School ethnic composition and bullying in Canadian schools

International Journal of Behavioral Development

Volumn 40, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 431-441

  Vitoroulis, Irene ^a   Brittain, Heather ^a   Vaillancourt, Tracy ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

bullying; school ethnic composition; victimization

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; BULLYING; CANADA; CANADIAN; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; ETHNICITY; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; MALE; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; SCHOOL; SCHOOL ETHNIC COMPOSITION; VICTIM;

EID: 84983082756     PISSN: 01650254     EISSN: 14640651     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0165025415603490     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Aboud F. E., Mendelson M. J., Purdy K. T., (2003). Cross-race peer relations and friendship quality. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 165-173. doi:10.1080/01650250244000164
2. Agirdag O., Demanet J., Van Houtte M., Van Avermaet P., (2011). Ethnic school composition and peer victimization: A focus on the interethnic school climate. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 465-473. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.09.009
3. Baerveldt C., van Duijn M. A. J., Vermeij L., van Hemert D. A., (2004). Ethnic boundaries and personal choice. Assessing the influence of individual inclinations to choose intra-ethnic relationships on pupils networks. Social Networks, 26, 55-74. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2004.01.003
4. Bagwell C. L., Schmidt M. E., (2011). Friendships in childhood and adolescence. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
5. Barth J. M., McDonald K. L., Lochman J. E., Boxmeyer C., Powell N., Dilon C., Sallee M., (2013). Racial composition on interracial peer relationships. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 83, 231-243. doi:10.1111/ajop.12026231
6. Beiser M., (2005). The health of immigrants and refugees in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 96, S30-S43.
7. Bellmore A., Nishina A., You J. I., Ma T. L., (2012). School context protective factors against peer ethnic discrimination across the high school years. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49, 98-111. doi:10.1007/s10464-011-9443-0
8. Bellmore A. D., Nishina A., Witkow M. R., Juvonen J., (2007). The influence of classroom ethnic composition on same- and other-ethnicity peer nominations in middle school. Social Development, 16, 720-740. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00404.x
9. Bellmore A. D., Witkow M. R., Graham S., Juvonen J., (2004). Beyond the individual: The impact of ethnic context and classroom behavioral norms on victims' adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 40, 1159-1172. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1159
10. Berry J. W., (2013). Research on multiculturalism in Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37, 663-675. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.09.005
11. Berry J. W., Kalin R., (1995). Multicultural and ethnic attitudes in Canada: An overview of the 1991 national survey. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 27, 301-320. doi:10.1037/0008-400X.27.3.301
12. Berry J. W., Phinney J. S., Sam D. L., Vedder P., (2006). Immigrant youth in cultural transition: Acculturation, identity and adaptation across national contexts. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
13. Bigler R. S., Liben L. S., (2007). Developmental intergroup theory: Explaining and reducing children's social stereotyping and prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 162-166. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00496.x
14. Chen X., Tse C. H., (2008). Social functioning and adjustment in Canadian-born children with Chinese and European backgrounds. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1184-1189. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.4.1184
15. Closson L. M., Darwich L., Hymel S., Waterhouse T., (2014). Ethnic discrimination among recent immigrant adolescents: Variations as a function of ethnicity and school context. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 2, 608-614. doi:10.1111/jora.12089
16. Dejaeghere Y., Hooghe M., Claes E., (2012). Do ethnically diverse schools reduce ethnocentrism? A two-year panel study among majority group late adolescents in Belgian school. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36, 108-117. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.02.010
17. Duffy A. L., Nesdale D., (2008). Peer groups, social identity, and children's bullying behaviour. Social Development, 18, 121-139. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00484.x
18. Durkin K., Hunter S., Levin K. A., Bergin D., Heim D., Howe C., (2012). Discriminatory peer aggression among children as a function of minority status and group proportion in school context. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 243-251. doi:10.1002/ejsp.870
19. Dyson L. L., (2005). The lives of recent Chinese immigrant children in Canadian society: Values, aspirations, and social experiences. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 37, 49-66.
20. Eslea M., Mukhtar K., (2000). Bullying and racism among Asian school children in Britain. Educational Research, 2, 202-217. doi:10.1080/001318800363845
21. Fandrem H., Strohemeier D., Jonsdottir K. A., (2012). Peer groups and victimization among native and immigrant adolescents in Norway. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 17, 273-285. doi:/10.1080/13632752.2012.704308
22. Feddes A. R., Noack P., Rutland A., (2009). Direct and extended friendship effects on minority and majority children's interethnic attitudes: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 80, 377-390. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01266.x.
23. Gini G., (2006). Bullying as a social process: The role of group membership in students' perception of inter-group aggression at school. Journal of School Psychology, 44, 51-65. doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2005.12.002
24. Graham S., (2006). Peer victimization in school: Exploring the ethnic context. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 317-321. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00460.x
25. Graham S., Juvonen J., (2002). Ethnicity, peer harassment, and adjustment in middle school: An exploratory study. Journal of Early Adolescence, 22, 173-199. doi:10.1177/0272431602022002003
26. Graham S., Bellmore A., Nishina A., Juvonen J., (2009). 'It must be me ': Ethnic diversity and attributions for peer victimization in middle school. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 487-499. doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9386-4
27. Griffiths J. A., Nesdale D., (2006). In-group and out-group attitudes of ethnic majority and minority children. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 735-749. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2006.05.001
28. Hamm J. V., Brown B. B., Heck D. J., (2005). Bridging the ethnic divide: Student and school characteristics in African American, Asian-descent, Latino, and White adolescents' cross-ethnic friend nominations. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15, 21-46. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2005.00085.x
29. Hanish L. D., Guerra N. G., (2000). The roles of ethnicity and school context in predicting children's victimization by peers. American Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 201-223. doi:10.1023/A:1005187201519
30. Hoglund W. L. G., Hosan N. E., (2012). The context of ethnicity: Peer victimization and adjustment problems in early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 33, 585-609. doi:10.1177/0272431612451925
31. Jackson M. F., Barth J. M., Powell N., Lochman J. E., (2006). Classroom contextual effects of race on children's peer nominations. Child Development, 77, 1325-1337. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00937.x
32. Juvonen J., Nishina A., Graham S., (2006). Ethnic diversity and perceptions of safety in urban middle schools. Psychological Science, 17, 393-400. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01718.x
33. Kowalski R. M., Giumetti G. W., Schroeder A. N., Lattanner M. R., (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 14, 1073-137. doi:10.1037/a0035618
34. Kupczynski L., Mundy M. A., Green M. E., (2013). The prevalence of cyberbullying among ethnic groups of high school students. International Journal of Educational Research, 1, 48-53.
35. Larochette A. C., Murphy A. N., Craig W. M., (2010). Racial bullying and victimization in Canadian school-aged children: Individual and school level effects. School Psychology International, 31, 389-408. doi:10.1177/0143034310377150
36. Low S., Espelage D., (2013). Differentiating cyber bullying perpetration from non-physical bullying: Commonalities across race, individual, and family predictors. Psychology of Violence, 3, 39-52. doi:10.1037/a0030308
37. McGlothlin H., Killen M., (2010). How social experience is related to children's intergroup attitudes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 625-634. doi:10.1002/ejsp.733
38. McKenney K. S., Pepler D., Craig W., Connolly J., (2006). Peer victimization and psychosocial adjustment: The experiences of Canadian immigrant youth. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 9, 239-264.
39. Mehari K. R., Farrell A. D., (2015). The relation between peer victimization and adolescents' well-being: The moderating role of ethnicity within context. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 25, 118-134. doi:10.1111/jora.12095
40. Modecki K. L., Minchin J., Harbaugh A. G., Guerra N. G., Runions K. C., (2014). Bullying prevalence across contexts: A meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55, 602-611. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.00
41. Moody J., (2001). Race, school integration, and friendship segregation in America. American Journal of Sociology, 3, 679-716.
42. Moran S., Smith P. K., Thompson D., Whitney I., (1993). Ethnic differences in experiences of bullying: Asian and White children. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 63, 431-440. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1993.tb01069.x
43. Muthén K., Muthén B. O., (1998-2012). Mplus user's guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Múthen & Múthen.
44. Nesdale D., Durkin K., Maass A., Griffiths J., (2004). Group status, outgroup ethnicity and children's ethnic attitudes. Applied Developmental Psychology, 25, 237-251. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2004.02.005
45. Nesdale D., Maass A., Durkin K., Griffiths J., (2005). Group norms, threat, and children's racial prejudice. Child Development, 76, 652-663. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00869.x
46. Nesdale D., Maass A., Griffiths J., Durkin K., (2003). Effects of in-group and out-group ethnicity on children's attitudes towards members of the in-group and out-group. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21, 177-192. doi:10.1348/026151003765264039
47. Nesdale D., Scarlett M., (2004). Effects of group and situational factors on pre-adolescent children's attitudes to school bullying. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 428-434. doi:10.1080/01650250444000144
48. Ochocka J., (2006). Pathways to success: Immigrant youth in high school. Centre for Community Based Research. Kitchener, Canada: Centre for Research and Education in Human Services, Wilfrid Laurier University.
49. Ojala K., Nesdale D., (2004). Bullying and social identity: The effects of group norms and distinctiveness threat on attitudes towards bullying. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22, 19-35. doi:10.1348/026151004772901096
50. Olweus D., (1996). Bullying at school: Knowledge base and an effective intervention program. In Ferris C. F., Grisso T., (Eds.), Understanding aggressive behaviour in children. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (Vol. 794, pp. 265-276). New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb32527.x
51. Olweus D., (1999). Norway. In Smith P. K., Morita Y., Junger-Tas J., Olweus D., Catalano R., Slee P., (Eds), The nature of school bullying: a cross-national perspective. London/New York: Routledge.
52. Oxman-Martinez J., Rummens A. J., Moreau J., Choi Y. R., Beiser M., Ogilvie L., Armstrong R., (2012). Perceived ethnic discrimination and social exclusion: Newcomer immigrant children in Canada. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82, 376-388. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01161.x
53. Pepler D., Connolly J., Craig W., (1999). Bullying and harassment: Experiences of minority and immigrant youth. Research report 1997-98. CERIS-funded project, 980.
54. Pettigrew T. F., (1998). Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 65-85. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65
55. Pettigrew T. F., Tropp L. R., (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Interpersonal Relations and Group Processes, 90, 751-783. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
56. Rivers I., Smith P. K., (1994). Types of bullying behaviour and their correlates. Aggressive Behavior, 20, 359-368. doi:10.1002/1098-2337
57. Sabatier C., Berry J. W., (2008). The role of family acculturation, parental style, and perceived discrimination in the adaptation of second-generation immigrant youth in France and Canada. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 5, 159-185. doi:10.1080/17405620701608739
58. Salmivalli C., (2010). Bullying and the peer group: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15, 112-120. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.007
59. Sawyer A. L., Bradshaw C. P., O'Brennan L. M., (2008). Examining ethnic, gender, and developmental differences in the way children report being a victim of 'bullying' on self-report measures. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43, 106-114. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.12.011
60. Schumann L., Craig W., Rosu A., (2014). Power differentials in bullying: Individuals in a community context. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29, 846-865. doi:10.1177/0886260513505708
61. Shapka J. D., Law D. M., (2013). Does one size fit all? Ethnic differences in parenting behaviors and motivations for adolescent engagement in cyberbullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 723-738. doi:10.1007/s10964-013-9928-2
62. Smith P. K., Thompso F., Bhatti S., (2012). Ethnicity, gender, bullying and cyberbullying in English secondary school pupils [Bullying i cyberbullying a pochodzenie i pewród uczniów angielskiej szkoy]. Studia Edukacyjne, 23, 7-18. Adam Mickiewicz University Press.
63. Statistics Canada. (2010). Profile of internationally-educated immigrants aged 25 to 64. Catalogue no. 81-595-M No. 084. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/81-595-m/2010084/e2-eng.htm
64. Statistics Canada. (2011). Immigration and ethnocultural diversity in Canada. Catalogue no. 99-010-X. Retrieved from http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-010-x/99-010-x2011001-eng.cfm
65. Stefanek E., Strohmeier D., van de Schoot R., Spiel C., (2012). Bullying and victimization in ethnically diverse schools. In Messer M., Schroeder R., Wodak R., (Eds.), Migrations: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 79-88). Vienna, Austria: Springer.
66. Thijs J., Verkuyten M., Grundel M., (2014). Ethnic classroom composition and peer victimization: The moderating role of classroom attitudes. Journal of Social Issues, 70, 134-150. doi:10.1111/josi.12051
67. Tippett N., Wolke D., Platt L., (2013). Ethnicity and bullying involvement in a national UK youth sample. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 639-649. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.03.013
68. Tolsma J., van Deurzen I., Stark T. H., Veenstra R., (2013). Who is bullying whom in ethnically diverse primary schools? Exploring links between bullying, ethnicity, and ethnic diversity in Dutch primary schools. Social Networks, 35, 51-61. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2012.12.002
69. Tropp L. R., O'Brien T. C., Migacheva K., (2014). How peer norms of inclusion and exclusion predict children's interest in cross-ethnic friendships. Journal of Social Issues, 70, 151-166. doi:10.1111/josi.12052
70. UNICEF Office of Research. (2013). Child well-being in rich countries: A comparative review. Innocenti Report Card 11,. UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. Retrieved from http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/rc11-eng.pdf
71. Vaillancourt T., McDougall P., Hymel S., Krygsman A., Miller J., Stiver K., Davis C., (2008). Bullying: Are researchers and children/youth talking about the same thing? International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32, 486-495. doi:10.1177/0165025408095553
72. Vaillancourt T., Trinh V., McDougall P., Duku E., Cunningham L., Cunningham C.,... Short K., (2010). Optimizing population screening of bullying in school-aged children. Journal of School Violence, 9, 233-250. doi:10.1080/15388220.2010.483182
73. van Zalk M. H. W., Kerr M., (2014). Developmental trajectories of prejudice and tolerance toward immigrant from early to late adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 1658-1671. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0164-1
74. Verkuyten M., Martinovic B., (2006). Understanding multicultural attitudes: The role of group status, identification, friendships and justifying ideologies. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 1-18. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.05.015
75. Verkuyten M., Thijs J., (2002). Racist victimization among children in the Netherlands: The effect of ethnic group and school. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 25, 310-331. doi:10.1080/01419870120109502
76. Vermeij L., van Duijn M. A. J., Baerveldt C., (2009). Ethnic segregation in context: Social discrimination among native Dutch pupils and their ethnic minority classmates. Social Networks, 31, 230-239. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2009.06.002
77. Vervoort M. H. M, Scholte R. H. J., Overbeek G., (2010). Bullying and victimization among adolescents: The role of ethnicity and ethnic composition of school class. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 1-11. doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9355-y
78. Vervoort M. H. M., Scholte R. H. J., Sheepers P. L. H., (2010). Ethnic composition of school classes, majority-minority friendships, and adolescents' intergroup attitudes in the Netherlands. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 257-267. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.05.005
79. Vitoroulis I., Vaillancourt T., (2015). Meta-analytic results of ethnic group differences in peer victimization. Aggressive Behavior, 41, 149-170. doi:10.1002/AB.21564
80. Whitney I., Smith P. K., (1993). A survey of the nature and extent of bullying in junior/middle and secondary schools. Educational Research, 35, 3-25. doi:10.1080/0013188930350101