Alcohol Use and the Alcohol Use Disorders: A Developmental-Biopsychosocial Systems Formulation Covering the Life Course

Developmental Psychopathology: Second Edition

Volumn 3, Issue , 2006, Pages 620-656

  Zucker, Robert A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

Alcohol nonspecific risk structure; Alcohol use disorders; Alcohol specific risk; Alcoholism; Genetic etiology of alcohol use disorder

Indexed keywords

EID: 84983580815     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470939406.ch17     Document Type: Chapter

References (276)

1. Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
2. Achenbach, T. M., & Edelbrock, C. S. (1991). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT: University Associates in Psychiatry.
3. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
6. Aron, A. R., Fletcher, P. C., Bullmore, E. T., Sahakian, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2003). Stop-signal inhibition disrupted by damage to right inferior frontal gyrus in humans. Nature Neuroscience, 6, 115-116.
7. Atkin, C. K. (1995). Survey and experimental research on effects of alcohol advertising. In S. E. Martin & P. Mail (Eds.), The ef fects of the mass media on the use and abuse of alcohol (NIAAA Research Monograph No. 28, pp. 39-68, NIH Pub. No. 95-3743). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
8. Babor, T. F. (1996). The classification of alcoholics: Typology theories from the 19th century to the present. Alcohol Health and Research World, 20, 6-17.
9. Babor, T. F., Hofmann, M., DelBoca, F. K., Hesselbrock, V., Meyer, R. E., Dolinsky, Z. S., et al. (1992). Type of alcoholics: I. Evidence for an empirically derived typology based on indicators of vulnerability and severity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 599-608.
10. Bachman, J. G., O'Malley, P. M., Schulenberg, J. E., Johnston, L. D., Bryant, A. L., & Merline, A. C. (2002). The decline of substance use in young adulthood: Changes in social activities, roles, and beliefs. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
11. Ball, S. A. (1996). Type A and Type B alcoholism: Applicability across subpopulations and treatment settings. Alcohol Health and Research World, 20(1), 30-35.
12. Benes, F. M. (2001). The development of prefrontal cortex: The maturation of neurotransmitter systems and their interactions. In C. A. Nelson & M. Luciana (Eds.), Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience (pp. 79-92). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
13. Berkson, J. B. (1946). Limitations of the application of fourfold table analysis to hospital data. Biometrics, 2, 47-51.
14. Biglan, A., Brennan, P. A., Foster, S. L., Holder, H. D., Miller, T. L., Cunningham, P. B., et al. (2004). Helping adolescents at risk: Prevention of multiple problem behaviors. New York: Guilford Press.
15. Blackson, T. C. (1997). Temperament:Asalient correlate of risk factors for alcohol and drug abuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 36, 205-214.
16. Blackson, T. C., & Tarter, R. E. (1994). Individual, family, and peer affiliation factors predisposing to early-age onset of alcohol and drug use. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 18, 813-821.
17. Blackson, T. C., Tarter, R. E., Martin, R. E., & Moss, H. B. (1994). Temperament-induced father-son family dysfunction: Etiologic implications for child behavior problems and substance abuse. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64, 280-292.
18. Blane, H. T. (1979). Middle-aged alcoholics and young drinkers. In H. T. Blane & M. E. Chafetz (Eds.), Youth, alcohol and social policy (pp. 5-38). New York: Plenum Press.
19. Blomqvist, J. (1999). Treated and untreated recovery from alcohol misuse: Environmental inf luences and perceived reasons for change. Substance Use and Misuse, 34, 1807-1852.
20. Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (1993). Memory independence and memory interference in cognitive development. Psychological Review, 100, 42-67.
21. Brenner, M. H. (1973). Mental illness and the economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
22. Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M., Cohen, P., & Tanaka, J. S. (1992). Childhood precursors of adolescent drug use: A longitudinal analysis. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 118, 195-213.
23. Brunner, H. G., Nelen, M., Breakefield, X. O., Ropers, H. H., & van Oost, B. A. (1993). Abnormal behavior associated with a point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science, 262, 578-580.
24. Cacioppo, J. T., Berntson, G. G., Sheridan, J. F., & McClintock, M. K. (2000). Multilevel integrative analyses of human behavior: Social neuroscience and the complementing nature of social and biological approaches. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 829-843.
25. Cahalan, D. (1970). Problem Drinkers. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
26. Casey, B. J., Tottenham, N., & Fossella, J. (2002). Clinical, imaging, lesion, and genetic approaches toward a model of cognitive control. Developmental Psychobiology, 40, 237-254.
27. Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., et al. (2002). Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science, 297, 851-854.
28. Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Newman, D. L., & Silva, E. A. (1996). Behavioral observations at age 3 years predict adult psychiatric disorders: Longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 1033-1039.
29. Chassin, L., Barrera, M., Bech, K., & Kossak-Fuller, J. (1993). Recruiting a community sample of alcoholic families: A comparison of three methods. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53, 316-320.
30. Cicchetti, D., & Cohen, D. J. (1995). Perspectives on developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 1. Theory and methods (pp. 3-20). New York: Wiley.
31. Cicchetti, D., & Dawson, G. (2002). Editorial: Multiple levels of analysis. Developmental Psychopathology, 14, 417-420.
32. Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (1996). Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology. Developmental Psychopathology, 8, 597-600.
33. Cloninger, C. R. (1987). Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism. Science, 236, 410-416.
34. Cloninger, C. R., Bohman, M., & Sigvardsson, S. (1981). Inheritance of alcohol abuse: Cross-fostering analysis of adopted men. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 861-868.
35. Cloninger, C. R., Sigvardsson, S., & Bohman, M. (1988). Childhood personality predicts alcohol abuse in young adults. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 12, 494-505.
36. Cohen, P., Cohen, J., & Brook, J. S. (1993). Persistence of disorders in children: Epidemiologic data. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 869-877.
37. Colder, C. R., & Chassin, L. (1993). The stress and negative affect model of adolescent alcohol use and the moderating effects of behavioral under control. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 54, 326-334.
38. Collins, L. M., & Horn, J. L. (Eds.). (1991). Best methods for the analysis of change. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
39. Cotton, N. S. (1979). The familial incidence of alcoholism: A review. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 4, 89-116.
40. Damasio, A. R. (1998). Emotion in the perspective of an integrated nervous system. Brain Research Review, 26(2/3), 83-86.
41. Diamond, A. (1990). Rate of maturation of the hippocampus and the developmental progression of children's performance on the delayed non-matching to sample and visual paired comparison tasks. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 608, 394-433.
42. Donovan, J. E., & Jessor, R. (1985). Structure of problem behavior in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 890-904.
43. Donovan, J. E., Jessor, R., & Costa, F. M. (1988). Syndrome of problem behavior in adolescence: A replication. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 762-765.
44. Duncan, S. C., Duncan, T. E., Biglan, A., & Ary, D. (1998). Contributions of the social context to the development of adolescent substance use: A multivariate latent growth modeling approach. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 50, 57-71.
45. Dunn, M. E., & Goldman, M. S. (1996). Empirical modeling of an alcohol expectancy memory network in elementary school children as a function of grade. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 4, 209-217.
46. Earls, F., Reich, W. W., Jung, K. G., & Cloninger, C. R. (1988). Psychopathology in children of alcoholic and antisocial parents. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 12, 481-487.
47. Edwards, G., Anderson, P., Babor, T. R., Casswell, S., Ferrence, R., Giesbrech, N., et al. (1994). Alcohol policy and the public good. New York: Oxford University Press.
48. Elder, G. H. (1998). The life course and human development. In R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1. Theoretical models of human development (pp. 939-991). New York: Wiley.
49. Elder, G. H., & Caspi, A. (1990). Studying lives in a changing society: Sociological and personological explorations. In A. I. Rabin, R. A. Zucker, R. A. Emmons, & S. Frank (Eds.), Studying persons and lives (pp. 201-247). New York: Springer.
50. Ellickson, P. L., Tucker, J. S., & Klein, D. J. (2003). Ten-year prospective study of public health problems associated with early drinking. Pediatrics, 111, 949-955.
51. Eron, L. D., Huesmann, L. R., Dubow, E., Romanoff, R., & Yarmel, P. W. (1987). Aggression and its correlates over 22 years. In D. H. Crowell, I. M. Evans, & C. R. O'Donnell (Eds.), Childhood aggression and violence (pp. 249-262). New York: Plenum Press.
52. Falconer, D. S., & MacKay, T. F. C. (1996). Introduction to quantitative genetics. Boston, MA: Edinburgh Gate: Addison-Wesley Longman.
53. Faraone, S. V., Doyle, A. E., Mick, E., & Biederman, J. (2001). Metaanalysis of the association between the 7-repeat allele of the dopamine D(4) receptor gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1052-1057.
54. Fillmore, K. M., Hartka, E., Johnston, B., Leino, V., Motoyoshi, M., & Temple, M. T. (1991). Life course variation in drinking: A metaanalysis of multiple longitudinal studies from the collaborative alcohol-related longitudinal project. British Journal of Addiction, 86, 1221-1268.
55. Finn, P. R., Justus, A., Mazas, C., & Steinmetz, J. E. (1999). Working memory, executive processes and the effects of alcohol on go/no-go learning: Testing a model of behavioral regulation and impulsivity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 146, 465-472.
56. Finn, P. R., Mazas, C. A., Justus, A. N., & Steinmetz, J. (2002). Earlyonset alcoholism with conduct disorder: Go/no go learning deficits, working memory capacity, and personality. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 26, 186-206.
57. Fischhoff, B., & Quadrel, M. J. (1995). Adolescent alcohol decisions. In G. M. Boyd, J. Howard, & R. A. Zucker (Eds.), Alcohol problems among adolescents: Current directions in prevention research (pp. 59-84). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
58. Fitzgerald, H. E., Sullivan, L. A., Ham, H. P., Zucker, R. A., Bruckel, S., & Schneider, A. M. (1993). Predictors of behavioral problems in three-year-old sons of alcoholics: Early evidence for onset of risk. Child Development, 64, 110-123.
59. Fitzgerald, H. E., & Zucker, R. A. (1995). Socioeconomic status and alcoholism: Structuring developmental pathways to addiction. In H. E. Fitzgerald, B. M. Lester, & B. Zuckerman (Eds.), Children of poverty: Research, health, and policy issues (pp. 125-148). New York: Garland Press.
60. Floyd, F. J., Cranford, J. A., Klotz Daugherty, M., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Zucker, R. A. (in press). Marital interaction in alcoholic and nonalcoholic couples: Alcoholic subtype variations and wives' alcoholism status. Journal of Abnormal Psychology.
61. Ford, D. H., & Lerner, R. M. (1992). Developmental systems theory: An integrative approach. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
62. Fuller, B. E., Chermack, S. T., Cruise, K. A., Kirsch, E., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Zucker, R. A. (2003). Predictors of aggression across three generations among sons of alcoholics: Relationships involving grandparental and parental alcoholism, child aggression, marital aggression and parenting practices. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64, 472-483.
63. Fuster, J. M. (1997). The prefrontal cortex: Anatomy, physiology, and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.
64. Gaines, L. S., Brooks, P. H., Maisto, S., Dietrich, M., & Shagena, M. (1998). The development of children's knowledge of alcohol and the role of drinking. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 9, 441-457.
65. Garnier, H. E., & Stein, J. A. (2002). An 18-year model of family and peer effects on adolescent drug use and delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 45-56.
66. Giancola, P. R., & Moss, H. B. (1998). Executive cognitive functioning in alcohol use disorders. Recent Developments in Alcoholism, 14, 227-251.
67. Glassner, B. (1991). Jewish sobriety. In D. J. Pittman & H. R. White (Eds.), Society, culture, and drinking patterns reexamined (pp. 311-326). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies.
68. Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K. M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, A. C., et al. (2004). Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 101, 8174-8179.
69. Goldman, M. S., Brown, S. A., Christiansen, B. A., & Smith, G. T. (1991). Alcoholism and memory: Broadening the scope of alcohol expectancy research. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 137-146.
70. Goldman, M. S., Del Boca, F. K., & Darkes, J. (1999). Alcohol expectancy theory: The application of cognitive neuroscience. In K. Leonard & H. Blane (Eds.), Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism (2nd ed., pp. 203-246). New York: Guilford Press.
71. Goldstein, R. Z., & Volkow, N. D. (2002). Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: Neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1642-1652.
72. Goodwin, D. W., Schulsinger, F., Knop, J., Mednick, S., & Guze, S. B. (1973). Alcohol problems in adoptees raised apart from alcoholic biological parents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 238-243.
73. Gottesman, I. I., & Gould, T. D. (2003). The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: Etymology and strategic intentions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 636-645.
74. Gottlieb, G. (1991). Epigenetic systems view of human development. Developmental Psychology, 27, 33-34.
75. Grant, B. F. (1996). DSM-IV, DSM-III-R and draft DSM-IV alcohol and drug abuse/harmful use and dependence, United States, 1992: A nosological comparison. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 20, 1481-1488.
76. Grant, B. F. (1997). Prevalence and correlates of alcohol use and DSMIV alcohol dependence in the United States: Results of the national longitudinal alcohol epidemiologic survey. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58, 464-473.
77. Grant, B. F. (1998). The impact of a family history of alcoholism on the relationship between age at onset of alcohol use and DSM-IV alcohol dependence: Results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. Alcohol Health & Research World, 22, 144-147.
78. Grant, B. F. (2000). Estimates of U.S. children exposed to alcohol abuse and dependence in the family. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 112-115.
79. Grant, B. F., & Dawson, D. A. (1997). Age at onset of alcohol use and its association with DSM-IV alcohol abuse dependence: Results from the national longitudinal alcohol epidemiologic survey. Journal of Substance Abuse, 9, 103-110.
80. Grant, B. F., & Dawson, D. A. (1998). Age at onset of drug use and its association with DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence: Results from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey. Journal of Substance Abuse, 10, 163-173.
81. Gruber, E., DiClemente, R. J., Anderson, M. M., & Lodico, M. (1996). Early drinking onset and its association with alcohol use and problem behavior in late adolescence. Preventive Medicine, 25(3), 293-300.
82. Hall, R. L., Hesselbrock, V. M., & Stabenau, J. R. (1983a). Familial distribution of alcohol use: Pt. I. Assortative mating in the parents of alcoholics. Behavior Genetics, 13, 361-372.
83. Hall, R. L., Hesselbrock, V. M., & Stabenau, J. R. (1983b). Familial distribution of alcohol use: Pt. II. Assortative mating of alcoholic probands. Behavior Genetics, 13, 373-382.
84. Hall, S. M., Wasserman, D. A., & Havassy, B. E. (1991). Relapse prevention. NIDA Research Monograph, 106, 279-292.
85. Hariri, A. R., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Mazziotta, J. C. (2000). Modulating emotional responses: Effects of a neocortical network on the limbic system. NeuroReport, 11, 43-48.
86. Hasin, D., & Grant, B. F. (2004). The co-occurrence of DSM-IV alcohol abuse in DSM-IV alcohol dependence: Results of the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions on heterogeneity that differ by population subgroup. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 891-896.
87. Hasin, D., Grant, B. F., & Endicott, J. (1990). The natural history of alcohol abuse: Implications for definitions of alcohol use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1537-1541.
88. Hasin D., Paykin A., & Endicott J. (2001). Course of DSM-IV alcohol dependence in a community sample: Effects of parental history and binge drinking. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 411-414.
89. Hawkins, J. D., & Catalano, R. F. (1992). Communities that care: Action for drug abuse prevention. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
90. Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., Kosterman, R., Abbott, R., & Hill, K. G. (1999). Preventing adolescent health-risk behaviors by strengthening protection during childhood. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 153, 226-234.
91. Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 64-105.
92. Hawkins, J. D., Graham, J. W., Maguin, E., Abbott, R., Hill, K. G., & Catalano, R. F. (1997). Exploring the effects of age of alcohol use initiation and psychosocial risk factors on subsequent alcohol misuse. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58, 280-290.
93. Hayashi, S., Watanabe, J., & Kawajiri, K. (1991). Genetic polymorphisms in the 5'-f lanking region change transcriptional regulation of the human cytochrome P450IIE1 gene. Journal of Biochemistry (Tokyo), 110, 559-565.
94. Heath, A. (1995). Genetic inf luences on alcoholism risk? A review of adoption and twin studies. Alcohol Health and Research World, 19, 166-171.
95. Heath, D. B. (1991). Drinking patterns of the Bolivian Camba. In D. J. Pittman & H. R. White (Eds.), Society, culture, and drinking patterns reexamined (pp. 62-77). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies.
96. Heitzeg, M. M., Zucker, R. A., & Zubieta, J.-K. (2003). An fMRI study of impulse and emotion modulation in children of alcoholics [Abstract]. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 27, 6A.
97. Helzer, J. E., Burnam, A., & McEvoy, L. T. (1991). Alcohol abuse and dependence. In L. Robins (Ed.), Psychiatric disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Area Catchment studies (pp. 81-115). New York: Free Press.
98. Helzer, J. E., & Canino, G. J. (Eds.). (1992). Alcoholism in North America, Europe, and Asia. New York: Oxford University Press.
99. Hesselbrock, M. N., Hesselbrock, V. M., Babor, T. F., Stabenau, J. R., Meyer, R. E., & Weidenman, M. (1984). Antisocial behavior, psychopathology, and problem drinking in the natural history of alcoholism. In D. W. Goodwin, K. T. Van Dusen, & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Longitudinal research in alcoholism (pp. 197-214). Boston: Kluwer Academic.
100. Hill, S. Y. (1992). Absence of paternal sociopathy in the etiology of severe alcoholism: Is there a Type III alcoholism? Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53, 161-169.
101. Hogarth, W. (1751). Gin lane [Engraving]. London: British Museum.
102. Holdcraft, L. C., & Iacono, W. G. (2004). Cross-generational effects on gender differences in psychoactive drug abuse and dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 74, 147-158.
103. Huang, L. X., Cerbone, F. G., & Gfroerer, J. C. (1998). Children at risk because of substance abuse. In Office of Applied Studies, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (Eds.), Analyses of substance abuse and treatment need issues (DHHS Publication Document No. SMA 98-3227, pp. 5-18). Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services.
104. Humphreys, K., Moos, R. H., & Cohen, C. (1997). Social and community resources and long-term recovery from treated and untreated alcoholism. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58, 231-238.
105. Humphreys, K., Moos, R. H., & Finney, J. W. (1994). Two pathways out of drinking problems without professional treatment. Addictive Behavior, 20, 427-441.
106. Ialongo, N., Edelsohn, G., Werthamer-Larsson, L., Crockett, L., & Kellam, S. (1996). The course of aggression in first-grade children with and without comorbid anxious symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 445-456.
107. Jacob, T., Leonard, K. E., & Haber, J. R. (2001). Family interactions of alcoholics as related to alcoholism type and drinking condition. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 835-843.
108. Jansen, R. E., Fitzgerald, H. E., Ham, H. P., & Zucker, R. A. (1995). Pathways into risk: Temperament and behavior problems in three-to five-year-old sons of alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19, 501-509.
109. Jentsch, J. D., & Taylor, J. R. (1999). Impulsivity resulting from frontostriatal dysfunction in drug abuse: Implications for the control of behavior by reward-related stimuli. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 146, 373-390.
110. Jessor, R., Donovan, J. E., & Costa, F. M. (1991). Beyond adolescence: Problem behavior and young adult development. New York: Cambridge University Press.
111. Jessor, R., & Jessor, S. L. (1977). Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth. New York: Academic Press.
112. Jester, J. M., Zucker, R. A., Carello, P. D., Wong, M. M., Cranford, J. A., & Fitzgerald, H. E. (2005). Alcohol expectancies in childhood: Changes with the onset of drinking and utility in predicting adolescent drunkenness and binge drinking. Manuscript submitted for publication. Reprint requests to Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Addiction Research Center. MLS Doc #134.
113. Jester, J. M., Zucker, R. A., Wong, M. M., Puttler, L. I., Twitchell, G. R., & Fitzgerald, H. E. (2001). Time since last alcoholic symptom predicts current social adaptation in men and women [Abstract]. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25(Suppl.), 48A.
114. Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. (2001). Monitoring the future national results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 2001. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
115. Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. (2003). Monitoring the Future national results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 2002. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
116. Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2004a). Monitoring the future national results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 2003. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
117. Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2004b). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2003: Vol. I. Secondary school students (NIH Pub. No. 04-5507). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
118. Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2004c). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2003: Vol. II. College students and adults ages 19-45 (NIH Pub. No. 04-5508). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
119. Kaij, L. (1960). Alcoholism in twins. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell.
120. Kalsbeek, A., Voorn, P., Buijs, R. M., Pool, C. W., & Uylings, H. B. (1988). Development of the dopaminergic innervation in the prefrontal cortex of the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 269, 58-72.
121. Kandel, D. B. (1978). Convergences in prospective longitudinal surveys of drug use in normal populations. In D. B. Kandel (Ed.), Longitudinal research on drug use (pp. 3-38). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
122. Kandel, E. R. (1998). A new intellectual framework for psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(4), 457-468.
123. Kaplan, H. B., Martin, S. S., & Robbins, C. (1982). Applications of a general theory of deviant behavior: Self-derogation and adolescent drug use. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 23, 274-294.
124. Kaskutas, L. A., Bond, J., & Humphreys, K. (2002). Social networks as mediators of the effect of Alcoholics Anonymous. Addiction, 97, 891-900.
125. Kellam, S. G., Brown, C. H., Rubin, B. R., & Ensminger, M. E. (1983). Paths leading to teenage psychiatric symptoms and substance use: Developmental epidemiological studies in Woodlawn. In S. B. Guze, F. J. Earls, & J. E. Barrett (Eds.), Childhood psychopathology and development (pp. 17-47). New York: Plenum Press.
126. Kellam, S. G., Ensminger, M. E., & Simon, M. B. (1980). Mental health in first grade and teenage drug, alcohol, and cigarette use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 5, 273-304.
127. Kendler, K. S., Heath, A. C., Neale, M. C., Kessler, R. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1992). A population-based twin study of alcoholism in women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 268, 1877-1882.
128. Kendler, K. S., Jacobson, K. C., Prescott, C. A., & Neale, M. C. (2003a). Specificity of genetic and environmental risk factors for use and abuse/dependence of cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, sedatives, stimulants, and opiates in male twins. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 687-695.
129. Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., Heath, A. C., Kessler, R. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1994). A twin-family study of alcoholism in women. American Journal of Psychiatry, 15, 707-715.
130. Kendler, K. S., Prescott, C. A., Myers, J., & Neale, M. C. (2003b). The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for common psychiatric and substance use disorders in men and women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 929-937.
131. Kessler, R. C., Crum, R. M., Warner, L. A., Nelson, C. B., Schulenberg, J., & Anthony, J. C. (1997). Lifetime co-occurrence of DSM-III-R alcohol abuse and dependence with other psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 313-321.
132. Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., et al. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8-19.
133. Killgore, W. D., Oki, M., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2001). Sex-specific developmental changes in amygdala responses to affective faces. NeuroReport, 12, 427-433.
134. Klingberg, T., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H. (2002). Increased brain activity in frontal and parietal cortex underlies the development of visuospatial working memory capacity during childhood. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 1-10.
135. Kolb, B., Wilson, B., & Taylor, L. (1992). Developmental changes in the recognition and comprehension of facial expression: Implications for frontal lobe function. Brain and Cognition, 20, 74-84.
136. Kreek, M. J., Nielsen, D. A., & LaForge, K. S. (2004). Genes associated with addiction: Alcoholism, opiate, and cocaine addiction. NeuroMolecular Medicine, 5, 85-108.
137. Krueger, R. F., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1998). The structure and stability of common mental disorders (DSM-III-R): A longitudinal-epidemiological study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 216-227.
138. Krueger, R. F., Hicks, B. M., Patrick, C. J., Carlson, S. R., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2002). Etiologic connections among substance dependence, antisocial behavior, and personality: Modeling the externalizing spectrum. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 411-424.
139. Kuh, D., Power, C., Blane, D., & Barley, M. (1997). Social pathways between childhood and adult health. In D. Ku & Y. Ben-Schlomo (Eds.), A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology (pp. 169-198). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
140. Kushner, M. G., Sher, K. J., & Beitman, B. D. (1990). The relation between alcohol problems and the anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 685-695.
141. Lappalainen, J., Long, J. C., Eggert, M., Ozaki, N., Brown, R. W., Brown, G. L., et al. (1998). Linkage of antisocial alcoholism to the serotonin 5-HT1B receptor gene in 2 populations. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55 989-994.
142. Leonard, K. E., & Jacob, T. T. (1997). Sequential interactions among episodic and steady alcoholics and their wives. Psychiatric Addictive Behaviors, 11, 18-25.
143. Lesch, K. P., Bengel, D., Heils, A., Sabol, S. Z., Greenberg, B. D., Petri, S., et al. (1996). Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science, 274, 1527-1531.
144. Li, T. K. (2000). Pharmacogenetics of responses to alcohol and genes that inf luence alcohol drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 61, 5-12.
145. Li, T. K. (2004, June 10). Alcohol abuse increases, dependence declines across decade. Young adult minorities emerge as high-risk subgroups. NIH News.
146. Loeber, R. (1982). The stability of antisocial and delinquent child behavior: A review. Child Development, 53, 1431-1446.
147. Loukas, A., Zucker, R. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Krull, J. L. (2003). Developmental trajectories of disruptive behavior problems among sons of alcoholics: Effects of parent psychopathology, family conf lict, and child undercontrol. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 119-131.
148. Lucki, I. (1998). The spectrum of behaviors inf luenced by serotonin. Biological Psychiatry, 44, 151-162.
149. Madden, T. M. (1884). Alcoholism in childhood and youth: Proceedings of the 52nd annual meeting. British Medical Journal, 358-359.
150. Maddox, G. L., & McCall, B. C. (1964). Drinking among teen-agers: A sociological interpretation of alcohol use by high-school students. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies College and University Press.
151. Manuck, S. B., Flory, J. D., Ferrell, R. E., Mann, J. J., & Muldoon, M. F. (2000). A regulatory polymorphism of the monoamine oxidase-A gene may be associated with variability in aggression, impulsivity, and central nervous system serotonergic responsivity. Psychiatry Research, 95, 9-23.
152. Marschuetz, C., Smith, E. E., Jonides, J., DeGutis, J., & Chenevert, T. L. (2000). Order information in working memory: FMRI evidence for parietal and prefrontal mechanisms. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 130-144.
153. Masse, L. C., & Tremblay, R. E. (1997). Behavior of boys in kindergarten and the onset of substance use during adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 62-68.
154. Mayzer, R., Puttler, L. I., Wong, M. M., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Zucker, R. A. (2002). Predicting early onset of first alcohol use from behavior problem indicators in early childhood. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 26(Suppl.), 124A.
155. Mayzer, R., Puttler, L. I., Wong, M. M., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Zucker, R. A. (2003). Development constancy of social misbehavior from early childhood to adolescence as a predictor of early onset of alcohol use [Abstract]. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 27(Suppl.), 65A.
156. Mayzer, R., Wong, M. M., Puttler, L. I., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Zucker, R. A. (2001, November). Onset of alcohol use: Profiling adolescents characterized as "early drinkers" [Abstract]. Annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Atlanta, GA.
157. McAweeney, M. J., Zucker, R. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., Puttler, L., & Wong, M. M. (2005). Individual and partner predictors of recovery from alcohol use disorder over a nine-year interval: Findings from a community sample of alcoholic married men. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 66, 220-228.
158. McCrady, B. S., Hayaki, J., Epstein, E. E., & Hirsch, L. S. (2002). Testing hypothesized predictors of change in conjoint behavioral alcoholism treatment for men. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 26, 463-470.
159. McGee, L., & Newcomb, M. D. (1992). General deviance syndrome: Expanded hierarchical evaluations at four ages from early adolescence to adulthood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 766-776.
160. McGue, M. (1994). Evidence for causal mechanisms from human genetics data bases. In R. A. Zucker, G. M. Boyd, & J. Howard (Eds.), The development of alcohol problems: Exploring the biopsychosocial matrix of risk (Research Monograph No. 26, pp. 1-40). Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
161. McGue, M., Pickens, R. W., & Svikis, D. S. (1992). Sex and age effects on the inheritance of alcohol problems: A twin study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 3-17.
162. McLellan, A. T., Lewis, D. C., O'Brien, C. P., & Kleber, H. D. (2000). Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: Implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 1689-1695.
163. Merikangas, K. R., Leckman, J. F., Prusoff, B. A., Pauls, D. L., & Weissman, M. M. (1985). Familial transmission of depression and alcoholism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 367-372.
164. Mitchell, J. E., Hong, K. M., & Corman, C. (1979). Childhood onset of alcohol abuse. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 49, 511-513.
165. Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex " frontal lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49-100.
166. Moos, R., Brennan, P., & Schutte, K. (1998). Life context factors, treatment, and late-life drinking behavior. In E. S. L. Gomberg, A. M. Hegedus, & R. A. Zucker (Eds.), Alcohol problems and aging (NIAAA Research Monograph No. 33, chap. 17). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
167. Moos, R. H., Finney, J. W., & Chan, D. (1982). The process of recovery from alcoholism: Pt. II. Comparing spouses of alcoholic patients and matched community controls. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 43, 888-909.
168. Moos, R. H., & Moos, B. S. (2003). Long-term influence of duration and intensity of treatment on previously untreated individuals with alcohol use disorders. Addiction, 98, 325-337.
169. Moselhy, H. F., Georgiou, G., & Kahn, A. (2001). Frontal lobe changes in alcoholism: A review of the literature. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 36, 357-368.
170. Muthén, B., & Muthén, L. (2000). Integrating person-centered and variable-centered analysis: Growth mixture modeling with latent trajectory classes. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24, 882-891.
171. Narrow, W. E., Rae, D. S., Robins, L. N., & Regier, D. A. (2002). Revised prevalence estimates of mental disorders in the United States: Using a clinical significance criterion to reconcile 2 surveys' estimates. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(2), 115-123.
172. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (1985). Alcoholism: An inherited disease (DHHS Publication No. ADM 85-1426). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
173. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2004). NIAAA Initiative on underage drinking. Available from http://www.niaaa.nih .gov/about /underage.htm.
174. New, A. S., Gelernter, J., Yovell, Y., Trestman, R. L., Nielsen, D. A., Silverman, J., et al. (1998). Tryptophan dydroxylase genotype is associated with impulsive-aggression measures: A preliminary study. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 81, 13-17.
175. Newlin, D. B., & Thomson, J. B. (1990). Alcohol challenge with sons of alcoholics: A critical review and analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 383-402.
176. Nigg, J. T. (2000). On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: Views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 220-246.
177. Nigg, J. T., Glass, J. M., Zucker, R. A., Poon, E., Wong, M. M., Fitzgerald, H. E., et al. (2004). Neuropsychological executive functioning in children at elevated risk for alcoholism: Findings in early adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 302-314.
178. Nigg, J. T., Wong, M. M., Martel, M. M., Jester, J. M., Puttler, L. I., Adams, K. M., et al. (2005). Poor response inhibition as predictor of onset of problem drinking and illicit drug use in adolescents at risk of alcoholism and other substance use disorders. Michigan Longitudinal Study manuscript submitted for publication. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Addiction Research Center.
179. Noll, R. B., Zucker, R. A., & Greenberg, G. S. (1990). Identification of alcohol by smell among preschoolers: Evidence for early socialization about drugs occurring in the home. Child Development, 61, 1520-1527.
180. Nurnberger, J. I., Jr., Wiegand, R., Bucholz, K., O'Connor, S., Meyer, E. T., Reich, T., et al. (2004). A family study of alcohol dependence: Coaggregation of multiple disorders in relatives of alcohol-dependent probands. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 1246-1256.
181. O'Malley, P. M., &Wagenaar, A. C. (1991). Effects of minimum drinking age laws on alcohol use, related behaviors and traffic crash involvement among American youth. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 52, 478-491.
182. Pallas, D. M. (1992). The ecological distribution of alcoholic families: A community study in mid-Michigan. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh.
183. Pederson, W., & Skrondal, A. (1998). Alcohol consumption debut: Predictors and consequences. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59, 32-42.
184. Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996). Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 37, 51-87.
185. Peterson, J. B., Finn, P. R., & Pihl, R. O. (1992). Cognitive dysfunction and the inherited predisposition to alcoholism. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53, 154-160.
186. Pfefferbaum, A., Sullivan, E. V., Rosenbloom, M. J., Mathalon, D. H., & Lim, K. O. (1998). A controlled study of cortical gray matter and ventricular changes in alcoholic men over a 5-year interval. Archives in General Psychiatry, 55, 905-912.
187. Pickens, R. W., Svikis, D. S., McGue, M., Lykken, D. T., Heston, L. L., & Clayton, P. J. (1991). Heterogeneity in the inheritance of alcoholism: A study of male and female twins. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 19-28.
188. Pittman, D. J., & White, H. R. (Eds.). (1991). Society, culture, and drinking patterns reexamined. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies.
189. Poon, E., Ellis, D. A., Zucker, R. A., & Fitzgerald, H. E. (1998). Academic under achievement in elementary school children of alcoholics as related to familial alcoholism subtype. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22, 27A.
190. Prochaska, J. O., DiClemente, C. C., & Norcross, J. C. (1992). In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors. American Psychologist, 9, 1102-1114.
191. Radel, M., Vallejo, R. L., Iwata, N., Aragon, R., Long, J. C., Virkkunen, M., et al. (2005). Halotype-based localization of an alcohol dependence gene to the 5q34 (gamma)-aminobutyric acid type A gene cluster. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 47-55.
192. Rather, B. C., Goldman, M. S., Roehrich, L., & Brannick, M. (1992). Empirical modeling of an alcohol expectancy memory network using multidimensional scaling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 174-183.
193. Regier, D. A., Farmer, M. E., Rae, D. S., Locke, B. Z., Keith, S. J., Judd, L. L., et al. (1990). Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug use. Journal of the American Medical Association, 264(19), 2511-2518.
194. Reich, T., Cloninger, C. R., Van Eerdewegh, P., Rice, J. P., & Mullaney, J. (1988). Secular trends in the familial transmission of alcoholism. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 12, 458-464.
195. Reich, T., & Li, T. K. (1994). Is there a single locus contributing to alcohol vulnerability? In E. S. Gershon & C. R. Cloninger (Eds.), Genetic approaches to mental disorders (pp. 311-325). Washington, DC: American Psychopathological Association.
196. Reiss, A. L., Abrams, M. T., Singer, H. S., Ross, J. L., & Denckla, M. B. (1996). Brain development, gender and IQ in children: A volumetric imaging study. Brain, 119(Pt. 5), 1763-1774.
197. Ridenour, T. L., Cottler, L. B., Compton, W. M., Spitznagel, E. L., & Cunningham-Williams, R. M. (2003). Is there a progression from abuse disorders to dependence disorders? Addiction, 98, 635-644.
198. Risch, N. (1990). Linkage strategies for genetically complex traits: Pt. I. Multilocus models. American Journal of Human Genetics, 46, 222-228.
199. Rolf, J. E., Johnson, J. L., Israel, E., Baldwin, J., & Chandra, A. (1988). Depressive affect in school-aged children of alcoholics. British Journal of Addiction, 83, 841-848.
200. Ron, M. A. (1987). Brain damage in chronic alcoholism: A neuropathological, neuroradiological and psychological review. Psychological Medicine, 7, 103-112.
201. Rose, R. J., Kaprio, J., Winter, T., Koskenvuo, M., & Viken, R. J. (1999). Familial and socioregional environmental effects on abstinence from alcohol at age sixteen. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 13(Suppl.), 63-74.
202. Rosenberg, D. R., & Lewis, D. A. (1994). Changes in the dopaminergic innervation of monkey prefrontal cortex during late postnatal development: A tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical study. Biological Psychiatry, 36, 272-277.
203. Rosenkranz, J. A., & Grace, A. A. (2001). Dopamine attenuates prefrontal cortical suppression of sensory inputs to the basolateral amygdala of rats. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 4090-4103.
204. Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (1998). Temperament. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 105-176). New York: Wiley.
205. Rush, B. (1790). An inquiry into the ef fects of spirituous liquors on the human body and mind. Boston: Thomas and Andrews.
206. Sadava, S. W. (1985). Problem behavior theory and consumption and consequences of alcohol use. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 46, 297-392.
207. Sameroff, A. J. (1995). General systems theories and developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 1. Theory and method (pp. 659-695). New York: Wiley.
208. Sander, T., Samochowiec, J., Ladehoff, M., Smolka, M., Peters, C., Riess, O., et al. (1999). Association analysis of exonic variants of the gene encoding the GABAB receptor and alcohol dependence. Psychiatric Genetics, 9, 69-373.
209. Saudou, F., Amara, D. A., Dierich, A., LeMeur, M., Ramboz, S., Segu, L., et al. (1994). Enhanced aggressive behavior in mice lacking 5-HT1B receptor. Science, 265, 1875-1878.
210. Scarr, S., & McCartney, K. (1983). How people make their own environments: A theory of genotype-environment effects. Child Development, 54, 424-435.
211. Schandler, S. L., Thomas, C. S., & Cohen, M. J. (1995). Spatial learning deficits in preschool children of alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19, 1067-1072.
212. Schmidt, L. G., Sander, T., Kuhn, S., Smolka, M., Rommelspacher, H., Samochowiec, J., et al. (2000). Different allele distribution of a regulatory MAOA gene promoter polymorphism in antisocial and anxiousdepressive alcoholics. Journal of Neural Transmission, 107, 681-689.
213. Schuckit, M. A. (1988). Reactions to alcohol in sons of alcoholics and controls. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 12, 465-470.
214. Schuckit, M. A. (1994). Low level of response to alcohol as a predictor of future alcoholism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 184-189.
215. Schuckit, M. A., Edenberg, H. J., Kalmijin, J., Flury, L., Smith, T. L., Reich, T., et al. (2001). A genome-wide search for genes that relate to a low level of response to alcohol. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 323-329.
216. Schuckit, M. A., & Smith, T. L. (2001). A comparison of correlates of DSM-IV alcohol abuse or dependence among more than 400 sons of alcoholics and controls. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 1-8.
217. Schuckit, M. A., Smith, T. L., & Tipp, J. E. (1997). The self-rating of the effects of alcohol (SRE) form as a retrospective measure of the risk for alcoholism. Addiction, 92, 979-988.
218. Schulenberg, J., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Wadsworth, K. N., & Johnston, L. D. (1996). Getting drunk and growing up: Trajectories of frequent binge drinking during the transition to early adulthood. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 57, 289-304.
219. Schulenberg, J., Wadsworth, K. N., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Johnston, L. D. (1996). Adolescent risk factors for binge drinking during the transition to young adulthood: Variable-and patterncentered approaches to change. Developmental Psychology, 32, 659-674.
220. Searles, J. S. (1988). The role of genetics in the pathogenesis of alcoholism. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 153-167.
221. Seeman, P., Bzowej, N. H., Guan, H. C., Bergeron, C., Becker, L. E., Reynolds, G. P., et al. (1987). Human brain dopamine receptors in children and aging adults. Synapse, 1, 399-404.
222. Sher, K. J., Walitzer, K. S., Wood, P. K., & Brent, E. E. (1991). Characteristics of children of alcoholics: Putative risk factors, substance use and abuse, and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 427-448.
223. Sing, C. F., Haviland, M. B., & Reilly, S. L. (1996). Genetic architecture of common multifactorial diseases. Ciba Fund Symposium, 197, 211-229.
224. Sklar, P., Gabriel, S. B., McInnis, M. G., Bennett, P., Lim, Y. M., Tsan, G., et al. (2002). Family-based association study of 76 candidate genes in bipolar disorder: BDNF is a potential risk locus. Molecular Psychiatry, 7, 579-593.
225. Skog, O.-J. (1985). The wetness of drinking cultures: A key variable in epidemiology of alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Acta Medica Scandinavica, 703, 157-184.
226. Smith, G. T., Goldman, M. S., Greenbaum, P. E., & Christiansen, B. A. (1995). Expectancy for social facilitation from drinking: The divergent paths of high-expectancy and low-expectancy adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 32-40.
227. Spear, L. P. (2002). The adolescent brain and the college drinker: Biological basis of propensity to use and misuse alcohol. Journal of Studies on Alcohol (Suppl.), 6, 71-81.
228. Stacy, A. W. (1997). Memory activation and expectancy as prospective predictors of alcohol and marijuana use. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 61-73.
229. Stacy, A. W., Ames, S. L., Sussman, S., & Dent, C. W. (1996). Implicit cognition in adolescent drug use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 10, 190-203.
230. Stoltenberg, S. F., & Burmeister, M. (2000). Recent progress in psychiatric genetics: Some hope but no hype. Human Molecular Genetics, 9, 927-935.
231. Sung, M., Erkanli, A., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2004). Effects of age at first substance use and psychiatric comorbidity on the development of substance use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 75, 287-299.
232. Tarter, R. E., Alterman, A. I., & Edwards, K. L. (1984). Alcoholic denial: A biopsychological interpretation. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 45, 214-218.
233. Tarter, R. E., Alterman, A. I., & Edwards, K. L. (1985). Vulnerability to alcoholism in men: A behavior-genetic perspective. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 46, 329-356.
234. Tarter, R. E., Kirisci, L., Mezzich, A., Cornelius, J. R., Pajer, K., Vanyukov, M., et al. (2003). Neurobehavioral disinhibition in childhood predicts early age at onset of substance use disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1078-1085.
235. Tarter, R. E., Vanyukov, M., Giancola, P., Dawes, M., Blackson, T., Mezzich, A., et al. (1999). Etiology of early age onset substance use disorder: A maturational perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 38, 115-142.
236. Thomas, K. M., Drevets, W. C., Whalen, P. J., Eccard, C. H., Dahl, R. E., Ryan, N. D., et al. (2001). Amygdala response to facial expressions in children and adults. Biological Psychiatry, 49, 309-316.
237. Thomas, K. M., King, S. W., Franzen, P. L., Welsch, T. F., Berkowitz, A. L., Noll, D. C., et al. (1999). A developmental functional MRI study of spatial working memory. Neuroimage, 10, 327-338.
238. Thomasson, H. R., Crabb, D. W., Eadenberg, H. J., & Li, T.-K. (1993). Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphisms and alcoholism. Behavior Genetics, 23(2), 131-136.
239. Tiffany, S. T. (1990). A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: Role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Psychological Review, 97, 147-168.
240. Tiihonen, J., Hallikainen, T., Lachman, H., Saito, T., Volavka, J., Kauhanen, J., et al. (1999). Association between the functional variant of the catechol-O-methyltransference (COMT) gene and Type 1 alcoholism. Molecular Psychiatry, 4, 286-289.
241. Tiihonen, J., Kuikka, J., Hakola, P., Paanila, J., Airaksinen, J., Eronen, M., et al. (1994). Acute ethanol-induced changes in cerebral blood f low. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1505-1508.
242. Tsuang, M. T., Lyons, M. J., Meyer, J. M., Doyle, T., Eisen, S. A., Goldberg, J., et al. (1998). Co-occurrence of abuse of different drugs in men. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 967-972.
243. Turecki, G., Zhu, Z., Tzenova, J., Lesage, A., Seguin, M., Tousignant, M., et al. (2001). TPH and suicidal behavior: A study in suicide completers. Molecular Psychiatry, 6, 98-102.
244. Turnbull, J. E., & Gomberg, E. S. L. (1990). The structure of depression in alcoholic women. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 51, 148-154.
245. Ueno, S., Nakamura, M., Mikami, M., Kondoh, K., Ishiguro, H., Arinami, T., et al. (1999). Identification of a novel polymorphism of the human dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene and the significant association with alcoholism. Molecular Psychiatry, 4, 552-557.
246. Vaillant, G. E. (1995). The natural history of alcoholism revisited. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
247. Vanyukov, M. M., Moss, H. B., Yu, L. M., Tarter, R. E., & Deka, R. (1995). Preliminary evidence for an association of a dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at the MAOA gene with early onset alcoholism/substance abuse. American Journal of Medical Genetics: Part B. Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 60, 122-126.
248. Victor, M., Adams, R. D., & Collins, G. H. (1971). The Wenicke-Korsakof f syndrome. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
249. Vogel-Sprott, M., Easdon, C., Fillmore, M., Finn, P., & Justus, A. (2001). Alcohol and behavioral control: Cognitive and neural mechanisms. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 25, 117-121.
250. Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., Wang, G. J., Hitzemann, R., Logan, J., Schlyer, D. L., et al. (1993). Decreased dopamine D2 receptor availability is associated with reduced frontal metabolism in cocaine abusers. Synapse, 14, 169-177.
251. Volkow, N. D., Mullani, N., Gould, L., Adler, S. S., Guynn, R. W., Overall, J. E., et al. (1988). Effects of acute alcohol intoxication on cerebral blood flow measured with PET. Psychiatry Research, 24, 201-209.
252. Wagenaar, A., & Toomey, T. (2002). Effects of minimum drinking age laws: Review and analysis of the literature from 1960-2000. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 4(Suppl. 14), 206-225.
253. Waldman, I. D., Rowe, D. C., Abramowitz, A., Kozel, S. T., Mohr, J. H., Sherman, S. L., et al. (1998). Association and linkage of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in children. American Journal of Human Genetics, 63, 1767-1776.
254. Wang, T., Franke, P., Neidt, H., Cichon, S., Knapp, M., Lichtermann, D., et al. (2001). Association study of the low-activity allele of catechol-O-methyltransferase and alcoholism using a family-based approach. Molecular Psychiatry, 6, 109-111.
255. Weber, M. D., Graham, J. W., Hansen, W. B., Flay, B. R., & Anderson, C. A. (1989). Evidence for two paths of alcohol use onset in adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 14, 399-408.
256. Weiss, F., & Porrino, L. J. (2002). Behavioral neurobiology of alcohol addiction: Recent advances and challenges. Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 3332-3337.
257. Werner, E. E. (1986). Resilient offspring of alcoholics: A longitudinal study from birth to age 18. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 47, 34-40.
258. Wilsnack, S. C., Klassen, A. D., Schur, B. E., & Wilsnack, R. W. (1991). Predicting onset and chronicity of women's problem drinking: A five-year longitudinal analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 81, 305-318.
259. Windle, M., & Scheidt, D. M. (2004). Alcoholic subtypes: Are two sufficient? Addiction, 99, 1508-1519.
260. Wong, M. M., Brower, K. J., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Zucker, R. A. (2004). Sleep problems in early childhood and early onset of alcohol and other drug use in adolescence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 28, 578-587.
261. Wong, M. M., Zucker, R. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Puttler, L. I. (1999). Parent psychopathology, internalizing and externalizing symptomatology among children of alcoholics [Abstract]. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 23, 37A.
262. Wylie, A., Casswell, S., & Stewart, J. (1989). The response of New Zealand boys to corporate and sponsorship alcohol advertising on television. British Journal of Addictions, 84, 639-646.
263. Zucker, R. A. (1987). The four alcoholisms: A developmental account of the etiologic process. In P. C. Rivers (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 34. Alcohol and addictive behaviors (pp. 27-83). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
264. Zucker, R. A. (1991). Scaling the developmental momentum of alcoholic process via the Lifetime Alcohol Problems Scores. Alcohol and Alcoholism (Suppl. 1), 505-510.
265. Zucker, R. A. (1994). Pathways to alcohol problems and alcoholism: A developmental account of the evidence for multiple alcoholisms and for contextual contributions to risk. In R. A. Zucker, G. Boyd, & J. Howard (Eds.), The development of alcohol problems: Exploring the biopsychosocial matrix of risk (NIAAA Research Monograph No. 26, NIH Publication No. 94-3495, pp. 255-289). Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services.
266. Zucker, R. A. (2000). Alcohol involvement over the life course. In NIAAA (ed.) National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism tenth special report to the U.S. Congress on alcohol and health: Highlights from current research (pp. 28-53). Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
267. Zucker, R. A., Boyd, G. M., & Howard, J. (Eds.). (1994). The development of alcohol problems: Exploring the biopsychosocial matrix of risk (NIAAA Research Monograph No. 26). Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services.
268. Zucker, R. A., Chermack, S. T., & Curran, G. M. (2000). Alcoholism: A lifespan of etiology and course. In A. Sameroff, M. Lewis, & S. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 569-587). New York: Plenum Press.
269. Zucker, R. A., Davies, W. H., Kincaid, S. B., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Reider, E. E. (1997). Conceptualizing and scaling the developmental structure of behavior disorder: The Lifetime Alcohol Problems Score as an example. Developmental Psychopathology, 9, 453-471.
270. Zucker, R. A., Ellis, D. A., Bingham, C. R., & Fitzgerald, H. E. (1996). The development of alcoholic subtypes: Risk variation among alcoholic families during early childhood. Alcohol Health and Research World, 20, 46-54.
271. Zucker, R. A., Ellis, D. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., Bingham, C. R., & Sanford, K. P. (1996). Other evidence for at least two alcoholisms: II. Life course variation in antisociality and heterogeneity of alcoholic outcome. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 831-848.
272. Zucker, R. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Moses, H. M. (1995). Emergence of alcohol problems and the several alcoholisms: A developmental perspective on etiologic theory and life course trajectory. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Vol. 2. Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 677-711). New York: Wiley.
273. Zucker, R. A., & Gomberg, E. S. L. (1986). Etiology of alcoholism reconsidered: The case for a biopsychosocial process. American Psychologist, 41, 783-793.
274. Zucker, R. A., Kincaid, S. B., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Bingham, C. R. (1995). Alcohol schema acquisition in preschoolers: Differences between children of alcoholics and children of nonalcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19, 1011-1017.
275. Zucker, R. A., & Wong, M. M. (2005). Prevention for children of alcoholics and other high risk groups. In M. Galanter (Ed.), Recent developments in alcoholism: Vol. 17. Alcohol problems in adolescents and young adults (pp. 299-319). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press.
276. Zucker, R. A., Wong, M. M., Puttler, L. I., & Fitzgerald, H. E. (2003). Resilience and vulnerability among sons of alcoholics: Relationship to developmental outcomes between early childhood and adolescence. In S. Luthar (Ed.), Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp. 76-103). New York: Cambridge University Press.