Cognitive change is more positively associated with an active lifestyle than with training interventions in older adults at risk of dementia: A controlled interventional clinical trial

BMC Psychiatry

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2016, Pages

  Küster, Olivia C ^a   Fissler, Patrick ^a   Laptinskaya, Daria ^a   Thurm, Franka ^b   Scharpf, Andrea ^c   Woll, Alexander ^c   Kolassa, Stephan ^d   Kramer, Arthur F ^e   Elbert, Thomas ^f   von Arnim, Christine A F ^a   Kolassa, Iris Tatjana ^a,f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ULM   (Germany)

^b DRESDEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^c KARLSRUHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^d SAP AG   (Switzerland)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF KONSTANZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

Active lifestyle; Activity; Alzheimer's disease; Cognition; Exercise; Mild cognitive impairment; Training

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMENTIA; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE; MALE; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; MOTIVATION; RISK ASSESSMENT; SELF REPORT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; TRAINING; COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; EXERCISE; KINESIOTHERAPY; MEMORY; MIDDLE AGED; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VERY ELDERLY;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION; DEMENTIA; EXERCISE; EXERCISE THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIFE STYLE; MALE; MEMORY; MIDDLE AGED; SELF REPORT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84986594019     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1471244X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1018-z     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Flicker L. Modifiable lifestyle risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;20:803-11. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2010-091624.
2. Hertzog C, Kramer AF, Wilson RS, Lindenberger U. Enrichment effects on adult cognitive development: can the functional capacity of older adults be preserved and enhanced? Psychol Sci Public Interest. 2008;9(1):1-65. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01034.x.
3. Sofi F, Valecchi D, Bacci D, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A, et al. Physical activity and risk of cognitive decline: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Intern Med. 2011;269(1):107-17. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02281.x.
4. Valenzuela MJ, Sachdev P. Brain reserve and dementia: a systematic review. Psychol Med. 2006;36:441-54. doi: 10.1017/S0033291705006264.
5. Angevaren M, Vanhees L, Wendel-Vos W, Verhaar HJ, Aufdemkampe G, Aleman A, et al. Intensity, but not duration, of physical activities is related to cognitive function. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007;14(6):825-30. doi: 10.1097/HJR.0b013e3282ef995b.
6. Jedrziewski MK, Ewbank DC, Wang H, Trojanowski JQ. Exercise and cognition: results from the National Long Term Care Survey. Alzheimers Dement. 2010;6(6):448-55. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.02.004.
7. Eskes GA, Longman S, Brown AD, McMorris CA, Langdon KD, Hogan DB, et al. Contribution of physical fitness, cerebrovascular reserve and cognitive stimulation to cognitive function in post-menopausal women. Front Aging Neurosci. 2010;2(137). doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2010.00137
8. Karp A, Paillard-Borg S, Wang HX, Silverstein M, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. Mental, physical and social components in leisure activities equally contribute to decrease dementia risk. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2006;21(2):65-73. doi: 10.1159/000089919.
9. Wang HX, Jin Y, Hendrie HC, Liang C, Yang L, Cheng Y, et al. Late life leisure activities and risk of cognitive decline. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68(2):205-13. doi: 10.1093/gerona/gls153.
10. Kramer A, Hahn S, Cohen N, Banich M, McAuley E, Harriosn C, et al. Ageing, fitness and neurocognitive function. Nature. 1999;400:418-9. doi: 10.1038/22682.
11. Langlois F, Vu TTM, Chassé K, Dupuis G, Kergoat M-J, Bherer L. Benefits of physical exercise training on cognition and quality of life in frail older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2012;68(3):400-4. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbs069.
12. Baker LD, Frank LL, Foster-Schubert K, Green PS, Wilkinson CW, McTiernan A, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise on mild cognitive impairment: a controlled trial. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(1):71-9. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.307.
13. Lautenschlager NT, Cox KL, Flicker L, Foster JK, van Bockxmeer FM, Xiao J, et al. Effect of physical activity on cognitive function in older adults at risk for Alzheimer disease: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008;300:1027-37. doi: 10.1001/jama.300.9.1027.
14. Thurm F, Scharpf A, Liebermann N, Kolassa S, Elbert T, Lüchtenberg D, et al. Improvement of cognitive function after physical movement training in institutionalized very frail older adults with dementia. GeroPsych (Bern). 2011;24:197-208. doi: 10.1024/1662-9647/a000048.
15. Williamson JD, Espeland M, Kritchevsky SB, Newman AB, King AC, Pahor M, et al. Changes in cognitive function in a randomized trial of physical activity: results of the lifestyle interventions and independence for elders pilot study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64(6):688-94. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glp014.
16. Barnes DE, Santos-Modesitt W, Poelke G, Kramer AF, Castro C, Middleton LE, et al. The Mental Activity and eXercise (MAX) trial: a randomized controlled trial to enhance cognitive function in older adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(9):797-804. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.189.
17. Komulainen P, Kivipelto M, Lakka TA, Savonen K, Hassinen M, Kiviniemi V, et al. Exercise, fitness and cognition - a randomised controlled trial in older individuals: the DR's EXTRA study. Eur Geriatr Med. 2010;1(5):266-72. doi: 10.1016/j.eurger.2010.08.001.
18. Colcombe S, Kramer AF. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychol Sci. 2003;14:125-30. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01430.
19. Heyn P, Abreu BC, Ottenbacher KJ. The effects of exercise training on elderly persons with cognitive impairment and dementia: a meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:1694-704. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2004.03.019.
20. Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA, Hoffman BM, Cooper H, Strauman TA, Welsh-Bohmer K, et al. Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom Med. 2010;72:239-52. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d14633.
21. Angevaren M, Aufdemkampe G, Verhaar HJ, Aleman A, Vanhees L. Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;3:CD005381. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005381.pub3.
22. Hess NC, Dieberg G, McFarlane JR, Smart NA. The effect of exercise intervention on cognitive performance in persons at risk of, or with, dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Healthy Aging Res. 2014;3(3). doi: 10.12715/har.2014.3.3
23. Ball K, Berch D, Helmers K, JB J, Leveck M, Marsiske M, et al. Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults. JAMA. 2002;288:227-81.
24. Willis SL, Tennstedt SL, Marsiske M, Ball K, Elias J, Koepke KM, et al. Long-term effects of cognitive training on everyday functional outcomes in older adults. JAMA. 2006;296:2805-14. doi: 10.1001/jama.296.23.2805.
25. Noack H, Lövdén M, Schmiedek F, Lindenberger U. Cognitive plasticity in adulthood and old age: gauging the generality of cognitive intervention effects. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2009;27(5):435-53. doi: 10.3233/RNN-2009-0496.
26. Zelinski EM. Far transfer in cognitive training of older adults. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2009;27(5):455-71. doi: 10.3233/RNN-2009-0495.
27. Fissler P, Küster O, Schlee W, Kolassa I-T. Novelty interventions to enhance broad cognitive abilities and prevent dementia: synergistic approaches for the facilitation of positive plastic change. Prog Brain Res. 2013;207:403-34. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63327-9.00017-5.
28. Mahncke HW, Bronstone A, Merzenich MM. Brain plasticity and functional losses in the aged: scientific bases for a novel intervention. Prog Brain Res. 2006;157:81-109. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(06)57006-2.
29. Adcock RA, Dale C, Fisher M, Aldebot S, Genevsky A, Simpson GV, et al. When top-down meets bottom-up: auditory training enhances verbal memory in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35(6):1132-41. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbp068.
30. Zelinski EM, Peters KD, Hindin S, Petway 2nd KT, Kennison RF. Evaluating the relationship between change in performance on training tasks and on untrained outcomes. Front Hum Neurosci. 2014;8:617. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00617.
31. Smith GE, Housen P, Yaffe K, Ruff R, Kennison RF, Mahncke HW, et al. A cognitive training program based on principles of brain plasticity: results from the improvement in memory with plasticity-based adaptive cognitive training (IMPACT) study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57:594-603. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02167.x.
32. Mahncke HW, Connor BB, Appelman J, Ahsanuddin ON, Hardy JL, Wood RA, et al. Memory enhancement in healthy older adults using a brain plasticity-based training program: a randomized, controlled study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:12523-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0605194103.
33. Rosen AC, Sugiura L, Kramer JH, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Gabrieli JD. Cognitive training changes hippocampal function in mild cognitive impairment: a pilot study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;26:349-57. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2011-0009.
34. Barnes DE, Yaffe K, Belfor N, Jagust WJ, DeCarli C, Reed BR, et al. Computer-based cognitive training for mild cognitive impairment: results from a pilot randomized, controlled trial. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2009;23(3):205-10. doi: 10.1097/WAD.0b013e31819c6137.
35. Di Marco LY, Marzo A, Munoz-Ruiz M, Ikram MA, Kivipelto M, Ruefenacht D, et al. Modifiable lifestyle factors in dementia: a systematic review of longitudinal observational cohort studies. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;42(1):119-35. doi: 10.3233/JAD-132225.
36. Stewart AL, Mills KM, King AC, Haskell WL, Gillis D, Ritter PL. CHAMPS physical activity questionnaire for older adults: outcomes for interventions. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(7):1126-41. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200107000-00010.
37. Harada ND, Chiu V, King AC, Stewart AL. An evaluation of three self-report physical activity instruments for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(6):962-70.
38. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state": a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189-98. doi: 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6.
39. Ihl R, Weyer G. Die Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS) [The Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS)]. Weinheim, Germany: Beltz Test; 1993. German.
40. Welsh KA, Butters N, Mohs RC, Beekly D, Edland S, Fillenbaum G, et al. The consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD). Part V. A normative study of the neuropsychological battery. Neurology. 1994;44(4):609-14. doi: 10.1212/WNL.44.4.609.
41. Tewes U, Wechsler D. Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenztest für Erwachsene: HAWIE-R [Hamburg Wechsler intelligence test for adults: HAWIE-R]. Bern, Switzerland: Hans Huber; 1991. German.
42. Allaire JC, Marsiske M. Everyday cognition: age and intellectual ability correlates. Psychol Aging. 1999;14(4):627-44. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.14.4.627.
43. Gauggel S, Birkner B. Validität und Reliabilität einer deutschen Version der geriatrischen Depressionsskala (GDS) [Validity and reliability of a German version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)]. Z Klin Psychol. 1999;28(1):18-27. doi: 10.1026//0084-5345.28.1.18. German.
44. Yesavage JA, Brink T, Rose TL, Lum O, Huang V, Adey M, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiatr Res. 1983;17(1):37-49. doi: 10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4.
45. Schmidt K-H, Metzler P. Wortschatztest (WST) [Vocabulary test]. Göttingen, Germany: Beltz Test; 1992. German.
46. R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2012. Available from: http://www.R-project.org/.
47. Pinheiro J, Bates D, DebRoy SS, Sarkar D. R Development Core Team. nlme: linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. 2013. Available from: http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/nlme/index.html.
48. Niemann C, Godde B, Voelcker-Rehage C. Not only cardiovascular, but also coordinative exercise increases hippocampal volume in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6:170. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00170.
49. Voelcker-Rehage C, Godde B, Staudinger UM. Cardiovascular and coordination training differentially improve cognitive performance and neural processing in older adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2011;5(26). doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00026
50. Bamidis PD, Fissler P, Papageorgiou SG, Zilidou V, Konstantinidis EI, Billis AS, et al. Gains in cognition through combined cognitive and physical training: the role of training dosage and severity of neurocognitive disorder. Front Aging Neurosci 2015;7. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00152
51. Wilson RS, Mendes de Leon CF, Barnes LL, Schneider JA, Bienias JL, Evans DA, et al. Participation in cognitively stimulating activities and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. JAMA. 2002;287:742-8. doi: 10.1001/jama.287.6.742.
52. Stine-Morrow EA, Payne BR, Roberts BW, Kramer AF, Morrow DG, Payne L, et al. Training versus engagement as paths to cognitive enrichment with aging. Psychol Aging. 2014;29(4):891-906. doi: 10.1037/a0038244.
53. Park DC, Lodi-Smith J, Drew L, Haber S, Hebrank A, Bischof GN, et al. The impact of sustained engagement on cognitive function in older adults: The Synapse Project. Psychol Sci. 2014;25(1):103-12. doi: 10.1177/0956797613499592.
54. Kempermann G, Kuhn HG, Gage FH. More hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment. Nature. 1997;386(6624):493-5. doi: 10.1038/386493a0.
55. Nilsson M, Perfilieva E, Johansson U, Orwar O, Eriksson PS. Enriched environment increases neurogenesis in the adult rat dentate gyrus and improves spatial memory. J Neurobiol. 1999;39(4):569-78.
56. Meshi D, Drew MR, Saxe M, Ansorge MS, David D, Santarelli L, et al. Hippocampal neurogenesis is not required for behavioral effects of environmental enrichment. Nat Neurosci. 2006;9(6):729-31.
57. Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, Basak C, Szabo A, Chaddock L, et al. Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108:3017-22. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1015950108.
58. Valenzuela MJ, Sachdev P, Wen W, Chen X, Brodaty H. Lifespan mental activity predicts diminished rate of hippocampal atrophy. PLoS One. 2008;3:e2598. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002598.
59. Kühn S, Gleich T, Lorenz R, Lindenberger U, Gallinat J. Playing Super Mario induces structural brain plasticity: gray matter changes resulting from training with a commercial video game. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19(2):265-71. doi: 10.1038/mp.2013.120.
60. Podewils LJ, Guallar E, Kuller LH, Fried LP, Lopez OL, Carlson M, et al. Physical activity, APOE genotype, and dementia risk: findings from the cardiovascular health cognition study. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161:639-51. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwi092.
61. Kelly ME, Loughrey D, Lawlor BA, Robertson IH, Walsh C, Brennan S. The impact of exercise on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2014;16:12-31. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.05.002.