sarvestani E, Kiany S, Gharesi-Fard B, Robati M Association study of IL-10 and IFN-gamma gene polymorphisms in Iranian women with preeclampsia J Reprod Immunol 72 1-2 2006 118-126
67. Daher S, Sass N, Oliveira LG, Mattar R Cytokine genotyping in preeclampsia Am J Reprod Immunol 55 2 2006 130-135
68. Knight M, Redman CW, Linton EA, Sargent IL Shedding of syncytiotrophoblast microvilli into the maternal circulation in pre-eclamptic pregnancies Brit J Obstet Gynecol 105 6 1998 632-640
69. Redman CW, Tannetta DS, Dragovic RA, et al. Review: does size matter? Placental debris and the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia Placenta 33 suppl 2012 S48-S54
70. Chesley LC, Annitto JE, Cosgrove RA The familial factor in toxemia of pregnancy Obstet Gynecol 32 3 1968 303-311
71. Humphries J Occurrence of hypertensive toxemia of pregnancy in mother-daughter pairs Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 107 1960 271-277
72. Adams EM, Finlayson A Familial aspects of pre-eclampsia and hypertension in pregnancy Lancet 2 7217 1961 1375-1378
73. Cooper DW, Liston WA Genetic control of severe pre-eclampsia J Med Genet 16 6 1979 409-416
74. Sutherland A, Cooper DW, Howie PW, Liston WA, MacGillivray I The indicence of severe pre-eclampsia amongst mothers and mothers-in-law of pre-eclamptics and controls Brit J Obstet Gynecol 88 8 1981 785-791
75. Laivuori H Genetic aspects of preeclampsia Front Biosci 12 2007 2372-2382
76. Machin GA Some causes of genotypic and phenotypic discordance in monozygotic twin pairs Am J Med Genet 61 3 1996 216-228
77. Hall JG Twins and twinning Am J Med Genet 61 3 1996 202-204
78. Oudejans CB, van Dijk M, Oosterkamp M, Lachmeijer A, Blankenstein MA Genetics of preeclampsia: paradigm shifts Hum Genet 120 5 2007 607-612
79. George EM, Bidwell GL STOX1: a new player in preeclampsia? Hypertension 61 3 2013 561-563
80. Brown EA, Ruvolo M, Sabeti PC Many ways to die, one way to arrive: how selection acts through pregnancy Trends Gen 29 2013 585-592
81. Thornton JG, Onwude JL Convulsions in pregnancy in related gorillas Am J Obstet Gynecol 167 1 1992 240-241
82. Hennessy A, Phippard AF, Harewood WF, Painter DM, Kirwan PD, Horvath JS Histomorphometry of the renal lesions in baboons with placental ischaemia Clin Exp Hypertens B 1993
83. Combs CA, Katz MA, Kitzmiller JL, Brescia RJ Experimental preeclampsia produced by chronic constriction of the lower aorta: validation with longitudinal blood pressure measurements in conscious rhesus monkeys Am J Obstet Gynecol 169 1 1993 215-223
84. van Dijk M, Mulders J, Poutsma A, et al. Maternal segregation of the Dutch preeclampsia locus at 10q22 with a new member of the winged helix gene family Nat Genet 37 5 2005 514-519
85. Rana K, Isbel N, Buzza M, et al. Clinical, histopathologic, and genetic studies in nine families with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis Am J Kidney Dis 41 6 2003 1170-1178
86. Berends AL, Steegers EA, Isaacs A, et al. Familial aggregation of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction in a genetically isolated population in The Netherlands Eur J Hum Genet 16 12 2008 1437-1442
87. Harrison GA, Humphrey KE, Jones N, et al. A genomewide linkage study of preeclampsia/eclampsia reveals evidence for a candidate region on 4q Am J Hum Genet 60 5 1997 1158-1167
88. Arngrimsson R, Siguroardottir S, Frigge ML, et al. A genome-wide scan reveals a maternal susceptibility locus for pre-eclampsia on chromosome 2p13 Hum Mol Genet 8 9 1999 1799-1805
89. Moses EK, Lade JA, Guo G, et al. A genome scan in families from Australia and New Zealand confirms the presence of a maternal susceptibility locus for pre-eclampsia, on chromosome 2 Am J Hum Genet 67 6 2000 1581-1585
90. Lachmeijer AM, Arngrimsson R, Bastiaans EJ, et al. A genome-wide scan for preeclampsia in the Netherlands Eur J Hum Genet 9 10 2001 758-764
91. Laivuori H, Lahermo P, Ollikainen V, et al. Susceptibility loci for preeclampsia on chromosomes 2p25 and 9p13 in Finnish families Am J Hum Genet 72 1 2003 168-177
92. Kalmyrzaev B, Aldashev A, Khalmatov M, et al. Genome-wide scan for premature hypertension supports linkage to chromosome 2 in a large Kyrgyz family Hypertension 48 5 2006 908-913
93. Moses EK, Fitzpatrick E, Freed KA, et al. Objective prioritization of positional candidate genes at a quantitative trait locus for pre-eclampsia on 2q22 Mol Hum Reprod 12 8 2006 505-512
94. Johnson MP, Fitzpatrick E, Dyer TD, et al. Identification of two novel quantitative trait loci for pre-eclampsia susceptibility on chromosomes 5q and 13q using a variance components-based linkage approach Mol Hum Reprod 13 1 2007 61-67
95. Majander KK, Villa PM, Kivinen K, Kere J, Laivuori H A follow-up linkage study of Finnish pre-eclampsia families identifies a new fetal susceptibility locus on chromosome 18 Eur J Hum Genet 21 9 2013 1024-1026
96. Buurma AJ, Turner RJ, Driessen JH, et al. Genetic variants in pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis Hum Reprod Update 19 3 2013 289-303
97. Staines-Urias E, Paez MC, Doyle P, et al. Genetic association studies in pre-eclampsia: systematic meta-analyses and field synopsis Int J Epidemiol 41 6 2012 1764-1775
98. Wang XM, Wu HY, Qiu XJ Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T polymorphism and risk of preeclampsia: an updated meta-analysis based on 51 studies Arch Med Res 44 3 2013 159-168
99. Lin R, Lei Y, Yuan Z, Ju H, Li D Angiotensinogen gene M235T and T174M polymorphisms and susceptibility of pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis Ann Hum Genet 76 5 2012 377-386
100. Dai B, Liu T, Zhang B, Zhang X, Wang Z The polymorphism for endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene, the level of nitric oxide and the risk for pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis Gene 519 1 2013 187-193
101. Zhong WG, Wang Y, Zhu H, Zhao X Meta analysis of angiotensin-converting enzyme I/D polymorphism as a risk factor for preeclampsia in Chinese women Genet Mol Res 11 3 2012 2268-2276
102. Chen Z, Xu F, Wei Y, Liu F, Qi H Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and risk of pregnancy hypertensive disorders: a meta-analysis JRAAS 13 1 2012 184-195
103. Zhu M, Zhang J, Nie S, Yan W Associations of ACE I/D, AGT M235T gene polymorphisms with pregnancy induced hypertension in Chinese population: a meta-analysis J Assist Reprod Genet 29 9 2012 921-932
104. Zhao L, Dewan AT, Bracken MB Association of maternal AGTR1 polymorphisms and preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis J Matern-Fetal Neonat Med 25 12 2012 2676-2680
105. Adams KM, Eschenbach DA The genetic contribution towards preterm delivery Semin Fetal Neonat Med 9 6 2004 445-452
106. Dalmaz CA, Santos KG, Botton MR, Tedoldi CL, Roisenberg I Relationship between polymorphisms in thrombophilic genes and preeclampsia in a Brazilian population Blood Cell Mol Dis 37 2 2006 107-110
107. Vefring H, Lie RT, ØDegård R, Mansoor MA, Nilsen ST Maternal and fetal variants of genetic thrombophilias and the risk of preeclampsia Epidemiology 15 3 2004 317-322
108. Zusterzeel PL, Visser W, Blom HJ, Peters WH, Heil SG, Steegers EA Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms in preeclampsia and the HELLP syndrome Hypertens Pregnancy 19 3 2000 299-307
109. Lin J, August P Genetic thrombophilias and preeclampsia: a meta-analysis Obstet Gynecol 105 1 2005 182-192
110. Kanasaki K, Palmsten K, Sugimoto H, et al. Deficiency in catechol-O-methyltransferase and 2-methoxyoestradiol is associated with pre-eclampsia Nature 453 7198 2008 1117-1121
111. Lim JH, Kim SY, Kim do J, et al. Genetic polymorphism of catechol-O-methyltransferase and cytochrome P450c17alpha in preeclampsia Pharmacogenet Genom 20 10 2010 605-610
112. Srinivas SK, Morrison AC, Andrela CM, Elovitz MA Allelic variations in angiogenic pathway genes are associated with preeclampsia Am J Obstet Gynecol 202 5 2010 445e1-445e11
113. Bertina RM, Koeleman BP, Koster T, et al. Mutation in blood coagulation factor V associated with resistance to activated protein C Nature 369 6475 1994 64-67
114. Dahlback B Inherited resistance to activated protein C, a major cause of venous thrombosis, is due to a mutation in the factor V gene Haemostasis 24 2 1994 139-151
115. Dizon-Townson DS, Meline L, Nelson LM, Varner M, Ward K Fetal carriers of the factor V Leiden mutation are prone to miscarriage and placental infarction Am J Obstet Gynecol 177 2 1997 402-405
116. Jeunemaitre X, Soubrier F, Kotelevtsev YV, et al. Molecular basis of human hypertension: role of angiotensinogen Cell 71 1 1992 169-180
117. Ward K, Chettier R, Ward J, Nelson L Genome-wide association study of preeclampsia points to several novel genes Am J Obstet Gynecol 204 1 2011 s285
118. Johnson MP, Brennecke SP, East CE, et al. Genome-wide association scan identifies a risk locus for preeclampsia on 2q14, near the inhibin, beta B gene PloS One 7 3 2012 e33666
119. Zhao L, Bracken MB, Dewan AT Genome-wide association study of pre-eclampsia detects novel maternal single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy-number variants in subsets of the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study cohort Ann Hum Genet 2013
120. Pennell CE, Jacobsson B, Williams SM, et al. Genetic epidemiologic studies of preterm birth: guidelines for research Am J Obstet Gynecol 196 2 2007 107-118
121. Haig D Does heritability hide in epistasis between linked SNPs? Eur J Hum Genet 19 2 2011 123
122. Isakov O, Perrone M, Shomron N Exome sequencing analysis: a guide to disease variant detection Methods Mol Biol 1038 2013 137-158
123. Johnson M, Løset M, Brennecke S, et al. OS049. Exome sequencing identifies likely functional variantsinfluencing preeclampsia and CVD risk Pregnancy Hypertens 2 3 2012 203-204
124. Ding D, Scott NM, Thompson EE, et al. Increased protein-coding mutations in the mitochondrial genome of African American women with preeclampsia Reprod Sci 19 12 2012 1343-1351
125. Orsi NM, Gopichandran N, Simpson NA Genetics of preterm labour Best Pract Res Cl Ob 21 5 2007 757-772
126. Zintzaras E, Kitsios G, Harrison GA, et al. Heterogeneity-based genome search meta-analysis for preeclampsia Hum Genet 120 3 2006 360-370
127. Goddard KA, Tromp G, Romero R, et al. Candidate-gene association study of mothers with pre-eclampsia, and their infants, analyzing 775 SNPs in 190 genes Hum Hered 63 1 2007 1-16
128. Fitzpatrick E, Goring HH, Liu H, et al. Fine mapping and SNP analysis of positional candidates at the preeclampsia susceptibility locus (PREG1) on chromosome 2 Hum Biol 76 6 2004 849-862
129. Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature. 2007;447(7145): 661-678.
130. Haig D Altercation of generations: genetic conflicts of pregnancy Am J Reprod Immunol 35 3 1996 226-232
131. Romero R, Espinoza J, Gotsch F, et al. The use of high-dimensional biology (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) to understand the preterm parturition syndrome BJOG 113 suppl 3 2006 118-135
132. Esplin MS, Varner MW Genetic factors in preterm birth--the future BJOG 112 suppl 1 2005 97-102
133. Bo T, Jonassen I New feature subset selection procedures for classification of expression profiles Genome Biol 3 4 2002 RESEARCH0017
134. Lamont RF Looking to the future BJOG 110 suppl 20 2003 131-135
135. Conrad DF, Jakobsson M, Coop G, et al. A worldwide survey of haplotype variation and linkage disequilibrium in the human genome Nat Genet 38 11 2006 1251-1260
136. Tempfer CB, Jirecek S, Riener EK, et al. Polymorphisms of thrombophilic and vasoactive genes and severe preeclampsia: a pilot study J Soc Gynecol Invest 11 4 2004 227-231
137. Roberts JM, Cooper DW Pathogenesis and genetics of pre-eclampsia Lancet 357 9249 2001 53-56
138. Lachmeijer AM, Dekker GA, Pals G, Aarnoudse JG, ten Kate LP, Arngrimsson R Searching for preeclampsia genes: the current position Eur J Obstet Gynec Reprod Biol 105 2 2002 94-113
139. Bernard N, Giguere Y Genetics of preeclampsia: what are the challenges? JOGC 25 7 2003 578-585
140. Laasanen J, Hiltunen M, Romppanen EL, Punnonen K, Mannermaa A, Heinonen S Microsatellite marker association at chromosome region 2p13 in Finnish patients with preeclampsia and obstetric cholestasis suggests a common risk locus Eur J Hum Genet 11 3 2003 232-236
141. Austgulen R Recent knowledge on mechanisms underlying development of pre-eclampsia Tidsskr Norske Lægefor Tidsskr Prakt Med 124 1 2004 21-24
142. Descamps OS, Bruniaux M, Guilmot PF, Tonglet R, Heller FR Lipoprotein metabolism of pregnant women is associated with both their genetic polymorphisms and those of their newborn children J Lipid Res 46 11 2005 2405-2414
143. Rogers MS, D’Amato RJ The effect of genetic diversity on angiogenesis Exp Cell Res 312 5 2006 561-574
144. Musani SK, Shriner D, Liu N, et al. Detection of gene x gene interactions in genome-wide association studies of human population data Hum Hered 63 2 2007 67-84
145. Kotti S, Bickeboller H, Clerget-Darpoux F Strategy for detecting susceptibility genes with weak or no marginal effect Hum Hered 63 2 2007 85-92
146. Manolio TA, Collins FS Genes, environment, health, and disease: facing up to complexity Hum Hered 63 2 2007 63-66
147. Calicchio R, Doridot L, Miralles F, Mehats C, Vaiman D DNA methylation, an epigenetic mode of gene expression regulation in reproductive science Curr Pharmaceut Des 2013
148. Fraga MF, Ballestar E, Paz MF, et al. Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 30 2005 10604-10609
149. Davis EF, Newton L, Lewandowski AJ, et al. Pre-eclampsia and offspring cardiovascular health: mechanistic insights from experimental studies Clin Sci (Lond) 123 2 2012 53-72
150. Chelbi ST, Mondon F, Jammes H, et al. Expressional and epigenetic alterations of placental serine protease inhibitors: SERPINA3 is a potential marker of preeclampsia Hypertension 49 1 2007 76-83
151. Arngrimsson R Epigenetics of hypertension in pregnancy Nat Genet 37 5 2005 460-461
152. Chelbi ST, Vaiman D Genetic and epigenetic factors contribute to the onset of preeclampsia Mol Cell Endocrinol 282 1-2 2008 120-129
153. Choudhury M, Friedman JE Epigenetics and microRNAs in preeclampsia Clin Exp Hypertens 34 5 2012 334-341
154. Ottman R Analysis of genetically complex epilepsies Epilepsia 46 suppl 10 2005 7-14
155. Yang HC, Pan CC, Lin CY, Fann CS PDA: Pooled DNA analyzer BMC Bioinformat 7 2006 233
156. Humphries SE, Donati MB Analysis of gene-environment interaction in coronary artery disease Ital Heart J 3 1 2002 3-5
157. Pearl J. Why there is no statistical test for confounding, why many think there is, and why they are almost right. UCLA Computer Science Department, Technical Report (R-256) 1998.
158. Kist WJ, Janssen NG, Kalk JJ, Hague WM, Dekker GA, de Vries JI Thrombophilias and adverse pregnancy outcome - A confounded problem! Thromb Haemost 99 1 2008 77-85
159. Founds SA, Shi H, Conley YP, Jeyabalan A, Roberts JM, Lyons-Weiler J Variations in discovery-based preeclampsia candidate genes Clin Translat Sci 5 4 2012 333-339
160. Myers JE, Tuytten R, Thomas G, et al. Integrated proteomics pipeline yields novel biomarkers for predicting preeclampsia Hypertension 61 6 2013 1281-1288
161. Williams PJ, Morgan L The role of genetics in pre-eclampsia and potential pharmacogenomic interventions Pharmacogenom Personal Med 5 2012 37-51