Authenticity in Virtual Reality for assessment and intervention in autism: A conceptual review

Educational Research Review

Volumn 19, Issue , 2016, Pages 138-157

  Parsons, Sarah ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Assessment; Autism; Education; Interactive technologies; Virtual reality

Indexed keywords

EID: 84983500489     PISSN: 1747938X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.edurev.2016.08.001     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Abascal, J., Nicolle, C., Moving towards inclusive design guidelines for socially and ethically aware HCI. Interacting with Computers 17 (2005), 484–505, 10.1016/j.intcom.2005.03.002.
2. Alsina-Jurnet, I., Gutiérrez-Maldonado, J., Influence of personality and individual abilities on the sense of presence experienced in anxiety triggering virtual environments. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 68 (2010), 788–801, 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2010.07.001.
3. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed., 2013 Washington, DC: Author.
4. Bailenson, J.N., Blascovich, J., Beall, A.C., Loomis, J.M., Interpersonal distance in immersive virtual environments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (2003), 819–833, 10.1177/0146167203029007002.
5. Baio, J., Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years — and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2010 surveillance summaries. 2014 March 28th 63(SS02), 1–21. Retrieved on July 15th, 2015 from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6302a1.htm?s_cid=ss6302a1_w.
6. Baird, G., Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., Meldrum, D., et al. Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: Special needs and autism Project (SNAP). The Lancet 368 (2006), 210–215, 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69041-7.
7. Beier, J.S., Spelke, E.S., Infants’ developing understanding of social gaze. Child Development 83 (2012), 486–496, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01702.x.
8. Bellani, M., Fornasari, L., Chittaro, L., Brambilla, P., Virtual reality in autism: State of the art. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 20 (2011), 235–238, 10.1017/S2045796011000448.
9. Benford, P., Standen, P., The Internet: A comfortable communication medium for people with asperger syndrome (AS) and high functioning autism (HFA)?. Journal of Assistive Technologies 3 (2009), 44–53, 10.1108/17549450200900015.
10. Bente, G., Rüggenberg, S., Krämer, N.C., Eschenburg, F., Avatar mediated networking: Increasing social presence and interpersonal trust in net based collaborations. Human Communication Research 34 (2008), 287–318, 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2008.00322.x.
11. Billstedt, E., Gillberg, C., Gillberg, C., Autism after adolescence: Population-based 13-to 22-year follow-up study of 120 individuals with autism diagnosed in childhood. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 35 (2005), 351–360, 10.1007/s10803-005-3302-5.
12. Blascovich, J., Loomis, J., Beall, A.C., Swinth, K.R., Hoyt, C.L., Bailenson, J.N., Immersive virtual environment technology as a methodological tool for social psychology. Psychological Inquiry 13 (2002), 103–124, 10.1207/S15327965PLI1302_01.
13. Bleumers, L., All, A., Mariën, I., Schurmans, D., Van Looy, J., Jacobs, A., et al. State of play of digital games for empowerment and inclusion: A review of the literature and empirical cases. EUR 25652 – Joint Research Centre – Institute for prospective technological studies, 2012, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 10.2791/36295.
14. Blunden, M., Virtual Reality will change our lives, says Zuckerberg. Evening Standard, 22nd February 2016. 2016 Retrieved on August 5th 2016 from http://www.standard.co.uk/news/techandgadgets/virtual-reality-will-change-our-lives-says-zuckerberg-a3186111.html.
15. Boisvert, M., Lang, R., Andrianopoulos, M., Boscardin, M.L., Telepractice in the assessment and treatment of individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Developmental Neurorehabilitation 13 (2010), 423–432, 10.3109/17518423.2010.499889.
16. Boucenna, S., Narzisi, A., Tilmont, E., Muratori, F., Pioggia, G., Cohen, D., et al. Interactive technologies for autistic children: A review. Cognitive Computation 6 (2014), 722–740, 10.1007/s12559-014-9276-x.
17. Brosnan, M., Gavin, J., How technology is used by people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). How those with ASD thrive in online cultures but suffer in offline cultures. Rosen, L.D., Cheever, N.A., Carrier, L.M., (eds.) The Wiley handbook of psychology, technology, and society, 1st ed., 2015, Wiley Blackwell, Chichester, UK, 250–270.
18. de Bruin, C.L., Deppeler, J.M., Moore, D.W., Diamond, N.T., Public school–based interventions for adolescents and young adults with an autism spectrum disorder: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research 83 (2013), 521–550, 10.3102/0034654313498621.
19. Cassidy, S., Mitchell, P., Chapman, P., Ropar, D., Processing of spontaneous emotional responses in adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders: Effect of stimulus type. Autism Research, 2015, 10.1002/aur.1468 March, early view.
20. Cheng, Y., Ye, J., Exploring the social competence of students with autism spectrum conditions in a collaborative virtual learning environment – The pilot study. Computers & Education 54 (2010), 1068–1077, 10.1016/j.compedu.2009.10.011.
21. Dalton, K.M., Nacewicz, B.M., Johnstone, T., Schaefer, H.S., Gernsbacher, M.A., Goldsmith, H.H., et al. Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism. Nature Neuroscience 8 (2005), 519–526, 10.1038/nn1421.
22. Eaves, L.C., Ho, H.H., Young adult outcome of autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 38 (2008), 739–747, 10.1007/s10803-007-0441-x.
23. Forgeot d'Arc, B.F., Ramus, F., Lefebvre, A., Brottier, D., Zalla, T., Moukawane, S., et al. Atypical social judgment and sensitivity to perceptual cues in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2014, 10.1007/s10803-014-2208-5 August.
24. Fox, J., Christy, K.R., Vang, M.H., The experience of presence in persuasive virtual environments. Riva, G., Waterworth, J., Murray, D., (eds.) Interacting with presence: HCI and the sense of presence in computer-mediated environments, 2014, De Gruyter Open, Warsaw, 164–173.
25. Freeman, D., Studying and treating schizophrenia using virtual reality: A new paradigm. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34 (2008), 605–610, 10.1093/schbul/sbn020.
26. Garau, M., Slater, M., Pertaub, D.P., Razzaque, S., The responses of people to virtual humans in an immersive virtual environment. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 14 (2005), 104–116, 10.1162/1054746053890242.
27. Gega, L., White, R., Clarke, T., Turner, R., Fowler, D., Virtual environments using video capture for social phobia with psychosis. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 16 (2013), 473–479, 10.1089/cyber.2013.1510.
28. Georgescu, A.L., Kuzmanovic, B., Roth, D., Bente, G., Vogeley, K., The use of virtual characters to assess and train non-verbal communication in high-functioning autism. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 2014, 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00807.
29. Goodwin, M.S., Enhancing and accelerating the pace of autism research and treatment. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 23 (2008), 125–128, 10.1177/1088357608316678.
30. Grynszpan, O., Nadel, J., Constant, J., Le Barillier, F., Carbonell, N., Simonin, J., et al. A new virtual environment paradigm for high functioning autism intended to help attentional disengagement in a social context bridging the gap between relevance theory and executive dysfunction. Virtual rehabilitation international conference, June (pp. 51–58), 2009, IEEE, 10.1109/ICVR.2009.5174205.
31. Grynszpan, O., Nadel, J., Martin, J.C., Simonin, J., Bailleul, P., Wang, Y., et al. Self-monitoring of gaze in high functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 42 (2012), 1642–1650, 10.1007/s10803-011-1404-9.
32. Grynszpan, O., Weiss, P.L.T., Perez-Diaz, F., Gal, E., Innovative technology-based interventions for autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Autism 18 (2014), 346–361, 10.1177/1362361313476767.
33. Hammick, J.K., Lee, M.J., Do shy people feel less communication apprehension online? The effects of virtual reality on the relationship between personality characteristics and communication outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior 33 (2014), 302–310, 10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.046.
34. Hernandez, N., Metzger, A., Magné, R., Bonnet-Brilhault, F., Roux, S., Barthelemy, C., et al. Exploration of core features of a human face by healthy and autistic adults analyzed by visual scanning. Neuropsychologia 47 (2009), 1004–1012, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.10.023.
35. Herrera, G., Jordan, R., Vera, L., Agency and presence: A common dependence on subjectivity?. Presence 15 (2006), 539–552, 10.1162/pres.15.5.539.
36. Higgins, S., Xiao, Z., Katsipataki, M., The impact of digital technology on learning: A summary for the education endowment foundation (full report)., 2012 Retrieved on August 8th, 2016 from: https://educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk/public/files/Publications/The_Impact_of_Digital_Technologies_on_Learning_(2012).pdf.
37. Hill, E.L., Russell, J., Action memory and self-monitoring in children with autism: Self versus other. Infant and Child Development 11 (2002), 159–170, 10.1002/icd.303.
38. Hobson, P., The cradle of thought: Exploring the origins of thinking. 2004, Pan Macmillan, London.
39. Holden, M.K., Virtual environments for motor rehabilitation: Review. Cyberpsychology & Behavior 8 (2005), 187–211, 10.1089/cpb.2005.8.187.
40. Hopkins, I.M., Gower, M.W., Perez, T.A., Smith, D.S., Amthor, F.R., Wimsatt, F.C., et al. Avatar assistant: Improving social skills in students with an ASD through a computer-based intervention. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 41 (2011), 1543–1555, 10.1007/s10803-011-1179-z.
41. Howlin, P., Goode, S., Hutton, J., Rutter, M., Adult outcome for children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45 (2004), 212–229, 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00215.x.
42. Jacobson, D., Presence revisited: Imagination, competence, and activity in text-based virtual worlds. CyberPsychology & Behavior 4 (2001), 653–673, 10.1089/109493101753376605.
43. Jarrold, W., Mundy, P., Gwaltney, M., Bailenson, J., Hatt, N., McIntyre, N., et al. Social attention in a virtual public speaking task in higher functioning children with autism. Autism Research 6 (2013), 393–410, 10.1002/aur.1302.
44. Josman, N., Ben-Chaim, H.M., Friedrich, S., Weiss, P.L., Effectiveness of virtual reality for teaching street-crossing skills to children and adolescents with autism. International Journal on Disability and Human Development 7 (2008), 49–56, 10.1515/ijdhd.2008.7.1.49.
45. Kandalaft, M.R., Didehbani, N., Krawczyk, D.C., Allen, T.T., Chapman, S.B., Virtual reality social cognition training for young adults with high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 43 (2013), 34–44, 10.1007/s10803-012-1544-6.
46. Kapp, S.K., Gillespie-Lynch, K., Sherman, L.E., Hutman, T., Deficit, difference, or both? Autism and neurodiversity. Developmental Psychology, 49, 2013, 59, 10.1037/a0028353.
47. Ke, F., Im, T., Virtual-reality-based social interaction training for children with high-functioning autism. Journal of Educational Research 106 (2013), 441–461, 10.1080/00220671.2013.832999.
48. Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., Cohen, D., Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry 59 (2002), 809–816 doi:0.1001/archpsyc.59.9.809.
49. Lahiri, U., Warren, Z., Sarkar, N., Design of a gaze-sensitive virtual social interactive system for children with autism. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 19 (2011), 443–452, 10.1109/TNSRE.2011.2153874.
50. Lally, V., Sharples, M., Tracy, F., Bertram, N., Masters, S., Researching the ethical dimensions of mobile, ubiquitous and immersive technology enhanced learning (MUITEL): A thematic review and dialogue. Interactive Learning Environments 20 (2012), 217–238, 10.1080/10494820.2011.607829.
51. MacLeod, A., Lewis, A., Robertson, C., ‘Why should I be like bloody Rain Man?!’ Navigating the autistic identity. British Journal of Special Education 40 (2013), 41–49, 10.1111/1467-8578.12015.
52. Maskey, M., Lowry, J., Rodgers, J., McConachie, H., Parr, J.R., Reducing specific phobia/fear in young people with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) through a virtual reality environment intervention. PloS One, 9, 2014, e100374, 10.1371/journal.pone.0100374.
53. Mikropoulos, T.A., Natsis, A., Educational virtual environments: A ten-year review of empirical research (1999–2009). Computers & Education 56 (2011), 769–780, 10.1016/j.compedu.2010.10.020.
54. Mineo, B.A., Ziegler, W., Gill, S., Salkin, D., Engagement with electronic screen media among students with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 39 (2009), 172–187, 10.1007/s10803-008-0616-0.
55. Mitchell, P., Parsons, S., Leonard, A., Using virtual environments for teaching social understanding to adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37 (2007), 589–600, 10.1007/s10803-006-0189-8.
56. Molloy, H., Vasil, L., The social construction of Asperger syndrome: The pathologising of difference?. Disability & Society 17 (2002), 659–669, 10.1080/0968759022000010434.
57. Moore, D., Cheng, Y., McGrath, P., Powell, N.J., Collaborative virtual environment technology for people with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 20 (2005), 231–243, 10.1177/10883576050200040501.
58. Mundy, P., Crowson, M., Joint attention and early social communication: Implications for research on intervention with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 27 (1997), 653–676 doi:10.1023/A:1025802832021.
59. Nowak, K.L., The influence of anthropomorphism and agency on social judgment in virtual environments. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 9, 2004, 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2004.tb00284.x.
60. Nowak, K., Biocca, F., The effect of the agency and anthropomorphism on users’ sense of telepresence, copresence, and social presence in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments 12 (2003), 481–494, 10.1162/105474603322761289.
61. Parsons, T.D., Ecological validity in virtual reality-based neuropsychological assessment. Khosrow-Pour, M., (eds.) Information science and technology, 3rd edition, 2015, IGI Global, Hershey, 214–223.
62. Parsons, T.D., Bowerly, T., Buckwalter, J.G., Rizzo, A.A., A controlled clinical comparison of attention performance in children with ADHD in a virtual reality classroom compared to standard neuropsychological methods. Child Neuropsychology 13 (2007), 363–381, 10.1080/13825580600943473.
63. Parsons, S., Cobb, S., State-of-the art of virtual reality technologies for children on the autism spectrum. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 26, 2011, 10.1080/08856257.2011.593831 355–336.
64. Parsons, S., Cobb, S., Reflections on the role of the ‘users’: Challenges in a multidisciplinary context of learner-centred design for children on the autism spectrum. International Journal of Research and Method in Education 37 (2014), 421–441, 10.1080/1743727X.2014.890584.
65. Parsons, S., Guldberg, K., MacLeod, A., Jones, G., Prunty, A., Balfe, T., International review of the evidence on best practice in educational provision for children on the autism spectrum. European Journal of Special Needs Education 26 (2011), 47–63, 10.1080/08856257.2011.543532.
66. Parsons, S., Leonard, A., Mitchell, P., Virtual environments for social skills training: Comments from two adolescents with autistic spectrum disorder. Computers & Education 47 (2006), 186–206, 10.1016/j.compedu.2004.10.003.
67. Parsons, S., Mitchell, P., The potential of virtual reality in social skills training for people with autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 46 (2002), 430–443, 10.1046/j.1365-2788.2002.00425.x.
68. Parsons, S., Mitchell, P., Leonard, A., The use and understanding of virtual environments by adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 34 (2004), 449–466 doi:10.1023/B: JADD.0000037421.98517.8d.
69. Parsons, S., Mitchell, P., Leonard, A., Do adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders adhere to social conventions in virtual environments?. Autism 9 (2005), 95–117, 10.1177/1362361305049032.
70. Pellicano, E., Dinsmore, A., Charman, T., What should autism research focus upon? Community views and priorities from the United Kingdom. Autism 18 (2014), 756–770, 10.1177/1362361314529627.
71. Petticrew, M., Roberts, H., Systematic reviews in the social sciences: A practical guide. 2008, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.
72. Ploog, B.O., Scharf, A., Nelson, D., Brooks, P.J., Use of computer-assisted technologies (CAT) to enhance social, communicative, and language development in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 43 (2013), 301–322, 10.1007/s10803-012-1571-3.
73. Rajendran, G., Virtual environments and autism: A developmental psychopathological approach. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 29 (2013), 334–347, 10.1111/jcal.12006.
74. Ramdoss, S., Lang, R., Mulloy, A., Franco, J., O'Reilly, M., Didden, R., et al. Use of computer-based interventions to teach communication skills to children with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Behavioral Education 20 (2011), 55–76, 10.1007/s10864-010-9112-7.
75. Ramdoss, S., Machalicek, W., Rispoli, M., Mulloy, A., Lang, R., O'Reilly, M., Computer-based interventions to improve social and emotional skills in individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Developmental Neurorehabilitation 15 (2012), 119–135, 10.3109/17518423.2011.651655.
76. Reed, F.D.D., Hyman, S.R., Hirst, J.M., Applications of technology to teach social skills to children with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 5 (2011), 1003–1010.
77. Riby, D., Hancock, P.J., Looking at movies and cartoons: Eye-tracking evidence from Williams syndrome and autism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 53 (2009), 169–181, 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01142.x.
78. Richardson, A.E., Powers, M.E., Bousquet, L.G., Video game experience predicts virtual, but not real navigation performance. Computers in Human Behavior 27 (2011), 552–560, 10.1016/j.chb.2010.10.003.
79. Rideout, M.A., Foehr, U.G., Roberts, D.F., Generation M2: Media in the lives of 8-to-18-year-olds. A Kaiser family foundation study. 2010 Retrieved on July 15th, 2015 from http://kff.org/other/report/generation-m2-media-in-the-lives-of-8-to-18-year-olds/.
80. Riva, G., Virtual reality in psychotherapy: review. Cyberpsychology & Behavior 8:3 (2005), 220–230.
81. Riva, G., Banos, R.M., Botella, C., Wiederhold, B.K., Gaggioli, A., Positive technology: Using interactive technologies to promote positive functioning. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 15 (2012), 69–77, 10.1089/cyber.2011.0139.
82. Riva, G., Mantovani, F., Extending the self through the tools and the others: A general framework for presence and social presence in mediated interactions. Riva, G., Waterworth, J., Murray, D., (eds.) Interacting with presence: HCI and the sense of presence in computer-mediated environments, 2014, De Gruyter Open, 9–31, 10.2478/9783110409697.1.
83. Riva, G., Waterworth, J., Murray, D., Interacting with presence: HCI and the sense of presence in computer-mediated environments. 2014, De Gruyter Open, Warsaw, 10.2478/9783110409697.
84. Robertson A. & Zelenko, M. (nd) Voices from a virtual past – An oral history of a technology whose time has come again. Retrieved on June 24th, 2015 from http://www.theverge.com/a/virtual-reality/oral_history.
85. Rosset, D.B., Rondan, C., Da Fonseca, D., Santos, A., Assouline, B., Deruelle, C., Typical emotion processing for cartoon but not for real faces in children with autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 38 (2008), 919–925, 10.1007/s10803-007-0465-2.
86. Russell, J., Hill, E.L., Action-monitoring and intention reporting in children with autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 42 (2001), 317–328, 10.1111/1469-7610.00725.
87. Russell, J., Jarrold, C., Error-correction problems in autism: Evidence for a monitoring impairment?. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 28 (1998), 177–188, 10.1023/A:1026009203333.
88. Russell, J., Jarrold, C., Memory for actions in children with autism: Self versus other. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 4 (1999), 303–331, 10.1080/135468099395855.
89. Sacau, A., Laarni, J., Hartmann, T., Influence of individual factors on presence. Computers in Human Behavior 24 (2008), 2255–2273, 10.1016/j.chb.2007.11.001.
90. Sanchez-Vives, M.V., Slater, M., From presence to consciousness through virtual reality. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6 (2005), 332–339, 10.1038/nrn1651.
91. Sander, T., Positive computing. Biswas-Diener, R., (eds.) Positive psychology as social change, 2011, Springer, London, 309–326, 10.1007/978-90-481-9938-9_17.
92. Santos, B.S., Dias, P., Pimentel, A., Baggerman, J.W., Ferreira, C., Silva, S., et al. Head-mounted display versus desktop for 3D navigation in virtual reality: A user study. Multimedia Tools and Applications 41 (2009), 161–181, 10.1007/s11042-008-0223-2.
93. Schmidt, M., Laffey, J.M., Schmidt, C.T., Wang, X., Stichter, J., Developing methods for understanding social behavior in a 3D virtual learning environment. Computers in Human Behavior 28 (2012), 405–413, 10.1016/j.chb.2011.10.011.
94. Schroeder, R., (eds.) The social life of avatars: Presence and interaction in shared virtual environments, 2002, Springer-Verlag, London, 10.1007/978-1-4471-0277-9.
95. Schwartz, C., Bente, G., Gawronski, A., Schilbach, L., Vogeley, K., Responses to nonverbal behaviour of dynamic virtual characters in high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 40 (2010), 100–111, 10.1007/s10803-009-0843-z.
96. Seale, J., Nind, M., Parsons, S., Special issue editorial: ‘Inclusive research in education: Contributions to method and debate. International Journal of Research and Method in Education 37 (2014), 347–356.
97. Self, T., Scudder, R.R., Weheba, G., Crumrine, D., A virtual approach to teaching safety skills to children with autism spectrum disorder. Topics in Language Disorders 27 (2007), 242–253, 10.1097/01.TLD.0000285358.33545.79.
98. Shakespeare, T., The social model of disability. Davis, L.J., (eds.) The disability studies reader, 2nd ed., 2006, Routledge, New York, 197–205.
99. Shane, H.C., Laubscher, E.H., Schlosser, R.W., Flynn, S., Sorce, J.F., Abramson, J., Applying technology to visually support language and communication in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 42 (2012), 1228–1235, 10.1007/s10803-011-1304-z.
100. Slater, M., How colorful was your day? Why questionnaires cannot assess presence in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments 13 (2004), 484–493, 10.1162/1054746041944849.
101. Slater, M., Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (2009), 3549–3557, 10.1098/rstb.2009.0138.
102. So, H.J., Brush, T.A., Student perceptions of collaborative learning, social presence and satisfaction in a blended learning environment: Relationships and critical factors. Computers & Education 51 (2008), 318–336, 10.1016/j.compedu.2007.05.009.
103. Speer, L.L., Cook, A.E., McMahon, W.M., Clark, E., Face processing in children with autism effects of stimulus contents and type. Autism 11 (2007), 265–277, 10.1177/1362361307076925.
104. Standen, P.J., Brown, D.J., Virtual reality in the rehabilitation of people with intellectual disabilities: Review. Cyberpsychology & Behavior 8 (2005), 272–282, 10.1089/cpb.2005.8.272.
105. Stichter, J.P., Laffey, J., Galyen, K., Herzog, M., iSocial: Delivering the social competence intervention for adolescents (SCI-A) in a 3D virtual learning environment for youth with high functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 44 (2014), 417–430, 10.1007/s10803-013-1881-0.
106. Sylaiou, S., Mania, K., Paliokas, I., Killintzis, V., Liarokapis, F., Patias, P., Exploring the effect of diverse technologies incorporated in virtual museums on visitors’ perceived sense of presence. Intelligent environments, workshop proceedings of 9th international conference on intelligent environments, 2013, 493–506, 10.3233/978-1-61499-286-8 http://ebooks.iospress.nl/volume/workshop-proceedings-of-the-9th-international-conference-on-intelligent-environments.
107. Trepagnier, C.G., Virtual environments for the investigation and rehabilitation of cognitive and perceptual impairments. NeuroRehabilitation 12 (1999), 63–72.
108. Vinayagamoorthy, V., Steed, A., Slater, M., Building characters: Lessons drawn from virtual environments. Proceedings of ‘toward social mechanisms of android science: A CogSci 2005 workshop’, 2005, 119–126 Retrieved on July 15th, 2015 from http://www.androidscience.com/proceedings2005/VinayagamoorthyCogSci2005AS.pdf.
109. Wainer, A.L., Ingersoll, B.R., The use of innovative computer technology for teaching social communication to individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 5 (2011), 96–107, 10.1016/j.rasd.2010.08.002.
110. Wallace, S., Parsons, S., Bailey, A., Self-reported sense of presence and responses to social stimuli by adolescents with ASD in a collaborative virtual reality environment. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 2016 (in press).
111. Wallace, S., Parsons, S., Westbury, A., White, K., White, K., Bailey, A., Sense of presence and atypical social judgments in immersive virtual reality: Responses of adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders. Autism 14 (2010), 199–213, 10.1177/1362361310363283.
112. Waller, D., Individual differences in spatial learning from computer-simulated environments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 6, 2000, 307, 10.1037/1076-898X.6.4.307.
113. Wass, S.V., Porayska-Pomsta, K., The uses of cognitive training technologies in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders. Autism 18 (2014), 851–871, 10.1177/1362361313499827.
114. Weiss, P.L.T., Naveh, Y., Katz, N., Design and testing of a virtual environment to train stroke patients with unilateral spatial neglect to cross a street safely. Occupational Therapy International 10 (2003), 39–55, 10.1002/oti.176.
115. Witmer, B.G., Jerome, C.J., Singer, M.J., The factor structure of the presence questionnaire. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments 14 (2005), 298–312, 10.1162/105474605323384654.
116. Yee, N., Bailenson, J.N., Urbanek, M., Chang, F., Merget, D., The unbearable likeness of being digital: The persistence of nonverbal social norms in online virtual environments. CyberPsychology & Behavior 10 (2007), 115–121, 10.1089/cpb.2006.9984.