A controlled clinical comparison of attention performance in children with ADHD in a virtual reality classroom compared to standard neuropsychological methods

Child Neuropsychology

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 363-381

  Parsons, Thomas D ^a,b,d   Bowerly, Todd ^a   Buckwalter, J Galen ^c   Rizzo, Albert A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c KAISER PERMANENTE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d Office 301 ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; Neurocognitive; Virtual Reality

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BODY MOVEMENT; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; ECOLOGY; ETHNICITY; HANDEDNESS; HUMAN; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PERFORMANCE; PILOT STUDY; SCHOOL CHILD; SIMULATION; VIRTUAL REALITY;

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ATTENTION; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; COGNITION; COMPUTER SIMULATION; HUMANS; MALE; MOTOR ACTIVITY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PILOT PROJECTS; PSYCHOMETRICS; REACTION TIME; TASK PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS; USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE;

EID: 34250355073     PISSN: 09297049     EISSN: 17444136     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13825580600943473     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Abikoff, H., Courtney, M., Pelham, W. E. Jr., & Koplewicz, H. S. (1993). Teachers' ratings of disruptive behaviors: The influence of halo effects. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 519-533.
2. Barkley, R. A. (1991). The ecological validity of laboratory and analogue assessment methods of ADHD symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 19, 149-178.
3. Barkley, R. A. (1997). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, self-regulation, and time: Toward a more comprehensive theory. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 18, 271-279.
4. Barkley, R. A. (2000). Genetics of childhood disorders: xvii. ADHD, Part 1: The executive functions and ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1064-1068.
5. Barkley, R. A. (2004). Driving impairments in teens and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The Psychiatric clinics of North America, 27, 233-260.
6. Barkley, R., & Grodzinsky, G. (1994). Are tests of frontal-lobe functions useful in the diagnosis of attention-deficit disorders. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 8, 121-139.
7. Barkley, R. A., Grodzinsky, G., & DuPaul, G. J. (1992). Frontal lobe functions in attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: A review and research report. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 163-188.
8. Baumgartner, T., Valko, L., Esslen, M., & Jancke, L. (2006). Neural correlate of spatial presence in an arousing and noninteractive virtual reality: An EEG and psychophysiology study. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 9, 30-45.
9. Benton, A. L., Sivan, A. B., Hamsher, K., Varney, N. R., & Spreen, O. (1983). Contributions to neuropsychological assessment. New York: Oxford University Press.
10. Biederman, J. (2005). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A selective overview. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1215-1220.
11. Bleckley, M. K., Durso, F. T., Crutchfield, J. M., Engle, R. W., & Khanna, M. M. (2003). Individual differences in working memory capacity predict visual attention allocation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10, 884-889.
12. Brooks, B. M., & Rose, F. D. (2003). The use of virtual reality in memory rehabilitation: Current findings and future directions. NeuroRehabilitation, 18, 147-157.
13. Brooks, B. M., Rose, F. D., Potter, J., Jayawardena, S., & Morling, A. (2004). Assessing stroke patients' prospective memory using virtual reality. Brain Injury, 18, 391-401.
14. Buckwalter, J. G., & Rizzo, A. A. (1997). Virtual reality and the neuropsychological assessment of persons with neurologically based cognitive impairments. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 39, 17-21.
15. Burgess, N., Trinkler, I., King, J., Kennedy, A., & Cipolotti, L. (2006). Impaired allocentric spatial memory underlying topographical disorientation. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 17, 239-251.
16. Chaytor, N., Schmitter-Edgecombe, M., & Burr, R. (2006). Improving the ecological validity of executive functioning assessment. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 217-227.
17. Cho, B. H., Ku, J., Jang, D., Lee, J., Oh, M., Kim, H., et al. (2002a). Clinical test for attention enhancement system. Studies in health technology and informatics, 85, 89-95.
18. Cho, B. H., Ku, J., Jang, D. P., Kim, S., Lee, Y. H., Kim, I. Y., et al. (2002b). The effect of virtual reality cognitive training for attention enhancement. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 5, 129-137.
19. Cho, B. H., Kim, S., Shin, D. I., Lee, J. H., Lee, S. M., Kim, I. Y., et al. (2004). Neurofeedback training with virtual reality for inattention and impulsiveness. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 7, 519-526.
20. Clancy, T. A., Rucklidge, J. J., & Owen, D. (2006). Road-crossing safety in virtual reality: A comparison of adolescents with and without ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 203-215.
21. Conners, C. K. (2000). Conners CPT II for windows. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems.
22. Corkum, P. V., & Siegel, L. S. (1993). Is the continuous performance task a valuable research tool for use with children with attention-deficit- hyperactivity disorder? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 1217-1239.
23. Eliason, M. J., & Richman, L. C. (1987). The continuous performance test in learning disabled and nondisabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 20, 614-619.
24. Elkind, J. S., Rubin, E., Rosenthal, S., Skoff, B., & Prather, P. (2001). A simulated reality scenario compared with the computerized Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: An analysis of preliminary results. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 4, 489-496.
25. Farias, S. T., Harrell, E., Neumann, C., & Houtz, A. (2003). The relationship between neuropsychological performance and daily functioning in individuals with Alzheimer's disease: Ecological validity of neuropsychological tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18, 655-672.
26. Gioia, G. A., & Isquith, P. K. (2004). Ecological assessment of executive function in traumatic brain injury. Developmental Neuropsychology, 25, 135-158.
27. Golden, C. J. (1978). Stroop color and word test. Chicago, IL: Stoelting.
28. Grodzinsky, G., & Barkley, R. (1999). Predictive power of frontal lobe tests in the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13, 12-21.
29. Grodzinsky, G., & Diamond, R. (1992). Frontal-lobe functioning in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Neuropsychology, 8, 427-445.
30. Kaplan, E. F., Goodglass, H., & Weintraub, S. (1983). The Boston Naming Test (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Febiger.
31. Kennedy, R. S., Fowlkes, J. E., Berbaum, K. S., & Lilienthal, M. G. (1992). Use of a motion sickness history questionnaire for prediction of simulator sickness. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 63, 588-593.
32. Korkman, M., Kirk, U., & Kemp, S. (1997). NEPSY. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
33. Lahey, B., Pelham, W., Chronis, A., Massetti, G., Kipp, H., Ehrhardt, A., et al. (2006). Predictive validity of ICD-10 hyperkinetic disorder relative to DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among younger children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 472-479.
34. Lengenfelder, J., Schultheis, M. T., Al-Shihabi, T., Mourant, R., & DeLuca, J. (2002). Divided attention and driving: A pilot study using virtual reality technology. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 17, 26-37.
35. Losier, B. J., McGrath, P. J., & Klein, R. M. (1996). Error patterns on the continuous performance test in non-medicated and medicated samples of children with and without ADHD: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 971-987.
36. McClusky, D. A. 3rd, Ritter, E. M., Lederman, A. B., Gallagher, A. G., & Smith, C. D. (2005). Correlation between perceptual, visuo-spatial, and psychomotor aptitude to duration of training required to reach performance goals on the MIST-VR surgical simulator. The American Surgeon, 71, 13-20.
37. Morganti, F. (2004). Virtual interaction in cognitive neuropsychology. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 99, 55-70.
38. Nichols, S. L., & Waschbusch, D. A. (2004). A review of the validity of laboratory cognitive tasks used to assess symptoms of ADHD. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 34, 297-315.
39. Nigg, J. T. (1999). The ADHD response-inhibition deficit as measured by the stop task: Replication with DSM-IV combined type, extension, and qualification. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 393-402.
40. Odhuba, R. A., van den Broek, M. D., & Johns, L. C. (2005). Ecological validity of measures of executive functioning. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 269-278.
41. Pani, J. R., Chariker, J. H., Dawson, T. E., & Johnson, N. (2005). Acquiring new spatial intuitions: Learning to reason about rotations. Cognitive Psychology, 51, 285-333.
42. Parslow, D. M., Morris, R. G., Fleminger, S., Rahman, Q., Abrahams, S., & Recce, M. (2005). Allocentric spatial memory in humans with hippocampal lesions. Acta Psychologica, 118, 123-147.
43. Parsons, T. D., Larson, P., Kratz, K., Thiebaux, M., Bluestein, B., Buckwalter, J. G., et al. (2004). Sex differences in mental rotation and spatial rotation in a virtual environment. Neuropsychologia, 42, 555-562.
44. Phelps, A., Fritchle, A., & Hoffman, H. (2004). Passive vs. Active virtual reality learning: The effects on short- and long-term memory of anatomical structures. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 98, 298-300.
45. Pineda, D., Ardila, A., Rosselli, M., Cadavid, C., Mancheno, S., & Mejia, S. (1998). Executive dysfunctions in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. International Journal of Neuroscience, 96, 177-196.
46. Plehn, K., Marcopulos, B. A., & McLain, C. A. (2004). The relationship between neuropsychological test performance, social functioning, and instrumental activities of daily living in a sample of rural older adults. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 18, 101-113.
47. Rapport, M. D., Chung, K. M., Shore, G., Denney, C. B., & Isaacs, P. (2000). Upgrading the science and technology of assessment and diagnosis: Laboratory and clinic-based assessment of children with adhd. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 555-568.
48. Rapport, L. J., Van Voorhis, A., Tzelepis, A., & Friedman, S. R. (2001). Executive functioning in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15, 479-491.
49. Ready, R. E., Stierman, L., & Paulsen, J. S. (2001). Ecological validity of neuropsychological and personality measures of executive functions. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15, 314-323.
50. Reitan, R. (1992). Trail making test manual for administration and scoring. Tucson, AZ: Reitan Neuropsychology Laboratory.
51. Reitan, R. M. (1971). Trail making test results for normal and brain-damaged children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 33, 575-581.
52. Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (2004). The trail making test as an initial screening procedure for neuropsychological impairment in older children. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 281-288.
53. Rizzo, A. A., & Buckwalter, J. G. (1997a). The status of virtual reality for the cognitive rehabilitation of persons with neurological disorders and acquired brain injury. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 39, 22-33.
54. Rizzo, A. A., & Buckwalter, J. G. (1997b). Virtual reality and cognitive assessment and rehabilitation: The state of the art. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 44, 123-145.
55. Rizzo, A., Buckwalter, J., Bowerly, T., van der Zaag, C., Humphrey, L., Neumann, U., et al. (2000). The virtual classroom: A virtual reality environment for the assessment and rehabilitation of attention deficits. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 3, 483-499.
56. Rizzo, A., Bowerly, T., Buckwalter, J., Shahabi, C., Kim, L., Sharifzadeh, M., et al. (2003). Virtual environments for the assessment of cognitive and functional abilities: Results from the virtual classroom and office. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 100-100.
57. Rizzo, A., Bowerly, T., Shahabi, C., Buckwalter, J., Klimchuk, D., & Mitura, R. (2004). Diagnosing attention disorders in a virtual classroom. Computer, 37, 87-89.
58. Rizzo, A., Bowerly, T., Buckwalter, J., Klimchuk, D., Mitura, R., & Parsons, T. (2006). A virtual reality scenario for all seasons: The virtual classroom. CNS Spectrums, 11, 35-44.
59. Rose, F. D., Brooks, B. M., & Rizzo, A. A. (2005). Virtual reality in brain damage rehabilitation: Review. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 8, 241-262.
60. Sayal, K., & Taylor, E. (2005). Parent ratings of school behaviour in children at risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 111, 460-465.
61. Schachar, R., Mota, V. L., Logan, G. D., Tannock, R., & Klim, P. (2000). Confirmation of an inhibitory control deficit in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 227-235.
62. Scheres, A., Oosterlaan, J., Geurts, H., Morein-Zamir, S., Meiran, N., Schut, H., et al. (2004). Executive functioning in boys with adhd: Primarily an inhibition deficit? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 569-594.
63. Schultheis, M. T., Himelstein, J., & Rizzo, A. A. (2002). Virtual reality and neuropsychology: Upgrading the current tools. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 17, 378-394.
64. Scotti, J. R., Morris, T. L., McNeil, C. B., & Hawkins, R. P. (1996). DSM-IV and disorders of childhood and adolescence: Can structural criteria be functional? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1177-1191.
65. Silver, C. H. (2000). Ecological validity of neuropsychological assessment in childhood traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 15, 973-988.
66. Swanson, J. J., Schuck, S., Mann, M., Carlson, M., Hartman, K., Sergeant, J., et al. (No Date). Categorical and dimensional definitions and evaluations of symptoms of ADHD: The SNAP and the SWAN rating scales. University of California at Irvine.
67. Wechsler, D. (1991). Wechsler intelligence scale for children (3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
68. Wolbers, T., Weiller, C., & Buchel, C. (2004). Neural foundations of emerging route knowledge in complex spatial environments. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research, 21, 401-411.