Lifestyle factors in cancer survivorship: Where we are and where we are headed

Journal of Personalized Medicine

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 243-263

  Vijayvergia, Namrata ^a   Denlinger, Crystal S ^a  

^a FOX CHASE CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer survivorship; Dietary factors; Lifestyle factors; Physical activity; Smoking

Indexed keywords

BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER RISK; CANCER SURVIVOR; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COMORBIDITY; DIET; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); METABOLIC DISORDER; NEOPLASM; OBESITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; REVIEW; SMOKING; SMOKING CESSATION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); WEIGHT REDUCTION;

EID: 84981764009     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20754426     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/jpm5030243     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Sugimura, H.; Yang, P. Long-term survivorship in lung cancer*: A review. CHEST J. 2006, 129, 1088-1097.
2. Sogaard, M.; Thomsen, R.W.; Bossen, K.S.; Sorensen, H.T.; Norgaard, M. The impact of comorbidity on cancer survival: A review. Clin. Epidemiol. 2013, 5, 3-29.
3. Yabroff, K.R.; Lawrence, W.F.; Clauser, S.; Davis, W.W.; Brown, M.L. Burden of illness in cancer survivors: Findings from a population-based national sample. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2004, 96, 1322-1330.
4. Demark-Wahnefried, W.; Jones, L.W. Promoting a healthy lifestyle among cancer survivors. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 2008, 22, 319-342.
5. Brown, B.W.; Brauner, C.; Minnotte, M.C. Noncancer deaths in white adult cancer patients. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1993, 85, 979-987.
6. Ramsey, S.D.; Berry, K.; Etzioni, R. Lifetime cancer-attributable cost of care for long term survivors of colorectal cancer. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2002, 97, 440-445.
7. Chapman, J.A.; Meng, D.; Shepherd, L.; Parulekar, W.; Ingle, J.N.; Muss, H.B.; Palmer, M.; Yu, C.; Goss, P.E. Competing causes of death from a randomized trial of extended adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2008, 100, 252-260.
8. Patnaik, J.L.; Byers, T.; DiGuiseppi, C.; Dabelea, D.; Denberg, T.D. Cardiovascular disease competes with breast cancer as the leading cause of death for older females diagnosed with breast cancer: A retrospective cohort study. Breast Cancer Res. 2011, 13, R64.
9. Ward, K.K.; Shah, N.R.; Saenz, C.C.; McHale, M.T.; Alvarez, E.A.; Plaxe, S.C. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among endometrial cancer patients. Gynecol. Oncol. 2012, 126, 176-179.
10. Van Erning, F.N.; van Steenbergen, L.N.; Lemmens, V.E.; Rutten, H.J.; Martijn, H.; van Spronsen, D.J.; Janssen-Heijnen, M.L. Conditional survival for long-term colorectal cancer survivors in the Netherlands: Who do best? Eur. J. Cancer 2014, 50, 1731-1739.
11. Carver, J.R.; Shapiro, C.L.; Ng, A.; Jacobs, L.; Schwartz, C.; Virgo, K.S.; Hagerty, K.L.; Somerfield, M.R.; Vaughn, D.J.; Panel, A.C.S.E. American society of clinical oncology clinical evidence review on the ongoing care of adult cancer survivors: Cardiac and pulmonary late effects. J. Clin. Oncol. 2007, 25, 3991-4008.
12. Darby, S.C.; Ewertz, M.; McGale, P.; Bennet, A.M.; Blom-Goldman, U.; Brønnum, D.; Correa, C.; Cutter, D.; Gagliardi, G.; Gigante, B.; et al. Risk of ischemic heart disease in women after radiotherapy for breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, 368, 987-998.
13. Curtis, R.E. New Malignancies among Cancer Survivors: Seer Cancer Registries, 1973-2000. Available online: http://seer.cancer.gov/publications/mpmono/MPMonograph_complete.pdf (accessed on 3 March 2015).
14. From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor: Lost in Transition; The National Academies Press: Washington DC, USA, 2005.
15. Pekmezi, D.W.; Demark-Wahnefried, W. Updated evidence in support of diet and exercise interventions in cancer survivors. Acta Oncol. 2011, 50, 167-178.
16. Marmot, M.; Atinmo, T.; Byers, T.; Chen, J.; Hirohata, T.; Jackson, A.; James, W. Kolonel, L.; Kumanyika, S.; Leitzmann, C.; et al. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective; American Institute for Cancer Research: Washington DC, USA, 2007.
17. Calle, E.E.; Rodriguez, C.; Walker-Thurmond, K.; Thun, M.J. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. Adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 348, 1625-1638.
18. Kushi, L.H.; Doyle, C.; McCullough, M.; Rock, C.L.; Demark-Wahnefried, W.; Bandera, E.V.; Gapstur, S.; Patel, A.V.; Andrews, K.; Gansler, T. American cancer society guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: Reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA: Cancer J. Clin. 2012, 62, 30-67.
19. Chen, D.-C.; Chung, Y.-F.; Yeh, Y.-T.; Chaung, H.-C.; Kuo, F.-C.; Fu, O.-Y.; Chen, H.-Y.; Hou, M.-F.; Yuan, S.-S.F. Serum adiponectin and leptin levels in Taiwanese breast cancer patients. Cancer Lett. 2006, 237, 109-114.
20. Chlebowski, R.T.; Aiello, E.; McTiernan, A. Weight loss in breast cancer patient management. J. Clin. Oncol. 2002, 20, 1128-1143.
21. Bellizzi, K.M.; Rowland, J.H.; Jeffery, D.D.; McNeel, T. Health behaviors of cancer survivors: Examining opportunities for cancer control intervention. J. Clin. Oncol. 2005, 23, 8884-8893.
22. Kroenke, C.H.; Fung, T.T.; Hu, F.B.; Holmes, M.D. Dietary patterns and survival after breast cancer diagnosis. J. Clin. Oncol. 2005, 23, 9295-9303.
23. Nichols, H.B.; Trentham-Dietz, A.; Egan, K.M.; Titus-Ernstoff, L.; Holmes, M.D.; Bersch, A.J.; Holick, C.N.; Hampton, J.M.; Stampfer, M.J.; Willett, W.C.; et al. Body mass index before and after breast cancer diagnosis: Associations with all-cause, breast cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2009, 18, 1403-1409.
24. Dignam, J.J.; Wieand, K.; Johnson, K.A.; Fisher, B.; Xu, L.; Mamounas, E.P. Obesity, tamoxifen use, and outcomes in women with estrogen receptor-positive early-stage breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2003, 95, 1467-1476.
25. Chan, D.; Vieira, A.; Aune, D.; Bandera, E.; Greenwood, D.; McTiernan, A.; Rosenblatt, D.N.; Thune, I.; Vieira, R.; Norat, T. Body mass index and survival in women with breast cancer-Systematic literature review and meta-analysis of 82 follow-up studies. Ann. Oncol. 2014, doi:10.1093/annonc/mdu042.
26. Sparano, J.A.; Wang, M.; Zhao, F.; Stearns, V.; Martino, S.; Ligibel, J.A.; Perez, E.A.; Saphner, T.; Wolff, A.C.; Sledge, G.W. Obesity at diagnosis is associated with inferior outcomes in hormone receptor-positive operable breast cancer. Cancer 2012, 118, 5937-5946.
27. Sestak, I.; Distler, W.; Forbes, J.F.; Dowsett, M.; Howell, A.; Cuzick, J. Effect of body mass index on recurrences in tamoxifen and anastrozole treated women: An exploratory analysis from the ATAC trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 2010, 28, 3411-3415.
28. Rock, C.L. Energy balance and cancer prognosis: Colon, prostate and other cancers. In Physical Activity, Energy Balance, and Cancer: Etiology and Prognosis; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 2006; pp. 437-443.
29. Dignam, J.J.; Polite, B.N.; Yothers, G.; Raich, P.; Colangelo, L.; O'Connell, M.J.; Wolmark, N. Body mass index and outcomes in patients who receive adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2006, 98, 1647-1654.
30. Meyerhardt, J.A.; Catalano, P.J.; Haller, D.G.; Mayer, R.J.; Benson, A.B.; Macdonald, J.S.; Fuchs, C.S. Influence of body mass index on outcomes and treatment-related toxicity in patients with colon carcinoma. Cancer 2003, 98, 484-495.
31. Meyerhardt, J.A.; Tepper, J.E.; Niedzwiecki, D.; Hollis, D.R.; McCollum, A.D.; Brady, D.; O'Connell, M.J.; Mayer, R.J.; Cummings, B.; Willett, C.; et al. Impact of body mass index on outcomes and treatment-related toxicity in patients with stage II and III rectal cancer: Findings from intergroup trial 0114. J. Clin. Oncol. 2004, 22, 648-657.
32. Meyerhardt, J.A.; Niedzwiecki, D.; Hollis, D.; Saltz, L.B.; Mayer, R.J.; Nelson, H.; Whittom, R.; Hantel, A.; Thomas, J.; Fuchs, C.S. Impact of body mass index and weight change after treatment on cancer recurrence and survival in patients with stage III colon cancer: Findings from cancer and leukemia group B 89803. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26, 4109-4115.
33. Cao, Y.; Ma, J. Body mass index, prostate cancer-specific mortality, and biochemical recurrence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila) 2011, 4, 486-501.
34. Discacciati, A.; Orsini, N.; Wolk, A. Body mass index and incidence of localized and advanced prostate cancer-a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ann. Oncol. 2012, doi:10.1093/annonc/mdr603.
35. Fowke, J.H.; Motley, S.S.; Concepcion, R.S.; Penson, D.F.; Barocas, D.A. Obesity, body composition, and prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2012, 12, e23.
36. Chlebowski, R.T.; Blackburn, G.L.; Thomson, C.A.; Nixon, D.W.; Shapiro, A.; Hoy, M.K.; Goodman, M.T.; Giuliano, A.E.; Karanja, N.; McAndrew, P. Dietary fat reduction and breast cancer outcome: Interim efficacy results from the women's intervention nutrition study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2006, 98, 1767-1776.
37. Segal, R.; Pond, G.; Vallis, M.; Dion, M.; Pritchard, K.; Ligibel, J.; Levine, M.; Goodwin, P. Randomized trial of a lifestyle intervention for women with early-stage breast cancer (bc) receiving adjuvant hormone therapy: Initial results. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011, 29, abstract 512.
38. Campbell, P.T.; Newton, C.C.; Dehal, A.N.; Jacobs, E.J.; Patel, A.V.; Gapstur, S.M. Impact of body mass index on survival after colorectal cancer diagnosis: The cancer prevention study-II nutrition cohort. J. Clin. Oncol. 2012, 30, 42-52.
39. Rock, C.L.; Byers, T.E.; Colditz, G.A.; Demark-Wahnefried, W.; Ganz, P.A.; Wolin, K.Y.; Elias, A.; Krontiras, H.; Liu, J.; Naughton, M.; et al. Reducing breast cancer recurrence with weight loss, a vanguard trial: The exercise and nutrition to enhance recovery and good health for you (energy) trial. Contemp. Clin. Trials 2013, 34, 282-295.
40. Arikawa, A.Y.; O'Dougherty, M.; Kaufman, B.C.; Smith, A.J.; Thomas, W.; Warren, M.; Kurzer, M.S.; Schmitz, K.H. Women in steady exercise research (wiser): Study design and methods. Contemp. Clin. Trials 2010, 31, 457-465.
41. Clinicaltrials.Gov: A Service of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ (accessed on 3 March 2015).
42. AICR's Guidelines for Cancer Survivors. Available online: http://www.aicr.org/patients-survivors/aicrs-guidelines-for-cancer.html (accessed on 3 March 2015).
43. Wing, R.R.; Lang, W.; Wadden, T.A.; Safford, M.; Knowler, W.C.; Bertoni, A.G.; Hill, J.O.; Brancati, F.L.; Peters, A.; Wagenknecht, L.; et al. Benefits of modest weight loss in improving cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011, 34, 1481-1486.
44. Seagle, H.M.; Strain, G.W.; Makris, A.; Reeves, R.S. Position of the American dietetic association: Weight management. J. Am. Diet Assoc. 2009, 109, 330-346.
45. Rock, C.L.; Demark-Wahnefried, W. Nutrition and survival after the diagnosis of breast cancer: A review of the evidence. J. Clin. Oncol. 2002, 20, 3302-3316.
46. CDC. Healthy Weight-It's not a Diet, It's a Lifestyle! Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/ healthyweight/losing_weight/index.html (accessed on 3 March 2015).
47. Ligibel, J.A.; Alfano, C.M.; Courneya, K.S.; Demark-Wahnefried, W.; Burger, R.A.; Chlebowski, R.T.; Fabian, C.J.; Gucalp, A.; Hershman, D.L.; Hudson, M.M. American society of clinical oncology position statement on obesity and cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2014, 32, 3568-3574.
48. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Survivorship Version I. 2015. Available online: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/survivorship.pdf (accessed on 9 June 2015).
49. McEligot, A.J.; Largent, J.; Ziogas, A.; Peel, D.; Anton-Culver, H. Dietary fat, fiber, vegetable, and micronutrients are associated with overall survival in postmenopausal women diagnosed with breast cancer. Nutr. Cancer 2006, 55, 132-140.
50. Fink, B.N.; Gaudet, M.M.; Britton, J.A.; Abrahamson, P.E.; Teitelbaum, S.L.; Jacobson, J.; Bell, P.; Thomas, J.A.; Kabat, G.C.; Neugut, A.I.; et al. Fruits, vegetables, and micronutrient intake in relation to breast cancer survival. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2006, 98, 199-208.
51. Estruch, R.; Ros, E.; Salas-Salvadó, J.; Covas, M.-I.; Corella, D.; Arós, F.; Gómez-Gracia, E.; Ruiz-Gutiérrez, V.; Fiol, M.; Lapetra, J.; et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a mediterranean diet. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, 368, 1279-1290.
52. Pierce, J.P.; Stefanick, M.L.; Flatt, S.W.; Natarajan, L.; Sternfeld, B.; Madlensky, L.; Al-Delaimy, W.K.; Thomson, C.A.; Kealey, S.; Hajek, R.; et al. Greater survival after breast cancer in physically active women with high vegetable-fruit intake regardless of obesity. J. Clin. Oncol. 2007, 25, 2345-2351.
53. Pierce, J.P.; Natarajan, L.; Caan, B.J.; Parker, B.A.; Greenberg, E.R.; Flatt, S.W.; Rock, C.L.; Kealey, S.; Al-Delaimy, W.K.; Bardwell, W.A. Influence of a diet very high in vegetables, fruit, and fiber and low in fat on prognosis following treatment for breast cancer: The Women's Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) randomized trial. JAMA 2007, 298, 289-298.
54. Meyerhardt, J.A.; Niedzwiecki, D.; Hollis, D.; Saltz, L.B.; Hu, F.B.; Mayer, R.J.; Nelson, H.; Whittom, R.; Hantel, A.; Thomas, J.; et al. Association of dietary patterns with cancer recurrence and survival in patients with stage III colon cancer. JAMA 2007, 298, 754-764.
55. Meyerhardt, J.A.; Sato, K.; Niedzwiecki, D.; Ye, C.; Saltz, L.B.; Mayer, R.J.; Mowat, R.B.; Whittom, R.; Hantel, A.; Benson, A.; et al. Dietary glycemic load and cancer recurrence and survival in patients with stage III colon cancer: Findings from CALGB 89803. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2012, 104, 1702-1711.
56. Meyer, F.; Bairati, I.; Shadmani, R.; Fradet, Y.; Moore, L. Dietary fat and prostate cancer survival. Cancer Causes Control 1999, 10, 245-251.
57. Kim, D.J.; Gallagher, R.P.; Hislop, T.G.; Holowaty, E.J.; Howe, G.R.; Jain, M.; McLaughlin, J.R.; Teh, C.Z.; Rohan, T.E. Premorbid diet in relation to survival from prostate cancer (Canada). Cancer Causes Control 2000, 11, 65-77.
58. Ornish, D.; Weidner, G.; Fair, W.R.; Marlin, R.; Pettengill, E.B.; Raisin, C.J.; Dunn-Emke, S.; Crutchfield, L.; Jacobs, F.N.; Barnard, R.J. Intensive lifestyle changes may affect the progression of prostate cancer. J. Urol. 2005, 174, 1065-1070.
59. Blanchard, C.M.; Courneya, K.S.; Stein, K. Cancer survivors' adherence to lifestyle behavior recommendations and associations with health-related quality of life: Results from the American Cancer Society's SCS-II. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26, 2198-2204.
60. Sabatino, S.A.; Coates, R.J.; Uhler, R.J.; Pollack, L.A.; Alley, L.G.; Zauderer, L.J. Provider counseling about health behaviors among cancer survivors in the United States. J. Clin. Oncol. 2007, 25, 2100-2106.
61. Denlinger, C.S. Adherence to NCCN survivorship care guidelines in non-small cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer survivor care. In Proceedings of the NCCN Annual Conference, Hollywood, FL, USA, 12-14 March 2015.
62. Velicer, C.M.; Ulrich, C.M. Vitamin and mineral supplement use among us adults after cancer diagnosis: A systematic review. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26, 665-673.
63. Rock, C.L. Multivitamin-multimineral supplements: Who uses them? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2007, 85, 277s-279s.
64. Saquib, J.; Rock, C.L.; Natarajan, L.; Saquib, N.; Newman, V.A.; Patterson, R.E.; Thomson, C.A.; Al-Delaimy, W.K.; Pierce, J.P. Dietary intake, supplement use, and survival among women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer. Nutr. Cancer 2011, 63, 327-333.
65. Kwan, M.L.; Greenlee, H.; Lee, V.S.; Castillo, A.; Gunderson, E.P.; Habel, L.A.; Kushi, L.H.; Sweeney, C.; Tam, E.K.; Caan, B.J. Multivitamin use and breast cancer outcomes in women with early-stage breast cancer: The life after cancer epidemiology study. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2011, 130, 195-205.
66. Ng, K.; Meyerhardt, J.A.; Chan, J.A.; Niedzwiecki, D.; Hollis, D.R.; Saltz, L.B.; Mayer, R.J.; Benson, A.B., 3rd; Schaefer, P.L.; Whittom, R.; et al. Multivitamin use is not associated with cancer recurrence or survival in patients with stage III colon cancer: Findings from CALGB 89803. J. Clin. Oncol. 2010, 28, 4354-4363.
67. Heinonen, O.P.; Albanes, D. The effect of vitamin e and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994, 330, 1029-1035.
68. Klein, E.A.; Thompson, I.M., Jr.; Tangen, C.M.; Crowley, J.J.; Lucia, M.S.; Goodman, P.J.; Minasian, L.M.; Ford, L.G.; Parnes, H.L.; Gaziano, J.M.; et al. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: The selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial (select). JAMA 2011, 306, 1549-1556.
69. Giovannucci, E. Epidemiological evidence for vitamin D and colorectal cancer. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2007, 22, V81-V85.
70. Ng, K.; Meyerhardt, J.A.; Wu, K.; Feskanich, D.; Hollis, B.W.; Giovannucci, E.L.; Fuchs, C.S. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and survival in patients with colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26, 2984-2991.
71. Ng, K.; Wolpin, B.M.; Meyerhardt, J.A.; Wu, K.; Chan, A.T.; Hollis, B.W.; Giovannucci, E.L.; Stampfer, M.J.; Willett, W.C.; Fuchs, C.S. Prospective study of predictors of vitamin D status and survival in patients with colorectal cancer. Br. J. Cancer 2009, 101, 916-923.
72. Jacobs, E.T.; Thomson, C.A.; Flatt, S.W.; Al-Delaimy, W.K.; Hibler, E.A.; Jones, L.A.; Leroy, E.C.; Newman, V.A.; Parker, B.A.; Rock, C.L.; et al. Vitamin D and breast cancer recurrence in the Women's Healthy Eating and Living (WHEL) study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011, 93, 108-117.
73. Buttigliero, C.; Monagheddu, C.; Petroni, P.; Saini, A.; Dogliotti, L.; Ciccone, G.; Berruti, A. Prognostic role of vitamin D status and efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in cancer patients: A systematic review. Oncologist 2011, 16, 1215-1227.
74. Wactawski-Wende, J.; Kotchen, J.M.; Anderson, G.L.; Assaf, A.R.; Brunner, R.L.; O'Sullivan, M.J.; Margolis, K.L.; Ockene, J.K.; Phillips, L.; Pottern, L.; et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006, 354, 684-696.
75. Thomson, C.A.; Flatt, S.W.; Rock, C.L.; Ritenbaugh, C.; Newman, V.; Pierce, J.P. Increased fruit, vegetable and fiber intake and lower fat intake reported among women previously treated for invasive breast cancer. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2002, 102, 801-808.
76. Rock, C.L.; Doyle, C.; Demark-Wahnefried, W.; Meyerhardt, J.; Courneya, K.S.; Schwartz, A.L.; Bandera, E.V.; Hamilton, K.K.; Grant, B.; McCullough, M. Nutrition and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors. CA: Cancer J. Clin. 2012, 62, 242-274.
77. ACS Guidelines for Nutrition and Physical Activity. http://www.cancer.org/healthy/ eathealthygetactive/acsguidelinesonnutritionphysicalactivityforcancerprevention/acs-guidelines-on-nutrition-and-physical-activity-for-cancer-prevention-summary (accessed on 14 August 2014).
78. Mishra, S.I.; Scherer, R.W.; Geigle, P.M.; Berlanstein, D.R.; Topaloglu, O.; Gotay, C.C.; Snyder, C. Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for cancer survivors. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012, 8, CD007566.
79. Speck, R.M.; Courneya, K.S.; Mâsse, L.C.; Duval, S.; Schmitz, K.H. An update of controlled physical activity trials in cancer survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Cancer Surviv. 2010, 4, 87-100.
80. Holick, C.N.; Newcomb, P.A.; Trentham-Dietz, A.; Titus-Ernstoff, L.; Bersch, A.J.; Stampfer, M.J.; Baron, J.A.; Egan, K.M.; Willett, W.C. Physical activity and survival after diagnosis of invasive breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2008, 17, 379-386.
81. Irwin, M.L.; Smith, A.W.; McTiernan, A.; Ballard-Barbash, R.; Cronin, K.; Gilliland, F.D.; Baumgartner, R.N.; Baumgartner, K.B.; Bernstein, L. Influence of pre- and post-diagnosis physical activity on mortality in breast cancer survivors: The health, eating, activity, and lifestyle study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26, 3958-3964.
82. Kenfield, S.A.; Stampfer, M.J.; Giovannucci, E.; Chan, J.M. Physical activity and survival after prostate cancer diagnosis in the health professionals follow-up study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011, 29, 726-732.
83. Meyerhardt, J.A.; Giovannucci, E.L.; Holmes, M.D.; Chan, A.T.; Chan, J.A.; Colditz, G.A.; Fuchs, C.S. Physical activity and survival after colorectal cancer diagnosis. J. Clin. Oncol. 2006, 24, 3527-3534.
84. Meyerhardt, J.A.; Giovannucci, E.L.; Ogino, S.; Kirkner, G.J.; Chan, A.T.; Willett, W.; Fuchs, C.S. Physical activity and male colorectal cancer survival. Arch. Intern. Med. 2009, 169, 2102-2108.
85. Schmitz, K.H.; Holtzman, J.; Courneya, K.S.; Mâsse, L.C.; Duval, S.; Kane, R. Controlled physical activity trials in cancer survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2005, 14, 1588-1595.
86. Wolff, I.; van Croonenborg, J.J.; Kemper, H.C.G.; Kostense, P.J.; Twisk, J.W.R. The effect of exercise training programs on bone mass: A meta-analysis of published controlled trials in pre- and postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 1999, 9, 1-12.
87. Cella, D.; Fallowfield, L. Recognition and management of treatment-related side effects for breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2008, 107, 167-180.
88. Coups, E.J.; Park, B.J.; Feinstein, M.B.; Steingart, R.M.; Egleston, B.L.; Wilson, D.J.; Ostroff, J.S. Physical activity among lung cancer survivors: Changes across the cancer trajectory and associations with quality of life. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2009, 18, 664-672.
89. Carmack, C.L.; Basen-Engquist, K.; Gritz, E.R. Survivors at higher risk for adverse late outcomes due to psychosocial and behavioral risk factors. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2011, 20, 2068-2077.
90. Ibrahim, E.M.; Al-Homaidh, A. Physical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis: Meta-analysis of published studies. Med. Oncol. 2011, 28, 753-765.
91. Meyerhardt, J.A.; Heseltine, D.; Niedzwiecki, D.; Hollis, D.; Saltz, L.B.; Mayer, R.J.; Thomas, J.; Nelson, H.; Whittom, R.; Hantel, A.; et al. Impact of physical activity on cancer recurrence and survival in patients with stage III colon cancer: Findings from CALGB 89803. J. Clin. Oncol. 2006, 24, 3535-3541.
92. Schmitz, K.H.; Ahmed, R.L.; Troxel, A.; Cheville, A.; Smith, R.; Lewis-Grant, L.; Bryan, C.J.; Williams-Smith, C.T.; Greene, Q.P. Weight lifting in women with breast-cancer-related lymphedema. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, 361, 664-673.
93. Schmitz, K.H.; Courneya, K.S.; Matthews, C.; Demark-Wahnefried, W.; Galvão, D.A.; Pinto, B.M.; Irwin, M.L.; Wolin, K.Y.; Segal, R.J.; Lucia, A.; et al. American College of sports medicine roundtable on exercise guidelines for cancer survivors. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2010, 42, 1409-1426.
94. Irwin, M.L.; Cartmel, B.; Gross, C.P.; Ercolano, E.; Li, F.; Yao, X.; Fiellin, M.; Capozza, S.; Rothbard, M.; Zhou, Y.; et al. Randomized exercise trial of aromatase inhibitor-induced arthralgia in breast cancer survivors. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015, 33, 1104-1111.
95. Van Waart, H.; Stuiver, M.M.; van Harten, W.H.; Geleijn, E.; Kieffer, J.M.; Buffart, L.M.; de Maaker-Berkhof, M.; Boven, E.; Schrama, J.; Geenen, M.M.; et al. Effect of low-intensity physical activity and moderate- to high-intensity physical exercise during adjuvant chemotherapy on physical fitness, fatigue, and chemotherapy completion rates: Results of the paces randomized clinical trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015, doi:10.1200/JCO.2014.59.1081.
96. Peddle, C.J.; Au, H.J.; Courneya, K.S. Associations between exercise, quality of life, and fatigue in colorectal cancer survivors. Dis. Colon Rectum 2008, 51, 1242-1248.
97. Kuchinski, A.M.; Reading, M.; Lash, A.A. Treatment-related fatigue and exercise in patients with cancer: A systematic review. Medsurg. Nurs. 2009, 18, 174-180.
98. Velthuis, M.J.; Agasi-Idenburg, S.C.; Aufdemkampe, G.; Wittink, H.M. The effect of physical exercise on cancer-related fatigue during cancer treatment: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clin. Oncol. 2010, 22, 208-221.
99. Quadrilatero, J.; Hoffman-Goetz, L. Physical activity and colon cancer. A systematic review of potential mechanisms. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 2003, 43, 121-138.
100. Aoi, W.; Naito, Y.; Takagi, T.; Kokura, S.; Mizushima, K.; Takanami, Y.; Kawai, Y.; Tanimura, Y.; Hung, L.P.; Koyama, R.; et al. Regular exercise reduces colon tumorigenesis associated with suppression of iNOS. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2010, 399, 14-19.
101. Demarzo, M.M.; Martins, L.V.; Fernandes, C.R.; Herrero, F.A.; Perez, S.E.; Turatti, A.; Garcia, S.B. Exercise reduces inflammation and cell proliferation in rat colon carcinogenesis. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2008, 40, 618-621.
102. Courneya, K.S.; Booth, C.M.; Gill, S.; O'Brien, P.; Vardy, J.; Friedenreich, C.M.; Au, H.J.; Brundage, M.D.; Tu, D.; Dhillon, H.; et al. The colon health and life-long exercise change trial: A randomized trial of the national cancer institute of Canada clinical trials group. Curr. Oncol. 2008, 15, 279-285.
103. Courneya, K.S.; Vallance, J.K.; Culos-Reed, S.N.; McNeely, M.L.; Bell, G.J.; Mackey, J.R.; Yasui, Y.; Yuan, Y.; Matthews, C.E.; Lau, D.C.; et al. The Alberta moving beyond breast cancer (amber) cohort study: A prospective study of physical activity and health-related fitness in breast cancer survivors. BMC Cancer 2012, 12, e525.
104. Yothers, G.; Land, S.R.; Ganz, P.A.; Fehrenbacher, L.; Giguere, J.K.; Wickerham, D.L.; Ko, C.Y. Neurotoxicity (NT) in colon cancer (CC) survivors from NSABP Protocol C-07 comparing 5-FU+ leucovorin (FULV) with the same regimen+ oxaliplatin (FLOX): Preliminary results from NSABP Protocol LTS-01. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26, 9575.
105. Andre, T.; Boni, C.; Mounedji-Boudiaf, L.; Navarro, M.; Tabernero, J.; Hickish, T.; Topham, C.; Zaninelli, M.; Clingan, P.; Bridgewater, J.; et al. Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 350, 2343-2351.
106. Jones, L.W.; Eves, N.D.; Haykowsky, M.; Freedland, S.J.; Mackey, J.R. Exercise intolerance in cancer and the role of exercise therapy to reverse dysfunction. Lancet Oncol. 2009, 10, 598-605.
107. Patrick, D.L.; Ferketich, S.L.; Frame, P.S.; Harris, J.J.; Hendricks, C.B.; Levin, B.; Link, M.P.; Lustig, C.; McLaughlin, J.; Ried, L.D.; et al. National institutes of health state-of-the-science conference statement: Symptom management in cancer: Pain, depression, and fatigue, 15-17 July 2002. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2003, 95, 1110-1117.
108. Green, C.R.; Hart-Johnson, T.; Loeffler, D.R. Cancer-related chronic pain. Cancer 2011, 117, 1994-2003.
109. Dajczman, E.; Gordon, A.; Kreisman, H.; Wolkove, N. Long-term postthoracotomy pain. Chest 1991, 99, 270-274.
110. Anderson, A.S.; Caswell, S.; Wells, M.; Steele, R.J.; Macaskill, S. "It makes you feel so full of life" livewell, a feasibility study of a personalised lifestyle programme for colorectal cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer 2010, 18, 409-415.
111. Jones, L.W.; Courneya, K.S.; Peddle, C.; Mackey, J.R. Oncologists' opinions towards recommending exercise to patients with cancer: A Canadian national survey. Support Care Cancer 2005, 13, 929-937.
112. Peeters, C.; Stewart, A.; Segal, R.; Wouterloot, E.; Scott, C.G.; Aubry, T. Evaluation of a cancer exercise program: Patient and physician beliefs. Psychooncology 2009, 18, 898-902.
113. Garber, C.E.; Blissmer, B.; Deschenes, M.R.; Franklin, B.A.; Lamonte, M.J.; Lee, I.-M.; Nieman, D.C.; Swain, D.P. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: Guidance for prescribing exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2011, 43, 1334-1359.
114. Parsons, A.; Daley, A.; Begh, R.; Aveyard, P. Influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early stage lung cancer on prognosis: Systematic review of observational studies with meta-analysis. Br. Med. J. 2010, doi:10.1136/bmj.b5569.
115. Phipps, A.I.; Shi, Q.; Newcomb, P.A.; Nelson, G.D.; Sargent, D.J.; Alberts, S.R.; Limburg, P.J. Associations between cigarette smoking status and colon cancer prognosis among participants in north central cancer treatment group phase III trial n0147. J. Clin. Oncol. 2013, 31, 2016-2023.
116. Stevens, M.H.; Gardner, J.W.; Parkin, J.L.; Johnson, L.P. Head and neck cancer survival and life-style change. Arch. Otolaryngol. 1983, 109, 746-749.
117. Fleshner, N.; Garland, J.; Moadel, A.; Herr, H.; Ostroff, J.; Trambert, R.; O'Sullivan, M.; Russo, P. Influence of smoking status on the disease-related outcomes of patients with tobacco-associated superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer 1999, 86, 2337-2345.
118. Courneya, K.S.; Segal, R.J.; Gelmon, K.; Reid, R.D.; Mackey, J.R.; Friedenreich, C.M.; Proulx, C.; Lane, K.; Ladha, A.B.; Vallance, J.K. Predictors of supervised exercise adherence during breast cancer chemotherapy. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2008, 40, 1180-1187.
119. Schnoll, R.A.; Martinez, E.; Tatum, K.L.; Weber, D.M.; Kuzla, N.; Glass, M.; Ridge, J.A.; Langer, C.; Miyamoto, C.; Wileyto, E.P. A bupropion smoking cessation clinical trial for cancer patients. Cancer Causes Control 2010, 21, 811-820.
120. Manley, M.; Epps, R.P.; Glynn, T. The clinician's role in promoting smoking cessation among clinic patients. Med. Clin. North Am. 1992, 76, 477-494.
121. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) Smoking Cessation. Available online: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/smoking.pdf (accessed on 25 March 2015).
122. PHS Guideline Update Panel, Liaisons, and Staff. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. U.S. Public Health Service Clinical Practice Guideline executive summary. Respir. Care 2008, 53, 1217-1222.
123. NCCN Guidelines. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/nscl.pdf (accessed on 14 August 2014).
124. ASCO Practice Tools and Resources. http://www.asco.org/practice-research/practice-tools-and-resources (accessed on 27 March 2015).
125. Tobacco Cessation Guide for Oncology Providers. Available online: http://www.asco.org/sites/ default/files/tobacco_cessation_guide.pdf (accessed on 9 March 2015).
126. ACS Guide to Quitting Smoking. Available online: http://www.cancer.org/healthy/stayawayfrom tobacco/guidetoquittingsmoking/guide-to-quitting-smoking-toc (accessed on 25 March 2015).