Apple

Fruit Breeding

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 329-367

  Brown, Susan ^a  

^a School of Integrative Plant Science College of Agriculture and Life Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

Allergenicity; Allopolyploid; Antioxidants; Apple scab; Domestication; Dwarfing; Fire blight; Fresh cut; Incompatibility; Malus x domestica; Marker traits association; Origin; Pip fruit; Podosphaera; Pome fruit; Post harvest; Powdery mildew; Rootstock; Venturia

Indexed keywords

EID: 84983611209     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0763-9_10     Document Type: Chapter

References (214)

1. Abe, K., Kotoda, N., Kato, H. and Soejima, J. (2007) Resistance sources to Valsa canker (Valsa ceratosperma) in a germplasm collection of diverse Malus species. Plant Breeding 126, 449-453.
2. Aikman, D.P. and Langton, F.A. (1983) Replication in initial selection trials of clonally propagated crops. Euphytica 32, 821-829.
3. Alspach, P.A. and Oraguzie, N.C. (2002) Estimation of genetic parameters of apple (Malus domestica) fruit quality from open pollinated families. New Zealand J. Crop Hort. Sci. 30, 219-228.
4. Alston, F.H., Philipps, K.L. and Evans, K.M. (2000) A Malus gene list. Acta Hort. 538, 561-570.
5. Antofie, A., Lateur, M., Oger, R., Patocchi, A., Durel, C.E. and van de Weg, W.E. (2007) A new versatile database created for geneticist and breeders to link molecular and phenotypic data in perennial crops: the AppleBreed DataBase. Bioinformatics 23, 882-891.
6. Ban, Y., Honda, C., Hatsuyama, Y., Igarashi, M., Bessho, H. and Moriguchi, T. (2007) Isolation and functional analysis of a myb transcription factor gene that is a key regulator for the development of red coloration in apple skin. Plant Cell Physiol. 48, 958-970.
7. Batlle, I. and Alston, F. H. (1996) Genes determining leucine aminopeptidase and mildew resistance from ornamental apple, 'White Angel'. Theor. Applied Genetics 93, 179-182.
8. Belfanti, E., Silfverberg-Dilworth, E., Tartaiini, S., Patocchi, A., Barbieri, M., Zhu, J., Vinatzer, B.A., Gianfranceschi, L., Gessler, C. and Sansavini, S. (2004) The HcrVf2 gene from a wild apple confers scab resistance to a transgenic cultivated variety. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 886-890.
9. Biedrzycka, E. and Amarowicz, R. (2008) Diet and Health: Apple polyphenols as antioxidants. Food Reviews Internat. 24, 235-251.
10. Biggs, A.R. and Miller, S.S. (2001) Relative susceptibility of selected apple cultivars to Colletotrichum acutatum. Plant Disease 85, 657-660.
11. Blanpied, D. and Silsby, K. (1992) Predicting harvest date windows for apples. Cornell Cooperative Extension Information Bulletin 221.
12. Blazek, J., Opatova, H., Golias, J. and Homutova, I. (2007) Ideotype of apples with resistance to storage disorders. Hort. Sci. (Prague) 24, 107-113.
13. Bolar, J.P., Norelli, J., Harman, G.E., Brown, S.K., and Aldwinckle, H.S. (2001) Synergistic activity of endochitinase and exochitinase from Trichoderma harzianum against the pathogenic fungus (Venturia inaequalis) in transgenic plants. Transgenic Research 10, 533-543.
14. Boyer, J. and Liu, R.H. (2004) Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits. Nutrition J. 3: 5 (www.nutritionj.com/content/3/1/5).
15. Braniste, N., Militaru, M. and Budan, S. (2008). Two scab resistant columnar apple cultivars. Acta Hort. 767, 351-354.
16. Broothaerts, W. (2003) New findings in apple S-genotype analysis resolve previous confusion and request the re-numbering of some S-alleles. Theor. Appl. Genet. 106, 703-714.
17. Brown, S.K. (2008) Breeding and biotechnology for flavor development in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) pp. 147-156. In: Havkin-Frenkel, D. and Belanger, F.C. (eds.): Biotechnology in flavor production. Blackwell Publishing.
18. Brown, S.K. and Maloney, K. E. (2004) Malus x domestica Apple. pp. 475-511. In: R. Litz (ed.) Biotechnology of Fruit and Nut Crops. CAB International, Oxon, United Kingdom.
19. Brown, S.K. and Maloney, K.E. (2003) Genetic improvement of apple: Breeding, markers, mapping and biotechnology. pp. 31-59. In: Ferree, D. and Warrington, I. (eds.) Apples: Botany, Production and Uses. CAB International, Cambridge, MA, USA.
20. Bulley, S.M., F.M. Wilson, P. Hidden, A.L. Phillips, S.J. Croker and D.J. James. (2005) Modification of gibberellin biosynthesis in the grafted apple scion allows control of tree height independent of the rootstock. Plant Biotech. J. 3, 215-223.
21. Bus, V. G. M., Chagne, D., Bassett, C.M., Bowatte, D., Calenge, F., Celton, J.M., Durel, C.E., Malone, M.T., Patocchi, A., Ranatunga, A.C., Rikkerink, E.H.A., Tustin, D.S., Zhou, J. and Gardiner, S.E. (2007) Genome mapping of three major resistance genes to woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum Hausm.). Tree Genetics Genomics 4, 223-236.
22. Bus V.G.M., Laurens F.N.D., van de Weg W.E., Rusholme R.L., Rikkerink E.H.A., Gardiner S.E., Bassett H.C.M., Kodde L.P. and Plummer K.M. (2005a) The Vh8 locus of a new gene-for-gene interaction between Venturia inaequalis and the wild apple Malus sieversii is closely linked to the Vh2 locus in M. pumila R12740-7A. New Phytologist 166, 1035-1049.
23. Bus V.G.M., Rikkerink E.H.A., van de Weg E.W., Gardiner S.E., Bassett H.C.M., Kodde L.P., Parisi L., Laurens F.N.D., Rusholme R., Meulenbroek B. and Plummer, K.M. (2005b) The Vr and Vx scab resistance genes in two differential hosts derived from Russian apple R12740-7A map to the same linkage group of apple. Mol. Breeding 15, 103-116.
24. Bus, V. G. M. (2006) A partial diallel study of powdery mildew resistance in six apple cultivars under three growing conditions with different disease pressures. Euphytica 148, 235-242.
25. Büttner, R., Fischer, M., Forsline, P.L., Geibel, M. and Ponomarenko, V.V. (2004) Gene banks for the preservation of wild apple genetic resources. J. Fruit Ornamental Plant Research 12, 99-104.
26. Caffier, V. and Laurens, F. (2005) Breakdown of Pl2, a major gene of resistance to apple powdery mildew, in a French experimental orchard. Plant Path. 54, 116-124.
27. Caffier, V. and Parisi, L. (2007) Development of apple powdery mildew on sources of resistance to Podosphaera leucotricha, exposed to an inoculum virulent against the major resistance gene Pl-2. Plant Breeding 126, 319-322.
28. Calenge, F., Drouet, D., Denance, C., van de Weg, W.E., Brisset, M.-N., Paulin, J.P. and Durel, C.-E. (2005) Identification of a major QTL together with several minor additive or epistatic QTLs for resistance to fire blight in apple in two related progenies. Theor. Appl. Genet. 111, 128-135.
29. Calenge, F. and Durel, C.-E. (2006) Both stable and unstable QTLs for resistance to powdery mildew are detected in apple after four years of field assessments. Mol. Breeding 17, 329-339.
30. Calenge F., Faure A., Goerre M., Gebhardt C., Van De Weg W.E., Parisi L., Durel C-E. (2004) Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis reveals both broad-spectrum and isolate-specific QTL for scab resistance in an apple progeny challenged with eight isolates of Venturia inaequalis. Phytopath. 94, 370-379.
31. Celton, J.M., Tustin, S., Chagne, D. and Gardiner, S. (2009) Construction of a dense genetic linkage map for apple rootstocks using SSRs developed from Malus ESTs and Pyrus genomic sequencing. Tree Genetics and Genomes 5, 93-107.
32. Chagne, D., Carlisle, C.M., Blond, C., Volz, R.K., Whitworth, C.J., Oraguzie, N.C., Crowhurst, R.N., Allan, A.C., Espley, R.V., Hellens, R.P. and Gardiner, S.E. (2007) Mapping a candidate gene (MDMYB10) for red flesh and foliage color in apple. BMC Genomics 8, 212.
33. Chagne, D., Gasic, K., Crowhurst, R.N., Han, Y., Bassett, H.C., Bowatte, D.R., Lawrence, T.J., Rikkerink, E.H.A., Gardiner, S.E. and Korban, S.S. (2008) Development of a set of SNP markers present in expressed genes of the apple. Genomics 92, 353-358.
34. Cheng, F.S., Weeden, N.F., Brown, S.K., Aldwinckle, H.S., Gardiner, S.E. and Bus, V.G. (1998) Development of a DNA marker for Vm, a gene conferring resistance to apple scab. Genome 41, 208-214.
35. Cheng, F.S., Weeden, N.F. and Brown, S.K. (1996) Identification of co-dominant RAPD markers tightly linked to fruit skin color in apple. Theor. Appl. Genet. 93, 222-227.
36. Coart, E., Vekemans, X., Smulders, M.J.M., Wagner, I., Van Huylenbroek, J., Van Bockstaele, E. and Roldan-Ruiz, I. (2003) Genetic variation in the endangered wild apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.) in Belgium as revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism and microsatellite markers. Mol. Ecology 12, 845-857.
37. Coart, E.L.S., Van Glabeke, S., DeLoose, M., Larsen, A.S. and Roldan-Ruiz, I. (2006) Chloroplast diversity in the genus Malus: new insights into the relationship between the European wild apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.) and the domesticated apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Mol. Ecology 15, 2171-2182.
38. Conner, P.J., Brown, S.K. and Weeden, N.F. (1997) Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-based genetic linkage maps of three apple cultivars. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 122, 350-359.
39. Conner, P.J., Brown, S.K. and Weeden, N.F. (1998) Molecular-marker analysis of quantitative traits for growth and development in juvenile apple trees. Theor. Appl. Genet. 96, 1027-1035.
40. Costes, E., Lauri, P.E. and Regnard, J.L. (2006) Analyzing fruit tree architecture, implication for tree management and fruit production. Hort. Rev. 32, 1-61.
41. Cummins, J.N. and Aldwinckle, H.S. (1983) Breeding apple rootstocks. Plant Breeding Rev. x, 294-394.
42. Currie, A. J., Ganeshanandam, S., Noiton, D. A., Garrick, D., Shelbourne, C. J. A. and Orgaguzie, N. (2000) Quantitative evaluation of apple fruit shape (Malus x domestica Borkh.) by principal component analysis of Fourier descriptors. Euphytica 11, 221-227.
43. Dal Cin, V., Boschetti, A., Dorigoni, A. and Ramina, A. (2007) Benzylaminopurine application on two different apple cultivars (Malus domestica) displays new and unexpected fruit abscission features. Ann. Bot. 99, 1195-1202.
44. Dandekar, A.M., Teo, G., Defillippi, B.G., Uratsu, S.L., Passey, A.J., Kader, A.A., Stow, J.R., Colgan, R.J. and James, D.J. (2004) Effect of down-regulation of ethylene biosynthesis on fruit flavor complex in apple fruit. Transgenic Research 13, 373-384.
45. Davey, M.W., Kenis, K. and Keulemans, J. (2006) Genetic control of fruit vitamin C contents. Plant Physiol. 142, 343-351.
46. Davey, M.W. and Keulemans, J. (2004) Determining the potential to breed for enhanced antioxidant status in Malus: Mean inter- and intra-varietal fruit vitamin C and glutathione contents at harvest and their evolution during storage. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 8031-8038.
47. Dayton, D.F. (1977) Genetic immunity to apple mildew incited by Podosphaera leucotricha. Hortscience 12, 225-226.
48. Dolgov, S.V. and Hanke, V. (2006) Transgenic temperate fruit tree rootstocks. p. 335-350. In: Fladung, M. and Ewald, E. (eds.). Tree Transgenesis. Recent Developments. Springer-Verlag.
49. Dunemann, F., Bracker, G., Markussen, T. and Roche, P. (1999) Identification of molecular markers for the major mildew resistance gene Pl2 in apple. Acta Hort. 484, 411-416.
50. Dunemann, F., Peil, A., Urbanietz, A., and Garcia-Libreros, T. (2007) Mapping of the powdery mildew resistance gene Pl1 and its genetic association with an NBS-LRR candidate resistance gene. Plant Breeding 126, 476-481.
51. Dunemann, F., Ulrich, D., Boudichevskaia, A., Grafe, C. and Weber, W.E. (2009) QTL mapping of aroma compounds analysed by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography in the apple progeny 'Discovery' x 'Prima'. Mol. Breeding 23, 501-521.
52. Dunemann, F., Ulrich, D., Malysheva-Otto, L., Weber, W.E., Longhi, S. Velasco, R. and Costa, F. (2011) Functional allelic diversity of the apple alcohol acyl-transferase gene mdAAT1 associated with fruit ester volatile contents in apple cultivars. Mol. Breeding (on-line early).
53. Durel, C.-E., Denance, C. and Brisset, M.-N. (2009) Two distinct major QTL for fire blight co-localize on linkage group 12 in apple genotypes 'Evereste' and Malus floribunda clone 821. Genome 52, 139-147.
54. Durel, C.E., Laurens, F., Fouillet, A. and Lespinasse, Y. (1998) Utilization of pedigree information to estimate genetic parameters from large unbalanced data sets in apple. Theor. Appl. Genet. 91, 1077-1085.
55. Eberhardt, M.V., Lee, C.Y. and Liu, R.H. (2000) Antioxidant activity of fresh apples. Nature 405, 903-904.
56. Erdin, N., Tartarini, S., Broggini, G.A.L., Gennari, F., Sansavini, S., Gessler, C., and Patocchi, A. (2006) Mapping of the apple scab-resistance gene Vb. Genome 49, 1238-1245.
57. Espley, R.V., Hellens, R.P., Putterill, J., Stevenson, D.E., Kutty-Amma, S., and Allan, A.C. (2007) Red coloration in apple fruit is due to the activity of the MYB transcription factor. MdMYB10. The Plant Journal 49, 414-427.
58. Evans, K.M. and James, C.M. (2003) Identification of SCAR markers linked to Pl-w mildew resistance in apple. Theor. Appl. Genet. 106, 1178-1183.
59. Evans, K., Lespinasse, Y. and Durel, C. (2000) Durable resistance to scab and mildew in apple-A European project. Pesticide Outlook, 84-87.
60. Fazio, G., Aldwinckle, H., Mcquinn, R., Robinson, T. (2006a) Differential susceptibility to fire blight in commercial and experimental apple rootstock cultivars. Acta Hort. 704, 527-530.
61. Fazio, G., Robinson, T., Aldwinckle, H., Mazzola, M., Leinfelder, M., Parra, R. (2006b) Traits of the next wave of Geneva apple rootstocks. Compact Fruit Tree 38, 7-11.
62. Fernandez-Fernandez, F., Evans, K.M., Clarke, J.B., Govan, C.L., James, C.M., Maric, S. and Tobutt, K.R. (2008) Development of an STS map of an interspecific progeny of Malus. Tree Genetics & Genomes 4, 469-479.
63. Ferree, D. C. and Carlson, R.F. (1987) Apple Rootstocks. pp. 107-143. In: Rom, R.C. and Carlson, R.F. (eds.). Rootstocks for Fruit Crops. John Wiley & Sons. US.
64. Fischer, M. (2001) New dwarfing and semi-dwarfing apple and pear rootstocks. Acta Hort. 557, 55-62.
65. Fischer, M. and Dunemann, F. (2000) Search for polygenic scab and mildew resistance in apple varieties cultivated at the Fruit Genebank Dresden-Pillnitz. Acta Hort. 538, 71-77.
66. Fischer, M. And Fischer, C. (2008) The Pillnitz Re-series of apple cultivars-Do they hold promise? -80 years of professional German fruit breeding. Erwerbs-Obstbau 50, 63-67.
67. Forsline, P.L., Aldwinckle, H.S., Dickson, E.E., Luby, J.J. and Hokanson, S.C. (2003) Collection, maintenance, characterization and utilization of wild apples of central Asia. Hort. Rev. 29, 1-62.
68. Gallot J.C., Lamb, R.C. and Aldwinckle, H.S. (1985). Resistance to powdery mildew from some small-fruited Malus cultivars. Hortscience 20, 1085-1087.
69. Gao, Z.S. and van de Weg, W. E. (2006) The Vf gene for scab resistance is linked to sub-lethal genes. Euphytica 151, 123-132.
70. Gao, Z.S., van de Weg, W.E., Schaart, J.G., Schouten, H.J., Tran, D.H., Kodde, L.P., van der Meer, I.M., van der Geest, A.H.M., Kodde, J., Breiteneder, H., Hoffmann-Sommergruber, K., Bosch, D. and Gilissen, L.J.W.J. (2005a) Genomic cloning and linkage mapping of the Mal d1 (PR-10) gene family in apple (Malus domestica). Theor. Appl. Genet. 111, 171-183.
71. Gao, Z.S., van de Weg, W.E., Schaart, J.G., van der Meer, I.M., Kodde, L.P., Laimier, M., Breiteneder, H., Hoffmann-Sommergruber, K., and Gilissen, L.J.W.J. (2005b) Linkage map positions and allelic diversity of two Mal d 3 (non-specific lipid transfer protein) genes in the cultivated apple (Malus domestica) Theor. Appl. Genet. 110, 479-491.
72. Gao, Z.S., van de Weg, W.E., Schaart, van Arkel, G., Breiteneder, H., Hoffmann-Sommergruber, K., and Gilissen, L.J.W.J. (2005c) Genomic characterization and linkage mapping of the apple allergen genes Mal d 2 (thaumatin-like protein) and Mal d 4 (profilin). Theor. Appl. Genet. 111, 1087-1097.
73. Gardiner, S.E., Bus, V.G.N., Rusholme, R.L., Chagne, D., and Rikkerink, E. (2007) Apples: pp. 1-62. In: Kole, C. (ed.) Genome Mapping and Molecular Breeding in Plants: Fruits and Nuts. Springer, NY.
74. Gasic, K., Han, Y., Kertbundit, S., Shulaev, V., Iezzoni, A.F., Stover, E.W., Bell, R.L., Wisniewski, M.E., and Korban, S.S. (2009) Characterization and transferability of new apple EST-derived SSRs to other Rosaceae species. Mol. Breeding (on-line early).
75. Gessler, C., Patocchi, A., Sansavini, S., Tartarini, S. and Gianfranceschi. L. (2006) Venturia inaequalis resistance in apple. Critical Reviews Plant Sci. 25, 473-503.
76. Gessler, C. and Patocchi, A. (2007) Recombinant DNA technology in apple. Adv. Biochem. Engin./Biotechnology 107, 113-132.
77. Gianfranceschi, L. and Soglio, V. (2004). The European project HIDRAS: innovative multidisciplinary approaches to breeding high quality disease resistant apples. Acta Hort. 663, 327-330.
78. Gleave, A.P., Ampomah-Dwamena, C., Berthold, S., Dejnoprat, S., Karunairetnam, S., Nain, B., Wang, Y.Y., Crowhurst, R.N. and MacDiarmid, R.M. (2008) Identification and characterisation of primary microRNAs from apple (Malus domestica cv. Royal Gala) expressed sequence tags. Tree Genetics & Genomes 4, 343-358.
79. Guarino, C., Arena, S., De Simopne, L., D'Ambrosia, C., Sanotora, Simona, Rocco, M., Scaloni, A. and Marra, M. (2007) Proteomic analysis of the major soluble components in Annurca apple flesh. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 51, 255-262.
80. bj derived from Malus baccata jackii. Theor. Appl. Genet. 109, 1702-1709.
81. Harada, T., Sunako, T., Wakasa, Y., Soejima, J., Satoh, T. and Niizeki, I. (2000) An allele of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene (Md-ACS1) accounts for the low level of ethylene production in climacteric fruits of some apple cultivars. Theor. Appl. Genet. 101, 742-746.
82. Harker F.R., Kupferman, E.M., Marin, A.B., Gunsun, F.A., and Triggs, C.M. (2008) Eating quality standards for apples based on consumer preferences. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 50, 70-78.
83. Harker, F.R., Maindonald, J.H. and Jackson, P.J. (1996) Penetrometer measurement of apple and kiwi firmness: operator and instrument differences. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 121, 927-936.
84. Harker, F.R., Maindonald, J.H., Murray, S.H., Gunson, F.A., Hallet, I.C. and Walker, S.B. (2002a) Sensory interpretation of instrumental measurements 1: texture of apple fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 24, 225-239.
85. Harker, F.R., Marsh, K.B., Young, H., Murray, S.H., Gunson, F.A. and Walker, S.B. (2002b) Sensory interpretation of instrumental measurements 2: sweet and acid taste of apple fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 24, 241-250.
86. Hemmat, M., Brown, S.K., Aldwinckle, H.S., Mehlenbacher, S.A. and Weeden, N.F. (2003) Identification and mapping of markers for resistance to apple scab from 'Antonovka' and 'Hansen's baccata #2'. Acta Hort. 622, 153-162.
87. Hemmat, M., Brown, S.K. and Weeden, N.F. (2002) Tagging and mapping scab resistance genes from R12740-7A apple. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 127, 365-370.
88. Hemmat, M., Weeden, N.F., Conner, P.J. and Brown, S.K. (1997) A DNA marker for columnar growth habit in apple contains a simple sequence repeat J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 122, 347-349.
89. Hemmat, M., Weeden, N.F., Manganaris, A.G. and Lawson, D.M. (1994) Molecular marker linkage map for apple. J. Heredity 85, 4-11.
90. Heo, S., Kim, D., Yun, H.R., Hwang, J.H., Lee, H.J. and Shin, Y.U. (2006) Development of AFLP markers linked to resistance against Alternaria blotch in apple (Malus domestica). Hort. Environ. Biotech. 47, 324-328.
91. Iezzoni, A., Weebadde, C., Luby, J., Chengyan, Y., Van de Weg, E., Fazio, G., Mann, D., Peace, C.P., Bassil, N.V. and McFerson, J. (2010) RosBREED: Enabling marker assisted breeding in Rosaceae. Acta Hort. 859, 389-394.
92. Igarashi, M., Abe, Y., Hatsuyama, Y., Ueda, T., Fukasawa-Akada, T., Kon, T., Kudo, T., Sato, T. and Suziki, M. (2008) Linkage maps of the apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) cvs. 'Ralls Janet' and 'Delicious' include newly developed EST markers. Mol. Breeding 22, 95-118.
93. Ikase, L. and Dumbras, R. (2004) Breeding of columnar apple trees in Latvia. Biologia 2, 8-10.
94. Iwanami, H., Ishiguro, M., Kotoda, N., Takahashi, S. and Soejima, J. (2005) Optimal sampling strategies for evaluating fruit softening after harvest in apple breeding. Euphytica 144, 169-175.
95. Iwanami, H., Moriya, S., Kotoda, N., Takahashi, S. and Abe, K. (2008) Estimations of heritability and breeding value for postharvest fruit softening in apple. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 133, 92-99.
96. Jakubowski, T. and Zagaja, S.W. (2000) 45 years of apple rootstock breeding in Poland. Acta Hort. 538, 723-727.
97. James, C.M., Clarke, J.B. and Evans, K.M. (2004) Identification of molecular markers linked to the mildew resistance gene Pl-d in apple. Theor. Appl. Genet. 110, 175-181.
98. Janick, J., Cummins, J.N., Brown, S.K., Hemmat, M. (1996) Apples. pp 1-77. In: Janick J., Moore J.N. (eds). Fruit Breeding Volume 1. Tree and Tropical Fruits. John Wiley, New York, NY.
99. Janssen, B.J., Thoday, K., Schaffer, T.J., Alba, R., Balakrishan, L., Bishop, R., Bowen, J.H., Crowhurst, R.N., Gleave, A.P., Ledger, S., McArtney, S., Pichler, F.B., Snowden, K.C. and Ward, S. (2008) Global gene expression analysis of apple fruit development from the floral bud to ripe fruit. BMC Plant Biology 8, 16.
100. Jung, S., Staton, M., Le, T., Blenda, A., Svancara, R., Abbott, A. and Main, D. (2007) GDR (Genome Database for Rosaceae): integrated web database for Rosaceae genomics and genetics data. Nucleic Acids Research 1-7.
101. Juniper, B.E., Watkins, R. and Harris, S.A. (1998) The origins of apple. Acta Hort. 484, 27-33.
102. Kenis, K. and Keulemans, J. (2005) Genetic linkage maps of two apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh.) based on AFLP and microsatellite markers. Mol. Breeding 15, 205-219.
103. Kenis, K. and Keulemans, J. (2007) Study of tree architecture of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) by QTL analysis of growth traits. Mol. Breeding 19, 193-208.
104. Kenis, K. and Keulemans, J. (2008) Identification and stability of QTLs for fruit quality traits in apple. Tree Genetics & Genomes 4, 647-661.
105. Khanizadeh, S., Groleau, Y., Granger, R., Cousineau, J. and Rousselle, G.L. (2000) New hardy rootstocks from the Quebec apple breeding program. Acta Hort. 538, 719-721.
106. Khanizadeh, S., Tsao, R., Rekika, D., Yang, R., Charles, M.T. and Vasantha Rupasinghe, H.P. (2007) Polyphenol composition and total antioxidant capacity of selected apple genotypes for processing. J. Food Comp. Analysis 21, 396-401.
107. Kim, M.Y., Song, K.J., Hwang, J.-H., Shin, Y.U. and Lee, H.J. (2003) Development of RAPD and SCAR markers linked to the Co gene conferring columnar growth habit in apple (Malus pumilla Mill.). J. Hort. Sci. Biotech 78, 512-517.
108. King, G.J., Lynn, J.R., Dover, C.J., Evans, K.M. and Seymore, G.B. (2001) Resolution of quantitative trait loci for mechanical measures accounting for genetic variation in fruit texture of apple (Maluspumila Mill.). Theor. Appl Genet. 102, 1227-1235.
109. King, G.J., Maliepaard, C., Lynn, J.R., Alston, F.H., Durel, C.E., Evans, K.M., Griffon, B., Laurens, F., Manganaris, A.G., Schrevens, E., Tartarini, S. and Verhaegh, J. (2000) Quantitative genetic analysis and comparison of physical and sensory descriptors relating to fruit flesh firmness in apple (Malus pumila Mill.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 100, 1074-1084.
110. Knight, R. L. and Alston, F.H. (1968) Sources of field immunity to mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) in apple. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 10, 294-298.
111. Knight, V.H., Evans, K.M., Simpson, D.W. & Tobutt, K.R. (2005) Report on a desktop study to investigate the current world resources in Rosaceous fruit breeding programmes. Submitted to Defra, August 2005.
112. Korban, S.S. (1986) Interspecific hybridization inMalus. HortScience 21, 41-48.
113. Korban, S.S. and Swiader, J.M. (1994) Genetic and nutritional status in bitter pit resistant and - susceptible apple seedlings. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 109, 428-432.
114. Kotoda, N., Iwanami, H., Takahashi, S., and Abe, K. (2006) Antisense expression of MdTFL1-like gene, reduces the juvenile phase in apple. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 131, 74-81.
115. Labuschagne, I. F., Louw, J. H., Schmidt, K., Sadie, A. (2003) Budbreak number in apple seedlings as selection criterion for improved adaptability to mild winter climates. HortScience 386, 1186-1190.
116. Labuschagne, I.F., Louw, J.H., Schmidt, K. and Sadie, A. (2001) Genotypic variation in prolonged dormancy symptoms in apple families. HortScience 37, 157-163.
117. Labuschagne, I.F., Louw, J.H., Schmidt, K. and Sadie, A. (2002) Genetic variation in chilling requirement in apple progenies. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 127, 663-672.
118. Lauri, P.E., Bourdel, G., Trottier, C. and Cochard, H. (2008) Apple shoot architecture: evidence for strong variability for bud size and composition and hydraulics within a branching zone. New Phytologist 178, 798-807.
119. Laurens, F. (1999) Review of the current apple breeding programs in the world: Objectives for scion cultivar improvement. Acta Hort. 484, 163-170.
120. Laurens, F. and Pitiot, C. (2003) French apple breeding program: A new partnership between INRA and the nurserymen of Novadi. Acta Hort. 622, 575-582.
121. Lata, B. (2008) Apple peel antioxidant status in relation to genotype, storage type and time. Scientia Hort. 117, 45-52.
122. Lee, K.W., Kim, Y.J., Kim, D-O, Lee, H.J. and Lee, C.Y. (2003) Major phenolics and their contribution to the total antioxidant capacity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 6516-6520.
123. Lee, Y.-P., Yu, G.-H., Seo, Y.S., Han, S.E., Choi, Y-O, Kim, D., Mok, I-G., Kim, W.T. and Sung, S.-K. (2007) Microarray analysis of apple gene expression engaged in early fruit development. Cell Biology Morphogenesis 26, 917-926.
124. Liebhard, R., Gianfranceschi, L., Koller, B., Ryder, C.D., Tarchini, R., Van de Weg, E. and Gessler, C. (2002) Development and characterization of 140 new microsatellites in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.). Mol. Breeding 10, 217-241.
125. Liebhard, R., Kellerhals, M., Pfammatter, W., Jertmini, M. and Gessler, C. (2003a) Mapping quantitative physiological traits in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.). Plant Mol. Biology 52, 511-526.
126. Liebhard, R., Koller, B., Gianfranceschi, L. and Gessler, C. (2003b) Creating a saturated reference map for the apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) genome. Theor. Appl. Genet. 106, 1497-1508.
127. Liebhard, R., Koller, B., Patocchi, A., Kellerhals, M., Pfammatter, W., Jermini, M. and Gessler, C. (2003c) Mapping quantitative field resistance against apple scab in a 'Fiesta' x 'Discovery' progeny. Phytopath. 93, 493-501.
128. Luby, J. (2003) Taxonomic classification and briefhistory. pp. 1-14. Apples. Botany, Production and Use. In: Ferree, D.C. and Warrington, I.J. (eds.) CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA.
129. Luby, J., Forsline, P., Aldwinckle, H., Bus, V. and Geibel, M. (2001) Silk-road apples - Collection, evaluation and utilization of Malus sieversii from central Asia. HortScience 36, 225-231.
130. Luby, J., Hoover, E., Paterson, M., Larson, D., and Bedford, D. (1999) Cold hardiness in the USDA Malus core germplasm collection. Acta Hort. 484, 109-114.
131. Luby, J.J. and Shaw, D.V. (2001) Does marker-assisted selection make dollars and sense in a fruit breeding program? HortScience 36, 872-879.
132. Maliepaard, C., Alston, F., van Arkel, G., Brown, L.M., Chevreau, E., Dunemann, F., Evans, K.M., Gardiner, S., Guilford, P., van Heusden, A.W., Janse, J., Laurens, F., Lynn, J.R., Manganaris, A.G., den Nijs, A.P.M., Periam, N., Rikkerink, E., Roche, P., Ryder, C., Sansavini, S., Schmidt, H., Tartarini, S., Verhaegh, J.J., Vrielink-van Ginkel, M. and King, G.J. (1998) Aligning male and female linkage maps of apple (Malus pumila Mill.) using multi-allelic markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 97, 60-73.
133. Malnoy, M. and Aldwinckle, H.S. (2007) Development of fire blight resistance by recombinant DNA technology. Plant Breeding Rev. 26, 315-358.
134. Malnoy, M., Jin, Q., Borejsza-Wysocka, E. E. and Aldwinckle, H. S. (2007) Overexpression of the apple MpNPR1 gene confers increased disease resistance in Malus x domestica. Molecular Plant Microbe Interactions 20, 1568-1580.
135. Malnoy, M., Xu, M., Borejsza-Wysocka, E. E., Korban, S. and Aldwinckle, H. S. (2008) Two receptor-like genes, Vfa1 and Vfa2, confer resistance to the fungal pathogen Venturia inaequalis inciting apple scab disease. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interactions 21, 448-458.
136. Markussen T., Krüger J., Schmidt H. and Dunemann F. (1995) Identification of PCR-based markers linked to the powdery-mildew-resistance gene Pl1 from Malus robusta in cultivated apple. Plant Breeding 114, 530-534.
137. Matsumoto, S., Eguchi, T., Bessho, H. and Abe, K. (2007) Determination and confirmation of S-RNase genotypes of apple pollinators and cultivars. J. Hort. Sci. Biotech. 82, 323-329.
138. Meyers, C.T., Leskey, T.C. and Forsline, P.T. (2007) Susceptibility of fruit from diverse apple and crabapple germplasm to attack by plum curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 100, 1663-1671.
139. Meyers, C.T., Reissig, W., Forsline, P.L. (2008) Susceptibility of fruit from diverse apple and crabapple germplasm to attack from apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 101, 206-215.
140. Miller, S., C. Hampson, R. McNew, L. Berkett, S. Brown, J. Clements, R. Crassweller, E. Garcia, D. Greene and G. Greene. (2005) Performance of apple cultivars in the 1995 NE-183 Regional project planting: 111. Fruit sensory characteristics. J. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 59, 28-43.
141. Miñaro, and Depena, E. (2008) Tolerance of some scab-resistant apple cultivars to the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphisplantaginea Crop Protection 27, 391-395.
142. Moore, J.N. and Janick, J. (1983) Methods in Fruit Breeding. Purdue University Press.
143. N'Diaye, A., Van de Weg, E., Kodde, L.P., Koller, B., Dunemann, F., Thiermann, M., Tartarini, S, Gennari, F. and Durel, C.E. (2008) Construction of an integrated consensus map of the apple genome based on four mapping populations. Tree Genetics & Genomes 4, 727-743.
144. Newcomb, R.D., Crowhurst, R.N., Gleave, A.P., Rikkerink, E.H.A., Allan, A.C., Beuning, L.L., Bowen, J.H., Gera, E., Jamieson, K.R., Janssen, B.J., Laing, W.A., McArtney, S., Nain, B., Ross, G.S., Snowden, K.C., Souleyre, E.J.F., Walton, E.F., and Yauk, Y.-K. (2006) Analyses of expressed sequence tags from apple. Plant Physiol. 141, 147-166.
145. Noiton, D.A.M. and Alspach, P.A. (1996) Founding clones, inbreeding, coancestry, and status number of modern apple cultivars. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 121, 773-782.
146. Norelli, J.L., Farrell, R.E., Bassett, C.L., Baldo, A.M., Lalli, D.A., Aldwinckle, H.A., and Wisniewski, M. E. (2009) Rapid transcriptional response of apple to fire blight disease revealed by cDNA suppression subtractive hybridization analysis. Tree Genetics & Genomes 5, 27-41.
147. Nybom, H., Rumpunen, K., Persson Hovmalm, H., Marttila, S., Rur, M., Garkava-Gustavsson, L. and Ollsson, M. (2008) Towards a healthier apple - Chemical characterization of an apple gene bank. Acta Hort. 765, 157-164.
148. Nybom, H., Sehic, J. and Garkava-Gustavsson, L. (2008a) Self-incompatibility alleles of 104 apple cultivars grown in northern Europe. J. Hort. Sci. Biotech. 83, 339-344.
149. Nybom, H., Sehic, J. and Garkava-Gustavsson, L. (2008b) Modern apple breeding is associated with a significant change in the allelic ratio of ethylene production gene Md-ACS1. J. Hort. Sci. Biotech. 83, 673-677.
150. Oraguzie, N.C., Hofstee, M.E., Brewer, L.R. and Howard, C. (2001) Estimation of genetic parameters in a recurrent selection program in apple. Euphytica 118, 29-37.
151. Oraguzie, N.C., Rikkerink, E.H.A., Gardner, S.E. and De Slva, H.N. (2007a) Association Mapping in Plants. Springer, New York, NY.
152. Oraguzie, N.C., Volz, R.K., Whitworth, C.J., Bassett, H.C.M., Hall, A.J. and Gardiner, S.E. (2007b) Influence of Md-ACS1 allelotype and harvest season within an apple germplasm collection on fruit softening during cold air storage. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 44, 212-219.
153. Paris, R., Cova, V., Pagliani, G, Tartarini, S., Komjanc, M. and Sansavini, S. (2009) Expression profiling in Hcr-Vf-2-transformed apple plants with in response to Venturia inaequalis. Tree Genetics and Genome 5, 81-91.
154. Park, S., Sugimoto, N., Larson, M.D., Beaudry, R. and van Nocker, S. (2006) Identification of genes with potential roles in apple fruit development and biochemistry through large-scale statistical analysis of expressed sequence tags. Plant Physiol. 141, 811-824.
155. Patocchi, A., Walser, M., Tartarini, S., Broggini, G.A.L., Gennari, F., Sansavini, S. and Gessler, C. (2005) Identification by genome scanning approach (GSA) of a microsatellite tightly associated with the apple scab resistance gene Vm. Genome 48, 630-636.
156. Patocchi, A., Fernandez-Fernandez, F., Evans, K., Gobbin, D., Rezzonico, F., Boudichevskaia, A., Dunemann, F., Stankiewicz-Kosyl, M., Mathis-Jeanneteau. F., Durel, C.E., Gianfranceschi, L., Costa, F., Toller, C., Cova, V., Mott, D., Komjanc, M., Barbaro, E., Kodde, L., Rikkerink, E., Gessler, C. and van de Weg, W.E. (2008) Development and testing of 21 multiplexed PCRs composed of SSRs spanning most of the apple genome. Tree Genetics & Genomics 5, 211-223.
157. Peil, A., Garcia-Libreros, T., Richter, K., Trognitz, B., Hanke, M.V. and Flachowsky, H. (2007a) Strong evidence for a fire blight resistance gene of Malus robusta located on linkage group 3. Plant Breeding 126, 470-475.
158. Peil, A., Hanke, M.V., Flachowsky, H., Richter, K., Garcia, T. and Trognitz, B. (2007b) Developing molecular markers for marker assisted selection of fire blight resistant apple seedlings. Acta Hort. 763, 117-122.
159. Pereira-Lorenzo, S., Ramos-Cabrer, A.M., Gonzalez-Diaz, A.J. and Diaz-Hernandez, M.B. (2008) Genetic assessment of local apple cultivars from La Palma, Spain, using simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Scientia Hort. 117, 160-166.
160. Pichler, F.B., Walton, E.F., Davy, M., Triggs, C., Janssen, B., Wunsche, J.N., Putterill, J. and Schaffer, R. J. (2007) Relative developmental, environmental, and tree-to-tree variability in buds from field-grown apple trees. Tree Genetics & Genomes 3, 329-339.
161. Pilcher, R.L., Celton, J.-M., Gardiner, S.E. and Tustin, D.S. (2008) Genetic markers linked to the dwarfing trait of apple rootstock 'Malling 9'. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 133, 100-106.
162. Planchon, V., Lateur, M., Dupont, P. and Lognay, G. (2004) Ascorbic acid level of Belgian apple genetic resources. Scientia Hort. 100, 51-61.
163. Quamme, H.A. Hampson, C.R., Hall, J.W., Sholberg, P.L, Bedford, K.E. and Randall P. (2003) Inheritance of apple scab resistance from polygenic sources based on greenhouse and field evaluation. Acta Hort. 622, 317-321.
164. Richards CM, Volk GM, Reilley AA, Henk AD, Lockwood D, Reeves PA, Forsline PL. (2008) Genetic diversity and population structure in Malus sieversii, a wild progenitor species of domesticated apple. Tree Genetics & Genomics (on-line early).
165. Robinson, T.L, Aldwinckle, H.S., Fazio, G. and Holleran, T. (2003) The Geneva series of apple rootstocks from Cornell: Performance, disease resistance, and commercialization. Acta Hort. 622, 513-520.
166. Rowan, D.D., Hunt, M.B., Dimourot, A., Alspach, P.A., Weskett, R., Volz, R.K., Gardiner, S.E. and Chagne, D. (2009) Profiling fruit volatiles in the progeny of a 'Royal Gala' x 'Granny Smith' apple (Malus x domestica) cross. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57, 7953-7961.
167. Rudell, D., Mattheis, J.P., Maarten, L.A. and Hertog, T.M. (2009) Metabolomic change precedes apple superficial scald symptoms. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57, 8459-8466.
168. Sancho, A.I., van Ree, R., van Leeuwen, A., Meulenbroek, B.J., van de Weg, E., Gilissen, L.J.W.J., Puehringer, H., Laimer, M., Martinelli, A., Zaccharini, M., Vazquez-Cortes, S., Fernandez-Rivas, M., Hoffmann-Sommergruber, K., Mills, E.N.C., and Zuidmeer, L. (2008) Measurement of lipid transfer protein in 88 apple cultivars. Allergy Immunology 146, 19-26.
169. Sansavini, S., Belfanti, E., Costa, F. and Donati, F. (2005) European apple breeding programs turn to biotechnology. Chronica Hort. 45, 16-19.
170. Sargent, D.J., Marchese, A., Simpson, D.W., Howad, W., Fernandez-Fernandez, F., Monfort, A., Arus, P., Evans, K.M. and Tobutt, K.R. (2008) Development of "universal" gene-specific markers from Malus spp. cDNA sequences, their mapping and use in synteny within Rosaceae. Tree Genetics & Genomes (on-line early).
171. Sato, T., Harada, T., Niizeki, M., Kudo, T., Akada, T., and Wakasa, Y. (2004) Allelotype of a ripening-specific 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene defines the rate of fruit drop in apple. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 129, 32-36.
172. Sato, M., Nyui, T., Takahashi, H. and Kanda, H. (2007) Comparison of flowering and fruiting of seedlings from reciprocal crosses between diploid and triploid apple cultivars. J. Japan Soc. Hort Sci. 76, 97-102.
173. Sawamura K, 1990. Alternaria blotch. In: Jones AL, Aldwinckle HS, eds. Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: APS Press, 24-25.
174. Schaffer, R.J., Friel, E.N., Souleyre, E.J.F., Bolitho, K., Thodey, K., Ledger, S., Bowen, J. -H., Ma, J. H., Nain, B., Cohen D., Gleave, A.P., Crowhurst, R.N., Janssen, B.J., Yao, J.L. and Newcomb, R.D. (2007) A genomics approach reveals that aroma production in apple is controlled by ethylene predominantly at the final step in each biosynthetic pathway. Plant Physiology 144, 1899-1912.
175. Schouten, H.J. and Jacobsen, E. (2008) Cisgenesis and intragenesis, sisters in innovative plant breeding. Letters. Trends Plant Science 13, 260-261.
176. Schuster, M. (2000) Genetics of powdery mildew resistance in Malus species. Acta Hort. 583, 593-595.
177. Sedov, E.N., Salina, E.S., Levgerova, N.S., Serova, C.M. (2007) Breeding apple varieties for orchards producing raw materials. Russian Agric. Sci. 33, 89-91.
178. Segura, V., Denance, C., Durel, C.-E. and Costes, E. (2007) Wide range QTL analysis for complex architectural trait in a 1-year-old apple progeny. Genome 50, 159-171.
179. Shulaev, V., Korban, S.S., Sosinski, B., Abbott, A.G., Aldwinckle, H.S., Folta, K.M., Iezzoni, A., Main, D., Arús, P., Dandekar, A.M., Lewers, K., Brown, S.K., Davis, T.M., Gardiner, S.E., Potter, D. and Veilleux, R.E. (2008) Multiple models for Rosaceae genomics. Plant Physiology 147, 985-1003.
180. Silfverberg-Dilworth, E., Matasci, C.L., Van de Weg, W.E., Van Kaauwen, M.P.W., Walser, M., Kodde, L.P., Soglio, V., Gianfranceschi, L., Durel, C.E., Costa, F., Yamamoto, T., Koller, B., Gessler, C. and Patocchi, A. (2006) Microsatellite markers spanning the apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) genome. Tree Genetics & Genome 2, 202-224.
181. Soejima, J., Abe, K., Kotoda, N. and Kato, H. (2000). Recent progress of apple breeding at the apple research center in Morioka. Acta Hort. 538, 211-214.
182. Soufflet-Freslon, V., Gianfranceschi, L., Patocchi, A., and Durel, C. -E. (2008) Inheritance studies of apple scab resistance and identification of Rvi14, a new major gene that acts together with other broad-spectrum QTL. Genome 51, 657-667.
183. Stankiewicz-Kosyl, M., Pitera, E. and Gawronski, S.W. (2005) Mapping QTL involved in powdery mildew resistance of the apple clone U 211. Plant Breeding 124, 63-66.
184. Stehr, R. (2009) Standard testing agreement for plant material developed by EUFRIN working group. Acta Hort. 814, 333-336.
185. Stoeckli, S., Mody, K., Gessler, C., Patocchi, A., Jermini, M. and Dorn, S. (2008) QTL analysis of aphid resistance and growth traits in apple. Tree Genetics & Genome 4, 833-847.
186. Stushnoff, C., McSay, A.E., Forsline, P.L., and Luby, J. (2003) Diversity of phenolic antioxidant content and radical scavenging capacity in the USDA apple germplasm core collection. Acta Hort. 623, 305-311.
187. Sun, L., Bukovac, M.J., Forsline, P.L., van Nocker, S. (2009) Natural variation in fruit abscission related traits in apple (Malus). Euphytica 165, 55-67.
188. Szankowski, I., Briviba, K., Fleschhut, J., Schonherr, J., Jacobsen, H.J. and Kiesecher, H. (2003) Transformation of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) with the stilbene synthase gene from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) and a PGIP gene from kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa). Plant Cell Report 22, 141-149.
189. Szankowski, I., Flachowsky, H., Li, H., Halwirth, H., Treutter, D., Regos, I., Hanke, M.-V., Stich, K. and Fischer, T.C. (2009a) Shift in polyphenol profile and sublethal phenotype caused by silencing of anthocyanidin synthase in apple (Malus sp.). Planta 229, 681-692.
190. Szankowski, I., Waldmann, S., Degenhardt, J., Patocchi, A., Paris, R., Silfverberg-Dillworth, E., Broggini, G. and Gessler, C. (2009b) Highly scab-resistant transgenic apple lines achieved by introgression of HcrVF2 controlled by different native promoter lengths. Tree Genetics & Genomes 5, 349-358.
191. Tancred, S.J., Zeppa, A.G., Cooper, M. and Stringer, J.K. (1995). Heritability and patterns of inheritance of the ripening date of apples. HortScience 30, 325-328.
192. Takos, A.M., Jaffee, F.W., Jacob, S.R., Bogs, J., Robinson, S.P. and Walker, A.R. (2006) Light induced expression of a MYB gene regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in red apples. Plant Physiol. 142, 1216-1232.
193. Teo G., Suzuki Y., Uratsu S.L, Lampinen B., Ormonde N., Hu W.K., DeJong T.M. and Dandekar A.M. (2006) Silencing leaf sorbitol synthesis alters long-distance partitioning and apple fruit quality. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 18842-18847.
194. Tian, Y.-K., Wang, C.-H., Zhang, J.-S., James, C. and Dai, H.-Y. (2005) Mapping Co, a gene controlling the columnar phenotype of apple, with molecular markers. Euphytica 145, 181-188.
195. Toivonen, P.AQ.A. and Brummell, P.A. (2008) Biochemical bases of appearance and texture changes in fresh-cut fruit and vegetables. Postharvest Biology Technol. 48, 1-14.
196. Tränkner, C., Lehmann, S., Hoenicka, H., Hanke, M.V., Fladung, M., Lenhardt, D., Dunemann, F., Gau, A., Schlangen, K., Malnoy, M. and Flachowsky, H. (2010) Over-expression of an FT-homologous gene of apple induces early flowering in annual and perennial plants. Planta 232, 1309-1324.
197. van de Weg, W.E., Voorrips, R.E., Finkers, R., Kodde, L.P., Jansen, J. and Bink, M.C.A.M. (2004) Pedigree genotyping: A new pedigree based approach of QTL identification and allele mining. Acta Hort. 663, 45-50.
198. Velasco, R., Zharkikh, A., Affourtit, J., Dhingra, A., Cestaro, A., Kalyanaraman, A., Fontana, P., Bhatnagar, S. K., Troggio, M., Pruss, D., Salvi, S., Pindo, M., Baldi, P., Castelletti, S., Cavaiuolo, M., Coppola, G., Costa, F., Cova, V., Dal Ri, A., Goremykin, V., Komjanc, M., Longhi, S., Magnago, P., Malacarne, G., Malnoy, M., Micheletti, D., Moretto, M., Perazzolli, M., Si-Ammour, A., Vezzulli, S., Zini, E., Eldredge, G., Fitzgerald, L. M., Gutin, N., Lanchbury, J., Macalma, T., Mitchell, J. T., Reid, J., Wardell, B., Kodira, C., Chen, Z., Desany, B., Niazi, F., Palmer, M., Koepke, T., Jiwan, D., Schaeffer, S., Krishnan, V., Wu, C., Chu, V. T., King, S. T., Vick, J., Tao, Q., Mraz, A., Stormo, A., Stormo, K., Bogden, R., Ederle, D., Stella, A., Vecchietti, A., Kater, M. M., Masiero, S., Lasserre, P., Lespinasse, Y., Allan, A. C., Bus, V., Chagné, D., Crowhurst, R. N., Gleave, A. P., Lavezzo, E., Fawcett, J. A., Proost, S., Rouzé, P., Sterck, L., Toppo, S., Lazzari, B., Hellens, R. P., Durel, C. E, Gutin, A., Bumgarner, R. E., Gardiner, S. E., Skolnick, M., Egholm, M., Van de Peer, Y., Salamini, F., and Viola, R. (2010) The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus xdomestica Borkh.). Nature Genetics 42, 833-839.
199. Visser, T. and Verhaegh, J.J. (1976) Review of tree fruit breeding carried out at the Institute for Horticultural Plant Breeding at Wageningen from 1951 to 1976. Proc. Eucarpia tree fruit breeding, Wageningen. pp. 113-132.
200. Volk, G.M. and Richards, C.M. (2008) Availability of genotypic data for USDA-ARS National Plant Germplasm System accessions using the Genetic Resources Information Network (GRIN) database. HortScience 43, 1365-1366.
201. Volk, G. M., Richards, C. M., Reilley, A. A., Henk, A. D., Forsline, P. L., Aldwinckle, H. S. (2005) Ex situ conservation of vegetatively propagated species: development of a seed-based core collection for Malus sieversii. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 130, 203-210.
202. Volk, G.M., Richards, C.M., Reilley, A., Henk, A.D., Reeves, P.A., Forsline, P.L., Aldwinckle, H. (2008) Genetic diversity and disease resistance of wild Malus orientalis from Turkey and southern Russia. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 133, 383-389.
203. Volz, R.K., Alspach, P.A., Fletcher, D.J. and Ferguson, I.B. (2006) Genetic variation in bitter pit and fruit calcium concentrations within a diverse germplasm collection. Euphytica 149, 1-10.
204. Way, R. D., Aldwinckle, H.S., Lamb, R. C., Rejman, A., Sansavini, S., Shen, S., Watkins, R., Westwood, M.N. and Yoshida, Y. (1990) Apples. (Malus). In: J. N. Moore, and J. R. Ballington Jr.(eds), Genetic Resources of Temperate Fruit and Nut Crops, 3-62. ISHS, Leuven, Belgium. Acta Hort 290.
205. Webster, A.D. and Wertheim, S.J. (2003) Apple rootstocks. pp. 91-124. In: Ferree, D. and Warrington, I (eds.): Apples: Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA.
206. Weibel, F. and Haseli, A. (2003) Organic apple production - with emphasis on European experiences. pp, 551-583. Apples. Botany, Production and Use. In: Ferree, D.C. and Warrington, I.J. (eds.) CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA.
207. Wisniewski, M., Bassett, K., Norelli, J., Macarisin, D., Artlip, T., Gasic, K., and Korban, S. (2008) Expressed sequence tag analysis of the response of apple (Malus x domestica 'Royal Gala') to low temperature and water deficit. Physiologia Plantarum 133, 298-317.
208. Zhou, C., Lakso, A., Robinson, T. and Gan, S. (2008) Isolation and characterization of genes associated with shade-induced apple abscission. Mol. Genetics Genomics 280, 83-92.
209. Zhou, Z.-Q. (1999) The apple genetic resources in China: The wild species and their distributions, informative characteristics and utilization. Genetic Resources Crop Evolution 46, 599-609.
210. Zhu, L.H., Ahlman, A., Li, X.Y. and Welander, M. (2000) Integration of the rolA gene into the genome of the vigorous apple rootstock A2 reduced plant height and shortened internodes. J. Hort. Sci. Biotech. 76, 758-763.
211. Zhu, Y. and Barritt, B.H. (2008) Md-ACS1 and Md-ACO1 genotyping of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) breeding parents and suitability for marker assisted selection. Tree Genetics & Genomes 4, 555-562.
212. Zhu, Y., Rudell, D., and Mattheis, J. (2008a) Characterization of cultivar differences in alcohol acyltransferase and 1-aminocyclopropane-1carboxylate synthase gene expression and volatile compound emission during apple fruit maturation and ripening. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 49, 330-339.
213. Zhu, L.H., Li, X.Y. and Welander, M. (2008b) Overexpression of the Arabidopsis gai gene in apple significantly reduces plant size. Plant Cell Rep. 27, 289-296.
214. Zhu, Y.D., Zhang, W., Li, G.C. and Wang, T. (2007) Evaluation of inter-simple sequence repeat analysis for mapping the Co gene in apple (Malus pumila Mill.). J. Hort. Sci. & Biotech. 82, 371-376.