Remote Sensing Technologies for Enhancing Forest Inventories: A Review

Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing

Volumn 42, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 619-641

  White, Joanne C ^a   Coops, Nicholas C ^b   Wulder, Michael A ^a   Vastaranta, Mikko ^c   Hilker, Thomas ^d   Tompalski, Piotr ^b  

^a PACIFIC FORESTRY CENTRE   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^d OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DESIGN; IMAGE RESOLUTION; INFORMATION SCIENCE; LASER APPLICATIONS; NANOSATELLITES; PHOTOGRAMMETRY; REMOTE SENSING; SATELLITE IMAGERY; SCANNING; SURFACE ANALYSIS; SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS;

AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY; AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING; FOREST INVENTORY; HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION; OPERATIONAL PLANNING; REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY; SATELLITE OPTICAL IMAGERY; TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING;

FORESTRY;

EID: 84979994140     PISSN: 07038992     EISSN: 17127971     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07038992.2016.1207484     Document Type: Review

References (254)

1. M.B.Alam, C.Shahi, and R.Pulkki, 2014. “Economic impact of enhanced forest inventory information and merchandizing yards in the forest product industry supply chain.” Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Vol. 48:pp. 189–197.
2. M.Alonzo, B.Bookhagen, and D.A.Roberts, 2014. “Urban tree species mapping using hyperspectral and LiDAR data fusion.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 148, pp. 70–83.
3. H.E.Andersen, S.E.Reutebuch, and R.J.McGaughey, 2006. “A rigorous assessment of tree height measurements obtained using airborne LiDAR and conventional field methods.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 32:pp. 355–366.
4. D.Auty, B.A.Gardiner, A.Achim, J.R.Moore, and A.D.Cameron, 2013. “Models for predicting microbibril angle variation in Scots pine.” Annals of Forest Science, Vol. 70:209–218.
5. M.Béland, J.L.Widlowski, R.A.Fournier, J.-F.Côté, and M.M.Verstraete, 2011. “Estimating leaf area distribution in savanna trees from terrestrial LiDAR measurements.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 151:pp. 1252–1266.
6. E.Baltsavias, 1999. “Airborne laser scanning:Basic relations and formulas.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 54:pp. 199–214.
7. E.Baltsavias, A.Gruen, H.Eisenbeiss, and L.Zhang, 2008. “High-quality image matching and automated generation of 3D tree models.” International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 29:pp. 1243–1259.
8. C.Bater, M.A.Wulder, N.C.Coops, R.F.Nelson, T.Hilker, and E.Næsset, 2011. “Stability of sample-based scanning LiDAR-derived vegetation metrics for forest monitoring.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 49:pp. 2385–2392.
9. A.Belward, and J.O.Skoien, 2015. “Who launched what, when and why; trends in global land-cover observation capacity from civilian earth observation satellites.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 103:pp. 115–128.
10. E.Bergseng, H.O.Ørka, E.Næsset, and T.Gobakken, 2015. “Assessing forest inventory information obtained from different inventory approaches and remote sensing data sources.” Annals of Forest Science, Vol. 72:pp. 33–45.
11. J.Bohlin, J.Wallerman, and J.E.S.Fransson, 2012. “Forest variable estimation using photogrammetric matching of digital aerial images in combination with high-resolution DEM.” Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 27:pp. 692–699.
12. M.Bouvier, S.Durrieu, R.A.Fournier, and J.-P.Renaud, 2015. “Generalizing predictive models of forest inventory attributes using an area-based approach with airborne LiDAR data.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 156:pp. 322–334.
13. T.Brandtberg, 1999. “Automatic individual tree based analysis of high spatial resolution aerial images on naturally regenerated boreal forests.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 29:pp. 1464–1478.
14. T.Brandtberg, 2007. “Classifying individual tree species under leaf-off and leaf-on conditions using airborne LiDAR.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 61:pp. 325–340.
15. J.Breidenbach, E.Næsset, V.Lien, T.Gobakken, and S.Solberg, 2010. “Prediction of species specific forest inventory attributes using a nonparametric semi-individual tree crown approach based on fused airborne laser scanning and multispectral data.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 114:pp. 911–924.
16. J.Breidenbach, and R.Astrup, 2015. “The semi-individual tree crown approach.” In Forestry Applications of Airborne Laser Scanning, Concepts and Case Studies, edited by M.Maltamo, E.Næsset, and J.Vauhkonen. New York, NY:Springer.
17. K.D.Brosofske, R.E.Froese, M.J.Falkowski, and A.Banksota, 2014. “A review of methods for mapping and prediction of inventory attributes for operational forest management.” Forest Science, Vol. 60:pp. 1–24.
18. D.Butler, 2014. “Many eyes on Earth:swarms of small satellites set to deliver close to real-time imagery of swathes of the planet.” Nature, Vol. 505:pp. 143–144.
19. K.Calders, P.Lewis, M.I.Disney, J.Verbesselt, M.Herold, 2013. “Modelling LiDAR waveforms to solve for canopy properties.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 134:pp. 39–49.
20. J.-F.Côté, J.Widlowski, R.A.Fournier, and M.M.Verstraete, 2009. “The structural and radiative consistency of three-dimensional tree reconstructions from terrestrial LiDAR.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 113:pp. 1067–1081.
21. J.-F.Côté, R.A.Fournier, and R.Egli, 2011. “An architectural model of trees to estimate forest structural attributes using terrestrial LiDAR.” Environmental Modelling and Software, Vol. 26:pp. 761–777.
22. J.-F.Côté, R.A.Fournier, G.W.Frazer, and K.O.Niemann, 2012. “A fine-scale architectural model of trees to enhance LiDAR-derived measurements of forest canopy structure.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 166/167:pp. 72–85.
23. G.Chen, M.A.Wulder, J.C.White, T.Hilker, and N.C.Coops, 2012. “LiDAR calibration and validation for geometric-optical modeling with Landsat imagery.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 124:pp. 384–393.
24. G.Chen, G.J.Hay, L.M.T.Carvalho, and M.A.Wulder, 2012. “Object-based change detection.” International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 33:pp. 4434–4457.
25. J.M.Chen, 1996. “Optically based methods for measuring seasonal variation of leaf area index in boreal conifer stands.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 80:pp. 135–163.
26. J.M.Chen, and J.Cihlar, 1995. “Quantifying the effect of canopy architecture on optical measurements of leaf area index using two gap size analysis methods.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 33:pp. 777–787.
27. M.A.Cho, R.Mathieu, G.P.Asner, L.Naidoo, J.van Aardt, A.Ramoelo, P.Debba, 2012. “Mapping tree species composition in South African savannas using an integrated airborne spectral and LiDAR system.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 125:pp. 214–226.
28. M.Dalponte, H.O.Ørka, L.T.Ene, T.Gobakken, and E.Næsset, 2014. “Tree crown delineation and tree species classification in boreal forests using hyperspectral and ALS data.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 140:pp. 306–317.
29. F.M.Danson, D.Hetherington, F.Morsdorf, B.Koetz, and B.Allgöwer, 2007. “Forest canopy gap fraction from terrestrial laser scanning.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 4:pp. 157–160.
30. F.M.Danson, R.Gaulton, R.P.Armitage, M.Disney, O.Gunawan, P.Lewis, G.Pearson, and A.F.Ramirez, 2014. “Developing a dual-wavelength full-waveform terrestrial laser scanner to characterize forest canopy structure.” Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 198/199:pp. 7–14.
31. M.Dassot, T.Constant, and M.Fournier, 2011. “The use of terrestrial LiDAR technology in forest science:application fields, benefits and challenges.” Annals of Forest Science, Vol. 68:pp. 959–974.
32. G.Deegan, and W.A.Befort, 1990. “Photointerpretation accuracy across two decades of forest inventory.” In State-of-the-Art Methodology of Forest Inventory:A Symposium Proceedings, edited by V.J.LaBau, and T.Cunia, pp. 318–323. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-263. Portland, OR:U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, accessed November 30, 2015,. http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/publications/pnw_gtr263/
33. D.N.M.Donoghue, P.Watt, N.Cox, and J.Wilson, 2007. “Remote sensing of species mixtures in conifer plantations using LiDAR height and intensity data.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 110:pp. 509–522.
34. R.O.Dubayah, and J.B.Drake, 2000. “LiDAR remote sensing for forestry.” Journal of Forestry, Vol. 98:pp. 44–46.
35. L.I.Duncanson, R.O.Dubayah, B.D.Cook, J.Rosette, and G.Parker, 2015. “The importance of spatial detail:Assessing the utility of individual crown information and scaling approaches for LiDAR-based biomass density estimation.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 168:pp. 102–112.
36. T.Eid, T.Gobakken, and E.Næsset, 2004. “Comparing stand inventories for large areas based on photo-interpretation and laser scanning by means of cost-plus-loss analyses.” Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 19:pp. 512–523.
37. D.L.Evans, S.D.Roberts, and R.C.Parker, 2006. “LiDAR—A new tool for forest measurements?” The Forestry Chronicle, Vol. 82:pp. 211–218.
38. J.S.Evans, A.T.Hudak, R.Faux, and A.M.S.Smith, 2009. “Discrete return LiDAR in natural resources:Recommendations for project planning, data processing, and deliverables.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 1:pp. 776–794.
39. M.J.Falkowski, M.A.Wulder, J.C.White, and M.D.Gillis, 2009. “Supporting large-area, sample-based forest inventories with very high spatial resolution satellite imagery.” Progress in Physical Geography, Vol. 33:pp. 403–423.
40. P.A.Fekety, M.J.Falkowski, and A.T.Hudak, 2015. “Temporal transferability of LiDAR-based imputation of forest inventory attributes.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 45:pp. 422–435.
41. S.Franklin, M.Lavigne, M.A.Wulder, and G.B.Stenhouse, 2002. “Change detection and landscape structure mapping using remote sensing.” The Forestry Chronicle, Vol. 78:pp. 618–625.
42. G.W.Frazer, S.Magnussen, M.A.Wulder, and K.O.Niemann, 2011. “Simulated impact of sample plot size and co-registration error on the accuracy and uncertainty of LiDAR-derived estimates of forest stand biomass.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 115:pp. 636–649.
43. S.Gauthier, P.Bernier, P.J.Burton, J.Edwards, K.Isaac, N.Isabel, K.Jayen, H.Le Goff, and E.A.Nelson, 2014. “Climate change vulnerability and adaptation in the managed Canadian boreal forest.” Environmental Reviews, Vol. 30:pp. 256–285.
44. D.Gatziolis, J.S.Fried, and V.S.Monleon, 2010. “Challenges to estimating tree height via LiDAR in closed-canopy forests:a parable from western Oregon.” Forest Science, Vol. 56:pp. 139–155.
45. A.Ghosh, F.E.Fassnacht, P.K.Joshi, and B.Koch, 2014. “A framework for mapping tree species combining hyperspectral and LiDAR data:Role of selected classifiers and sensor across three spatial scales.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, Vol. 26:pp. 49–63.
46. C.Ginzler, and M.L.Hobi, 2015. “Countrywide stereo-image matching for updating digital surface models in the framework of the Swiss National Forest Inventory.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 7:pp. 4343–4370.
47. T.Gobakken, and E.Næsset, 2004. “Estimation of diameter and basal area distributions in coniferous forest by means of airborne laser scanner data.” Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 19:pp. 529–542.
48. T.Gobakken, O.M.Bollandsås, and E.Næsset, 2015. “Comparing biophysical forest characteristics estimated from photogrammetric matching of aerial images and airborne laser scanning data.” Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 30:pp. 73–86.
49. N.R.Goodwin, N.C.Coops, D.S.Culvenor, 2006. “Assessment of forest structure with airborne LiDAR and the effects of platform altitude.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 103:pp. 140–152.
50. N.R.Goodwin, N.C.Coops, and D.S.Culvenor, 2007. “Development of a simulation model to predict LiDAR interception in forested environments.” Remote Sensing of Environment, 111:481–492.
51. F.A.Gougeon, 1995. “A crown-following approach to the automatic delineation of individual tree crowns in high spatial resolution aerial images.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 21:pp. 274–284.
52. F.A.Gougeon, and D.G.Leckie, 2006. “The individual tree crown approach applied to Ikonos images of a coniferous plantation area.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 72:pp. 1287–1297.
53. A.H.Granholm, H.Olsson, M.Nilsson, A.Allard, and J.Holmgren, 2015. “The potential of digital surface models based on aerial images for automated vegetation mapping.” International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 36:pp. 1855–1870.
54. A.Groot, F.Cortini, and M.A.Wulder, 2015. “Crown-fibre attribute relationships for enhanced forest inventory:Progress and prospects.” The Forestry Chronicle, Vol. 91:pp. 266–279.
55. N.Haala, H.Hastedt, K.Wolf, C.Ressl, and S.Baltrusch, 2010. “Digital photogrammetric camera evaluation—Generation of digital elevation models.” Photogram.-Fernerkund.-Geoinformation, Vol. 2:pp. 99–115.
56. E.Hand, 2015. “Startup liftoff.” Science, Vol. 348(No. 6231):pp. 172.
57. M.Hauglin, R.Astrup, T.Gobakken, and E.Næsset, 2013. “Estimating single-tree branch biomass of Norway spruce with terrestrial laser scanning using voxel-based and crown dimension features.” Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 28:pp. 456–469.
58. M.Hauglin, T.Gobakken, R.Astrup, L.Ene, and E.Næsset, 2014. “Estimating single-tree crown biomass of Norway spruce by airborne laser scanning:a comparison of methods with and without the use of terrestrial laser scanning to obtain the ground reference data.” Forests, Vol. 5:pp. 384–403.
59. T.Hilker, M.A.Wulder, and N.C.Coops, 2008. “Update of forest inventory data with LiDAR and high spatial resolution satellite imagery.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 34:pp. 5–12.
60. T.Hilker, M.van Leeuwen, N.Coops, M.A.Wulder, G.Newnham, D.Jupp, and D.Culvenor, 2010. “Comparing canopy metrics derived from terrestrial and airborne laser scanning in a Douglas-fir dominated forest stand.” Trees, Vol. 24:pp. 819–832.
61. T.Hilker, N.C.Coops, G.Newnham, M.van Leeuwen, M.A.Wulder, J.Stewart, and D.S.Culvenor, 2012. “Comparison of terrestrial and airborne LiDAR in describing stand structure of a thinned lodgepole pine.” Journal of Forestry Vol. 110:pp. 97–104.
62. Y.Hirata, 2008. “Estimation of stand attributes in Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa stands using QuickBird panchromatic data.” Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 13:pp. 147–154.
63. H.Hirschmüller, 2008. “Stereo processing by semiglobal matching and mutual information.” IEEE Transactions in Pattern Analysis, Vol. 30:pp. 328–341.
64. M.Hollaus, and W.Wagner, 2012. “Possibilities of airborne laser scanning data for forestry applications.” Bodenkultur, Vol. 63:pp. 5–14.
65. J.Holmgren, and Å.Persson, 2004. “Identifying species of individual trees using airborne laser scanner.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 90:pp. 415–423.
66. J.Holmgren, Å.Persson, and U.Söderman, 2008. “Species identification of individual trees by combining high resolution LiDAR data with multi‐spectral images.” International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 29:pp. 1537–1552.
67. M.Holopainen, and M.Talvitie, 2006. “Effect of data acquisition accuracy on timing of stand harvests and expected net present value.” Silva Fennica, Vol. 40:pp. 531–543.
68. M.Holopainen, A.Mäkinen, J.Rasinmäki, K.Hyytiäinen, S.Bayazidi, and I.Pietilä, 2010. “Comparison of various sources of uncertainty in stand-level net present value estimates.” Forest Policy and Economics, Vol. 12:pp. 377–386.
69. M.Holopainen, M.Vastaranta, J.Rasinmäki, J.Kalliovirta, A.Mäkinen, R.Haapanen, T.Melkas, X.Yu, and J.Hyyppä, 2011. “Uncertainty in timber assortment estimates predicted from forest inventory data.” European Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 129:pp. 1131–1142.
70. M.Holopainen, M.Vastaranta, and J.Hyyppä, 2014. “Outlook for the next generation's precision forestry in Finland.” Forests, Vol. 5:pp. 1682–1694.
71. C.Hopkinson, L.Chasmer, C.Young-Pow, and P.Treitz, 2004. “Assessing forest metrics with a ground-based scanning LiDAR.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 34:pp. 573–583.
72. C.Hopkinson, L.Chasmer, and R.J.Hall, 2008. “The uncertainty in conifer plantation growth prediction from multi-temporal LiDAR datasets.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 112:pp. 1168–1180.
73. A.Hovi, L.Korhonen, J.Vauhkonen, and I.Korpela, 2016. “LiDAR waveform features for tree species classification and their sensitivity to tree- and acquisition-related parameters.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 173:pp. 224–237.
74. P.Huang, and H.Pretzsch, 2010. “Using terrestrial laser scanner for estimating leaf areas of individual trees in a conifer forest.” Trees, Vol. 24:pp. 609–619.
75. A.T.Hudak, J.S.Evans, and A.M.S.Smith, 2009. “LiDAR utility for natural resource managers.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 1:pp. 934–951.
76. J.Hyyppä, and M.Inkinen, 1999. “Detecting and estimating attributes for single tree using laser scanner.” The Photogrammetric Journal of Finland, Vol. 16:pp. 27–42.
77. J.Hyyppä, H.Hyyppä, D.Leckie, F.Gougeon, X.Yu, and M.Maltamo, 2008. “Review of methods of small-footprint airborne laser scanning for extracting forest inventory data in boreal forests.” International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 29:pp. 1339–1366.
78. J.Hyyppä, X.Yu, H.Hyyppä, M.Vastaranta, M.Holopainen, A.Kukko, H.Kaartinen, 2012. “Advances in forest inventory using airborne laser scanning.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 4:pp. 1190–1207.
79. M.Immitzer, C.Atzberger, and T.Koukal, 2012. “Tree species classification with random forest using very high spatial resolution 8-band WorldView-2 satellite data.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 4:pp. 2661–2693.
80. M.Immitzer, C.Stepper, S.Böck, C.Straub, and C.Atzberger, 2016. “Use of WorldView-2 stereo imagery and National Forest Inventory data for wall-to-wall mapping of growing stock.” Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 359:pp. 232–246.
81. M.K.Jakubowski, Q.Guo, M.Kelly, 2013. “Tradeoffs between LiDAR pulse density and forest measurement accuracy.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 130:pp. 245–253.
82. J.Järnstedt, A.Pekkarinen, S.Tuominen, C.Ginzler, M.Holopainen, and R.Viitala, 2012. “Forest variable estimation using a high-resolution digital surface model.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 74:pp. 78–84.
83. T.G.Jones, N.C.Coops, and T.Sharma, 2010. “Assessing the utility of airborne hyperspectral and LiDAR data for species distribution mapping in the coastal Pacific Northwest, Canada.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 114(No. 12):pp. 2841–2852.
84. V.Junttila, T.Kauranne, A.O.Finley, and J.B.Bradford, 2015. “Linear models for airborne-laser-scanning-based operational forest inventory with small field sample size and highly correlated LiDAR data.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 53:pp. 5600–5612.
85. D.L.B.Jupp, D.S.Culvenor, J.L.Lovell, G.J.Newnham, A.H.Strahler, and C.E.Woodcock, 2009. “Estimating forest LAI profiles and structural parameters using a ground-based laser called ‘Echidna’.” Tree Physiology, Vol. 29:pp. 171–181.
86. D.L.B.Jupp, and J.L.Lovell, 2007. Airborne and Ground-Based LiDAR Systems for Forest Measurement:Background and Principles. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Paper 017. Canberra, ACT:CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research,. accessed February 17, 2015, http://www.cmar.csiro.au/e-print/open/cmar_rp017.pdf
87. H.Kaartinen, J.Hyyppä, X.Yu, M.Vastaranta, H.Hyyppä, A.Kukko, M.Holopainen, 2012. “An international comparison of individual tree detection and extraction using airborne laser scanning.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 4:pp. 950–974.
88. A.Kangas, and M.Maltamo, 2006. Forest Inventory:Methodology and Applications. Dordrecht, The Netherlands:Springer.
89. V.Kankare, M.Holopainen, M.Vastaranta, E.Puttonen, X.Yu, J.Hyyppä, M.Vaaja, H.Hyyppä, and P.Alho, 2013. “Individual tree biomass estimation using terrestrial laser scanning.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 75:pp. 64–75.
90. V.Kankare, J.Vauhkonen, T.Tanhuanpaa, M.Holopainen, M.Vastaranta, M.Joensuu, A.Krooks, 2014. “Accuracy in estimation of timber assortments and stem distribution – a comparison of airborne and terrestrial laser scanning techniques.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 97:pp. 89–97.
91. V.Kankare, J.Vauhkonen, M.Holopainen, M.Vastaranta, J.Hyyppä, H.Hyyppä, and P.Alho, 2015. “Sparse density, leaf-off airborne laser scanning data in aboveground biomass component prediction.” Forests, Vol. 6:pp. 1839–1857.
92. M.Kelly, and S.D.Tommaso, 2015. “Mapping forests with LiDAR provides flexible, accurate data with many uses.” California Agriculture, Vol. 69:pp. 14–20.
93. J.Keränen, J.Peuhkurinen, P.Packalén, and M.Maltamo, 2015. “Effect of minimum diameter at breast height and standing dead wood field measurements on the accuracy of ALS-based forest inventory.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 45:pp. 1280–1288.
94. S.Kim, R.J.McGaughey, H.-E.Andersen, and G.Schreuder, 2009. “Tree species differentiation using intensity data derived from leaf-on and leaf-off airborne laser scanner data.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 113:pp. 1575–1586.
95. I.Korpela, 2006. “Geometrically accurate time series of archived aerial images and airborne LiDAR data in a forest environment.” Silva Fennica, Vol. 40:pp. 109–126.
96. I.Korpela, P.Anttila, and J.Pitkänen, 2006. “The performance of a local maxima method for detecting individual tree tops in aerial photographs.” International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 27:pp. 1159–1175.
97. I.Korpela, H.O.Ørka, M.Maltamo, T.Tokola, and J.Hyyppä, 2010. “Tree species classification using airborne LiDAR—effects of stand and tree parameters, downsizing of training set, intensity normalization, and sensor type.” Silva Fennica, Vol. 44:pp. 319–339.
98. A.Kukko, and J.Hyyppä, 2009. “Small-footprint laser scanning simulator for system validation, error assessment, and algorithm development.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 10:pp. 1177–1189.
99. A.Kuprevicius, D.Auty, A.Achim, and J.P.Caspersen, 2013. “Quantifying the influence of live crown ratio on the mechanical properties of clear wood.” Forestry, Vol. 86:pp. 361–369.
100. R.Laamanen, and A.Kangas, 2011. “Large-scale forest owner's information needs in operational planning of timber harvesting – some practical views in Metsähallitus, Finnish state-owned enterprise.” Silva Fennica Vol. 45:pp. 711–727.
101. F.Leberl, A.Irschara, T.Pock, P.Meixner, M.Gruber, S.Scholz, and A.Wiechert, 2010. “Point clouds:LiDAR versus three-dimensional vision.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 76:pp. 1123–1134.
102. A.Leboeuf, A.Beaudoin, R.A.Fournier, L.Guindon, J.E.Luther, and M.-C.Lambert, 2007. “A shadow fraction method for mapping biomass of northern boreal black spruce forests using QuickBird imagery.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 110:pp. 488–500.
103. A.Leboeuf, R.A.Fournier, J.E.Luther, A.Beaudoin, and L.Guindon, 2012. “Forest attribute estimation of northeastern Canadian forests using QuickBird imagery and a shadow fraction method.” Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 266:pp. 66–74.
104. D.Leckie, and M.Gillis, 1995. “Forest inventory in Canada with an emphasis on map production.” Forestry Chronicle, Vol. 71:pp. 74–88.
105. D.Leckie, S.Tinis, T.Nelson, C.Burnett, F.Gougeon, E.Cloney, and D.Paradine, 2005. “Issues in species classification of trees in old growth conifer stands.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 31:pp. 171–190.
106. M.A.Lefsky, W.B.Cohen, S.A.Acker, G.G.Parker, T.A.Spies, and D.Harding, 1999. “LiDAR remote sensing of the canopy structure and biophysical properties of Douglas-fir western hemlock forests.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 70:pp. 339–361.
107. M.A.Lefsky, W.B.Cohen, G.G.Parker, and D.J.Harding, 2002. “LiDAR remote sensing for ecosystem studies.” Bioscience, Vol. 52:pp. 19–30.
108. X.Liang, J.Hyyppä, A.Kukko, H.Kaartinen, A.Jaakkola, and X.Yu, 2014. “The use of a mobile laser scanning system for mapping large forest plots.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 11:pp. 1504–1508.
109. X.Liang, V.Kankare, X.Yu, J.Hyyppä, and M.Holopainen, 2014. “Automated stem curve measurement using terrestrial laser scanning.” Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 52:pp. 1739–1748.
110. X.Liang, A.Kukko, H.Kaartinen, J.Hyyppä, X.Yu, A.Jaakkola, and Y.Wang, 2014. “Possibilities of a personal laser scanning system for forest mapping and ecosystem services.” Sensors, Vol. 14:pp. 1228–1248.
111. J.Li, B.Hu, and M.Woods, 2015. “A two-level approach for species identification of coniferous trees in central Ontario forests based on multispectral images.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol. 8:pp. 1487–1497.
112. K.Lim, P.Treitz, M.A.Wulder, B.St-Onge, and M.Flood, 2003. “LiDAR remote sensing of forest structure.” Progress in Physical Geography, Vol. 27:pp. 88–106.
113. E.Lindberg, J.Holmgren, K.Olofsson, J.Wallerman, and H.Olsson, 2010. “Estimation of tree lists from airborne laser scanning by combining single-tree and area-based methods.” International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 31:pp. 1175–1192.
114. D.B.Lindenmayer, C.R.Margules, and D.B.Botkin, 2000. “Indicators of biodiversity for ecologically sustainable forest management.” Conservation Biology, Vol. 14:pp. 941–950.
115. C.M.C.S.Listopad, R.E.Masters, J.Drake, J.Weishampel, and C.Branquinho, 2015. “Structural diversity indices based on airborne LiDAR as ecological indicators for managing highly dynamic landscapes.” Ecological Indicators, Vol. 57:pp. 268–279.
116. J.L.Lovell, D.L.B.Jupp, D.S.Culvenor, and N.C.Coops, 2003. “Using airborne and ground-based ranging LiDAR to measure canopy structure in Australian forests.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 29:pp. 607–622.
117. J.L.Lovell, D.L.B.Jupp, G.J.Newnham, N.C.Coops, and D.S.Culvenor, 2005. “Simulation study for finding optimal LiDAR acquisition parameters for forest height retrieval.” Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 214:pp. 398–412.
118. J.E.Luther, R.Skinner, R.A.Fournier, O.R.Van Lier, W.W.Bowers, J.F.Côté, C.Hopkinson, and T.Moulton, 2014. “Predicting wood quantity and quality attributes of balsam fir and black spruce using airborne laser scanner data.” Forestry, Vol. 87:pp. 313–326.
119. H.G.Maas, A.Bienert, S.Scheller, and E.Keane, 2008. “Automatic forest inventory parameter determination from terrestrial laser scanner data.” International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 29:pp. 1579–1593.
120. K.G.MacDicken, P.Sola, J.E.Hall, C.Sabogal, M.Tadoum, and C.de Wasseige, 2015. “Global progress toward sustainable forest management.” Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 352:pp. 47–56.
121. M.Maltamo, H.O.Ørka, O.M.Bollandsås, T.Gobakken, and E.Næsset, 2015. “Using pre-classification to improve the accuracy of species-specific forest attribute estimates from airborne laser scanner data and aerial images.” Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 30:pp. 336–345.
122. S.Magnussen, and P.Boudewyn, 1998. “Derivations of stand heights from airborne laser scanner data with canopy-based quantile estimators.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 28:pp. 1016–1031.
123. S.Magnussen, P.Eggermont, and V.LaRiccia, 1999. “Recovering tree heights from airborne laser scanner data.” Forest Science, Vol. 45:pp. 407–422.
124. S.Magnussen, P.Boudewyn, M.Wulder, and D.Seemann, 2000. “Predictions of forest inventory cover type proportions using Landsat TM.” Silva Fennica, Vol. 4:pp. 351–370.
125. S.Magnussen, E.Næsset, T.Gobakken, and G.Frazer, 2012. “A fine-scale model for area-based predictions of tree-size-related attributes derived from LiDAR canopy heights.” Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 27:pp. 312–322.
126. S.Magnussen, E.Næsset, and T.Gobakken, 2013. “Prediction of tree-size distributions and inventory variables from cumulants of canopy height distributions.” Forestry, Vol. 86:pp. 583–595.
127. T.Matsuki, N.Yokoya, and A.Iwasaki, 2015. “Hyperspectral tree species classification of Japanese complex mixed forest with the aid of LiDAR data.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observation and Remote Sensing, Vol. 8(No. 5):pp. 2177–2187.
128. L.Mehtätalo, A.Virolainen, J.Tuomela, and P.Packalén, 2015. “Estimating tree height distribution using low-density ALS data with and without training data.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observation Remote Sensing, Vol. 8:pp. 1432–1441.
129. T.Moffiet, K.Mengersen, C.Witte, R.King, and R.Denham, 2005. “Airborne laser scanning:Exploratory data analysis indicates potential variables for classification of individual trees or forest stands according to species.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 59:pp. 289–309.
130. A.Montaghi, 2013. “Effect of scanning angle on vegetation metrics derived from a nationwide airborne laser scanning acquisition.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 39:pp. S152–S173.
131. A.Montaghi, P.Corono, M.Dalponte, D.Gianelle, G.Chirici, and H.Olsson, 2013. “Airborne laser scanning of forest resources:An overview of research in Italy as a commentary case study.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, Vol. 23:pp. 288–300.
132. I.Moorthy, J.R.Miller, and T.L.Noland, 2008. “Estimating chlorophyll concentration in conifer needles with hyperspectral data:An assessment at the needle and canopy level.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 112:pp. 2824–2838.
133. B.Mora, M.A.Wulder, and J.C.White, 2010a. “Identifying leading species using tree crown metrics derived from very high spatial resolution imagery in a boreal forest environment.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 36:pp. 332–344.
134. B.Mora, M.A.Wulder, and J.C.White, 2010b. “Segment-constrained regression tree estimation of forest stand height from very high spatial resolution panchromatic imagery over a boreal environment.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 114:pp. 2474–2484.
135. B.Mora, M.A.Wulder, J.C.White, G.Hobart, F.Gougeon, A.Varhola, and N.C.Coops, 2013. “Forest inventory stand height estimates from very high spatial resolution satellite imagery calibrated with LIDAR-plots.” International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 34:pp. 4406–4424.
136. B.Mora, M.A.Wulder, J.C.White, and G.Hobart, 2013. “Modeling stand height, volume, and biomass from very high spatial resolution satellite imagery and samples of airborne-LiDAR.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 5:pp. 2308–2326.
137. J.Morgenroth, and R.Visser, 2013. “Uptake and barriers to the use of geospatial technologies in forest management.” New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, Vol. 43:pp. 1–16.
138. M.Mura, R.E.McRoberts, G.Chirici, and M.Marchetti, 2015. “Estimating and mapping forest structural diversity using airborne laser scanner data.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 170:pp. 133–142.
139. P.Muukkonen, 2006. Forest Inventory-Based Large-Scale Forest Biomass and Carbon Budget Assessment:New Enhanced Methods and Use of Remote Sensing for Verification. Dissertationes Forestales 30, University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Sciences, the Finnish Society of Forest Science. [doi:10.14214/df.30].
140. E.Næsset, 1997. “Determination of mean tree height of forest stands using airborne laser scanner data.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, Vol. 52:pp. 49–56.
141. E.Næsset, 2002. “Predicting forest stand characteristics with airborne scanning laser using a practical two-stage procedure and field data.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 80:88–99.
142. E.Næsset, 2004. “Practical large-scale forest stand inventory using a small-footprint airborne scanning laser.” Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 19:pp. 164–179.
143. E.Næsset, 2005. “Effects of different sensors, flying altitudes, and pulse repetition frequencies on forest canopy metrics and biophysical stand properties derived from small-footprint airborne laser data.” 2009. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 113:pp. 148–159.
144. E.Næsset, 2007. “Airborne laser scanning as a method in operational forest inventory:status of accuracy assessments accomplished in Scandinavia.” Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 22:pp. 433–442.
145. E.Næsset, 2009. “Influence of terrain model smoothing and flight and sensor configurations on detection of small pioneer trees in the boreal-alpine transition zone utilizing height metrics derived from airborne scanning lasers.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 113:pp. 2210–2223.
146. E.Næsset, 2015a. “Vertical height errors in digital terrain models derived from airborne laser scanner data in a boreal-alpine ecotone in Norway.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 7, pp. 4702–4725.
147. E.Næsset, 2015b. “Area-based inventory in Norway – from innovations to operational reality.” In Forestry Applications of Airborne Laser Scanning, Concepts and Case Studies, edited by M.Maltamo, E.Næsset, and J.Vauhkonen. New York, NY:Springer.
148. E.Næsset, and T.Gobakken, 2005. “Estimating forest growth using canopy metrics derived from airborne laser scanner data.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 96:pp. 453–465.
149. E.Næsset, and T.Gobakken, 2008. “Estimation of above- and below-ground biomass across regions of the boreal forest zone using airborne laser.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 112:pp. 3079–3090.
150. E.Næsset, T.Gobakken, J.Holmgren, H.Hyyppä, J.Hyyppä, M.Maltamo, M.Nilsson, 2004. “Laser scanning of forest resources:the Nordic experience.” Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 19:pp. 482–499.
151. E.Næsset, and R.Nelson, 2007. “Using airborne laser scanning to monitor tree migration in the boreal-alpine transition zone.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 110:pp. 357–369.
152. E.Næsset, and T.Økland, 2002. “Estimating tree height and tree crown properties using airborne scanning laser in a boreal nature reserve.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 79:pp. 105–115.
153. R.Nelson, 2013. “How did we get here? An early history of forestry LiDAR.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 39:pp. S1–S12.
154. R.Nelson, G.Parker, and M.Hom, 2003. “A portable airborne laser system for forest inventory.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 69:pp. 267–273.
155. G.J.Newnham, J.D.Armston, K.Calders, M.I.Disney, J.L.Lovell, C.B.Schaaf, A.H.Strahler, and F.M.Danson, 2015. “Terrestrial laser scanning for plot-scale forest measurement.” Current Forestry Reports, Vol. 1:pp. 239–251.
156. W.Ni-Meister, A.H.Strahler, C.E.Woodcock, C.B.Schaaf, D.L.B.Jupp, T.Yao, F.Zhao, and X.Yang, 2008. “Modeling the hemispherical scanning, below-canopy LiDAR and vegetation structure characteristics with a geoetric-optical and radiative-transfer model.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 34:pp. S3859–S397.
157. K.Nurminen, M.Karjalainen, X.Yu, J.Hyyppä, and E.Honkavaara, 2013. “Performance of dense digital surface models based on image matching in the estimation of plot-level forest variables.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 83:pp. 104–115.
158. H.O.Ørka, M.Dalponte, T.Gobakken, E.Næsset, and L.T.Ene, 2013. “Characterizing forest species composition using multiple remote sensing data sources and inventory approaches.” Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 28:pp. 677–688.
159. H.O.Ørka, E.Næsset, and O.M.Bollandsäs, 2009. “Classifying species of individual trees by intensity and structure features derived from airborne laser scanner data.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 113:pp. 1163–1174.
160. T.Ota, M.Ogawa, K.Shimizu, T.Kajisa, N.Mizoue, S.Yoshida, G.Takao, 2015. “Aboveground biomass estimation using structure from motion approach with aerial photographs in a seaonsl tropical forest.” Forests, Vol. 6:pp. 3882–3898.
161. I.Ozdemir, and D.N.M.Donaghue, 2013. “Modelling tree size diversity from airborne laser scanning using canopy height models with image texture measures.” Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 295:pp. 28–37.
162. F.Pacifici, N.Longbotham, and W.J.Emery, 2014. “The importance of physical quantities for the analysis of multitemporal and multiangular optical very high spatial resolution images.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 52(No. 10):pp. 6241–6256.
163. P.Packalén, and M.Maltamo, 2008. “Estimation of species-specific diameter distributions using airborne laser scanning and aerial photographs.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 38:pp. 1750–1760.
164. P.Packalén, J.L.Strunk, J.A.Pitkänen, H.Temesgen, and M.Maltamo, 2015. “Edge-tree correction for predicting forest inventory attributes using area-based approach with airborne laser scanning.” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol. 8:pp. 1274–1280.
165. C.Paris, and L.Bruzzone, 2015. “A three-dimensional model-based approach to the estimation of the tree top height by fusing low-density LiDAR data and very high resolution optical images.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 53(No. 1):pp. 467–480.
166. M.Penner, 2008. The Impact of Photo Scale on Photointerpreted VRI Attributes. Technical report prepared for Forest Analysis and Inventory Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range,. accessed November 20, 2015, https://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hts/vri/technical/technical/airphoto_scale_042008.pdf
167. M.Penner, M.Woods, and D.Pitt, 2015. “A comparison of airborne laser scanning and image point cloud derived tree size class distribution models in boreal Ontario.” Forests, Vol. 6:pp. 4034–4054.
168. F.Pirotti, 2011. “Analysis of full-waveform LiDAR data for forestry applications:A review of investigations and methods.” iForest, Vol. 4:pp. 100–106.
169. D.Pitt, and J.Pineau, 2009. “Forest inventory research at the Canadian Wood Fibre Centre:notes from a research coordination workshop.” The Forestry Chronicle, Vol. 85:pp. 859–869.
170. D.G.Pitt, M.Woods, and M.Penner, 2015. “A comparison of point clouds derived from stereo imagery and airborne laser scanning for the area-based estimation of forest inventory attributes in boreal Ontario.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 40:pp. 214–232.
171. S.Puliti, H.O.Ørka, T.Gobakken, and E.Næsset, 2015. “Inventory of small forest areas using an unmanned aerial system.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 7(No. 8):pp. 9632–9654.
172. E.Puttonen, P.Litkey, and J.Hyyppä, 2009. “Individual tree species classification by illuminated–shaded area separation.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 2:pp. 19–35.
173. E.Puttonen, J.Suomalainen, T.Hakala, E.Räikkönen, H.Kaartinen, S.Kaasalainen, and P.Litkey, 2010. “Tree species classification from fused active hyperspectral reflectance and LIDAR measurements.” Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 10:pp. 1843–1852.
174. E.B.Racine, N.C.Coops, B.St-Onge, and J.Bégin, 2014. “Estimating forest stand age from LiDAR-derived predictors and nearest neighbour imputation.” Forest Science, Vol. 60(No. 1):pp. 128–136.
175. J.Rahlf, J.Breidenbach, S.Solberg, E.Næsset, and R.Astrup, 2014. “Comparison of four types of 3D data for timber volume estimation.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 155:pp. 325–333.
176. J.Rahlf, J.Breidenbach, S.Solberg, and R.Astrup, 2015. “Forest parameter prediction using an image-based point cloud:a comparison of semi-ITC with ABA.” Forests, Vol. 6, pp. 4059–4071.
177. P.Raumonen, M.Kaasalainen, M.Åkerblom, S.Kaasalainen, H.Kaartinen, M.Vastaranta, M.Holopainen, M.Disney, and P.Lewis, 2013. “Fast automatic precision tree models from terrestrial laser scanner data.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 5:pp. 491–520.
178. F.Remondino, M.G.Spera, E.Nocerino, F.Menna, and F.Nex, 2014. “State of the art in high density image matching.” The Photogrammetric Record, Vol. 29(No. 146):pp. 144–166.
179. S.E.Reutebuch, R.J.McGaughey, H.-E.Andersen, and W.W.Carson, 2003. “Accuracy of high-resolution LiDAR terrain model under a conifer forest canopy.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 29:pp. 527–535.
180. S.E.Reutebuch, H.-E.Andersen, and R.J.McGaughey, 2005. “Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR):An emerging tool for multiple resource inventory.” Journal of Forestry, Vol. 103:pp. 286–292.
181. R.Saad, J.Wallerman, and T.Lämås, 2015. “Estimating stem diameter distributions from airborne laser scanning data and their effects on long term forest management planning.” Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 30:pp. 186–196.
182. F.D.Schneider, R.Leiterer, F.Morsdorf, J.P.Gatellu-Etchegorry, N.Lauret, N.Pfeifer, and M.E.Schaepman, 2014. “Simulating imaging spectrometer data:3D forest modeling based on LiDAR and in situ data.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 152:pp. 235–250.
183. N.Shabani, S.Akhtari, and T.Sowlati, 2013. “Value chain optimization of forest biomass for bioenergy production:A review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 23:pp. 299–311.
184. S.Shahi, and R.Pulkki, 2015. “A simulation-based optimization approach to integrated inventory management of a sawlog supply chain with demand uncertainty.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 45:pp. 1313–1326.
185. J.P.Siry, F.W.Cubage, and M.R.Ahmed, 2005. “Sustainable forest management:global trends and opportunities.” Forest Policy and Economics, Vol. 7:pp. 551–561.
186. R.A.Spriggs, M.C.Vanderwel, T.A.Jones, J.P.Caspersen, and D.A.Coomes, 2015. “A simple area-based model for predicting airborne LiDAR first returns from stem diameter distributions:An example study in an uneven-age, mixed temperate forest.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 45(No. 10):pp. 1338–1350.
187. B.St-Onge, C.Véga, R.A.Fournier, and Y.Hu, 2008. “Mapping canopy height using a combination of digital stereo-photogrammetry and LiDAR.” International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 29:pp. 3343–3364.
188. B.St-Onge, F.-A.Audet, and J.Bégin, 2015. “Characterizing the height structure and composition of a boreal forest using an individual tree crown approach applied to photogrammetric point clouds.” Forests, Vol. 6:pp. 3899–3922.
189. B.St-Onge, and B.C.Budei, 2015. “Individual tree species identification using the multispectral return intensities of the Optech Titan LiDAR system.” Paper presented at Proceedings of SilviLaser 2015, La Grande Motte, France, September 28–30, 2015.
190. C.Stepper, C.Straub, and H.Pretzsch, 2015a. “Using semi-global matching point clouds to estimate growing stock at the plot and stand levels:application for a broadleaf-dominated forest in central Europe.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 45:pp. 111–123.
191. C.Stepper, C.Straub, and H.Pretzsch, 2015b. “Assessing height changes in a highly structured forest using regularly acquired aerial image data.” Forestry, Vol. 88:pp. 304–316.
192. A.H.Strahler, C.E.Woodcock, and J.A.Smith, 1986. “On the nature of models in remote sensing.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 20:pp. 121–139.
193. A.H.Strahler, D.L.B.Jupp, C.E.Woodcock, C.B.Schaaf, T.Yao, F.Zhao, X.Yang, 2008. “Retrieval of forest structural parameters using a ground-based LiDAR instrument ‘Echidna®’.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 34:pp. S426–S440.
194. C.Straub, C.Stepper, R.Seitz, and L.T.Waser, 2013. “Potential of UltraCamX stereo images for estimating timber volume and basal area at the plot level in mixed European forests.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 43:pp. 731–741.
195. M.J.Sumnall, R.A.Hill, and S.A.Hinsley, 2016. “Comparison of small-footprint discrete return and full waveform airborne LiDAR data for estimating multiple forest variables.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 173:pp. 214–223.
196. L.Tang, and G.Shao, 2014. “Drone remote sensing for forestry research and practices.” Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 26(No. 4):pp. 791–797.
197. K.Tansey, N.Selmes, A.Anstee, N.J.Tate, and A.Denniss, 2009. “Estimating tree and stand variables in a Corsican Pine woodland from terrestrial laser scanner data.” International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 30:pp. 5195–5209.
198. N.Thieme, O.M.Bollandsås, T.Gobakken, and E.Næsset, 2011. “Detection of small single trees in the forest-tundra ecotone using height values from airborne laser scanning.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 37:pp. 264–274.
199. M.Thies, N.Pfeifer, D.Winterhalder, and B.G.H.Gorte, 2004. “Three-dimensional reconstruction of stems for assessment of taper, sweep, and lean based on laser scanning of standing trees.” Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 19:pp. 571–581.
200. V.Thomas, P.Treitz, J.H.McCaughey, and I.Morrison, 2006. “Mapping stand-level forest biophysical variables for a mixedwood boreal forest using LiDAR:an examination of scanning density.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 36:pp. 34–47.
201. I.D.Thompson, S.C.Maher, D.P.Rouillard, J.M.Fryxell, and J.A.Baker, 2007. “Accuracy of forest inventory mapping:some implications for boreal forest management.” Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 252:pp. 208–221.
202. P.Tompalski, N.C.Coops, J.C.White, and M.A.Wulder, 2014. “Simulating the impacts of error in species and height upon tree volume derived from airborne laser scanning data.” Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 327:pp. 167–177.
203. P.Tompalski, N.C.Coops, J.C.White, and M.A.Wulder, 2015. “Augmenting site index estimation with airborne laser scanning data.” Forest Science, Vol. 61:pp. 861–873.
204. E.Tomppo, T.Gschwanter, M.Lawrence, and R.E.McRoberts, 2010. National Forest Inventories. Netherlands, Dordrecht:Springer.
205. S.Tuominen, A.Balazs, H.Saari, I.Pölönen, J.Sarkeala, and R.Vitala, 2015. “Unmanned aerial system imagery and photogrammetric canopy height data in area-based estimation of forest variables.” Silva Fennica, Vol. 49(No. 5). doi:10.14214/sf.1348.
206. C.-H.Ung, P.Bernier, and X.-J.Guo, 2008. “Canadian national biomass equations:new parameter estimates that include British Columbia data.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 38:pp. 1123–1132.
207. S.Vaccari, M.van Leeuwen, K.Calders, N.C.Coops, and M.Herold, 2013. “Bias in LiDAR-based canopy gap fraction estimates.” Remote Sensing Letters,Vol. 4:pp. 391–399.
208. K.Y.van Ewijk, P.M.Treitz, and N.A.Scott, 2011. “Characterizing forest succession in Central Ontario using LiDAR-derived indices.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 77:pp. 261–269.
209. K.Y.van Ewijk, C.F.Randin, P.M.Treitz, and N.A.Scott, 2014. “Predicting fine-scale tree species abundance patterns using biotic variables derived from LiDAR and high spatial resolution imagery.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 150:pp. 120–131.
210. M.van Leeuwen, and M.Nieuwenhuis, 2010. “Retrieval of forest structural parameters using LiDAR remote sensing.” European Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 129:pp. 749–770.
211. M.van Leeuwen, T.Hilker, N.C.Coops, G.Frazer, M.A.Wulder, G.J.Newnham, and D.S.Culvenor, 2011. “Assessment of standing wood and fiber quality using ground and airborne laser scanning:a review.” Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 261:pp. 1467–1478.
212. M.van Leeuwen, N.C.Coops, T.Hilker, M.A.Wulder, G.J.Newnham, and D.S.Culvenor, 2013. “Automated reconstruction of tree and canopy structure for modeling the internal canopy radiation regime.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 136:pp. 286–300.
213. M.Vastaranta, Holopainen, M., Yu, X., Hyyppä, J., Mäkinen, A., Rasinmäki, J., Melkas, T., H.Kaartinen, and H.Hyyppä, 2011. “Effects of individual tree detection error sources on forest management planning calculations.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 3:pp. 1614–1626.
214. M.Vastaranta, V.Kankare, M.Holopainen, X.Yu, J.Hyyppä, and H.Hyyppä, 2012. “Combination of individual tree detection and area-based approach in imputation of forest variables using airborne laser data.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 67:pp. 73–79.
215. M.Vastaranta, M.A.Wulder,., J.C.White, A.Pekkarinen, S.Tuominen, C.Ginzler, V.Kankare, 2013. “Airborne laser scanning and digital stereo imagery measures of forest structure:comparative results and implications to forest mapping and inventory update.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 39:pp. 382–395.
216. M.Vastaranta, N.Saarinen, V.Kankare, M.Holopainen, H.Kaartinen, J.Hyyppä, and H.Hyyppä, 2014. “Multisource single-tree inventory in the prediction of tree quality variables and logging recoveries.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 6:pp. 3475–3491.
217. N.R.Vaughn, L.M.Moskal, and E.C.Turnblom, 2012. “Tree species detection accuracies using discrete point LiDAR and airborne waveform LiDAR.” Remote Sensing, Vol. 4:pp. 377–403.
218. J.Vauhkonen, L.Ene, S.Gupta, J.Heinzel, J.Holmgren, J.Pitkänen, S.Solberg, 2012. “Comparative testing of single-tree detection algorithms under different types of forest.” Forestry, Vol. 85:pp. 27–40.
219. J.Vauhkonen, T.Hakala, J.Suomalainen, S.Kaasalainen, O.Nevalainen, M.Vastaranta, M.Holopainen, and J.Hyyppä, 2013. “Classification of spruce and pine trees using active hyperspectral LiDAR.” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 10:pp. 1138–1141.
220. J.Vauhkonen, M.Holopainen, V.Kankare, M.Vastaranta, and R.Viitala, 2016. “Geometrically explicit description of forest canopy based on 3D triangulations of airborne laser scanning data.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 173:pp. 248–257.
221. C.Véga, and B.St-Onge, 2008. “Height growth reconstruction of a boreal forest canopy over a period of 58 years using a combination of photogrammetric and LiDAR models.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 112:pp. 1784–1794.
222. C.Véga, and B.St-Onge, 2009. “Mapping site index and age by linking a time series of canopy height models with growth curves.” Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 257:pp. 951–959.
223. L.Wallace, R.Musk, and A.Lucieer, 2014. “An assessment of the repeatability of automatic forest inventory metrics derived from UAV-borne laser scanning data.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 52(No. 11):pp. 7160–7169.
224. L.Wang, A.G.Birt, C.W.Lafon, D.M.Cairns, R.N.Coulson, M.D.Tchakerian, W.Xi, S.C.Popescu, and J.M.Guldin, 2013. “Computer-based synthetic data to assess the tree delineation algorithm from airborne LiDAR survey.” Geoinformatica, Vol. 17(No. 1):pp. 35–61.
225. Z.Wang, C.Ginzler, and L.T.Waser, 2015. “A novel method to assess short-term forest cover changes based on digital surface models from image-based point clouds.” Forestry, Vol. 88:pp. 429–440.
226. L.T.Waser, C.Ginzler, M.Kuechler, E.Baltsavias, and L.Hurni, 2011. “Semi-automatic classification of tree species in different forest ecosystems by spectral and geometric variables derived from airborne digital sensor (ADS40) and RC30 data.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 115:pp. 76–85.
227. A.Wehr, and U.Lohr, 1999. “Airborne laser scanning—an introduction and overview.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 54:pp. 68–82.
228. P.Wilkes, S.D.Jones, L.Suarez, A.Haywood, W.Woodgate, M.Soto-Berelov, A.Mellor, and A.K.Skidmore, 2015. “Understanding the effects of ALS pulse density for metric retrieval across diverse forest types.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 81:pp. 625–635.
229. K.Windisch, G.Bronner, R.Mansberger, and T.Koukal, 2014. “Derivation of dominant height and yield class of forest stands by means of airborne remote sensing methods.” Photogrammetrie, Fernerkundung, Geoinformation, Vol. 5:pp. 325–338.
230. J.C.White, M.A.Wulder, A.Varhola, M.Vastaranta, N.C.Coops, B.D.Cook, D.Pitt, and M.Woods, 2013. A Best Practices Guide for Generating Forest Inventory Attributes from Airborne Laser Scanning Data Using the Area-Based Approach. Information Report FI-X-10. Victoria, BC, Canada:Canadian Forest Service, Canadian Wood Fibre Centre, Pacific Forestry Centre.
231. J.C.White, M.A.Wulder, M.Vastaranta, N.C.Coops, D.Pitt, and M.Woods, 2013. “The utility of image-based point clouds for forest inventory:A comparison with airborne laser scanning.” Forests, Vol. 4:pp. 518–536.
232. J.C.White, M.A.Wulder, and G.Buckmaster, 2014. “Validating estimates of merchantable volume from airborne laser scanning (ALS) data using weight scale data.” The Forestry Chronicle, Vol. 90:pp. 378–385.
233. J.C.White, J.T.T.R.Arnett, M.A.Wulder, P.Tompalski, and N.C.Coops, 2015. “Evaluating the impact of leaf-on and leaf-off airborne laser scanning data on the estimation of forest inventory attributes with the area-based approach.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 45:pp. 1498–1513.
234. J.C.White, C.Stepper, P.Tompalski, N.C.Coops, and M.A.Wulder, 2015. “Comparing ALS and image-based point cloud metrics and modelled forest inventory attributes in a complex coastal forest environment.” Forests, Vol. 6:pp. 3704–3732.
235. D.Whitehead, J.C.Grace, and M.J.S.Godfrey, 1990. “Architectural distribution of foliage in individual Pinus radiata D. Don crowns and the effects of clumping on radiation interception.” Tree Physiology, Vol. 7:pp. 135–155
236. M.Woods, D.Pitt, M.Penner, K.Lim, D.Nesbitt, D.Etheridge, and P.Treitz, 2011. “Operational implementation of a LiDAR inventory in boreal Ontario.” The Forestry Chronicle, Vol. 87:pp. 512–528.
237. M.A.Wulder, C.W.Bater, N.C.Coops, T.Hilker, and J.C.White, 2008. “The role of LiDAR in sustainable forest management.” The Forestry Chronicle, Vol. 84:pp. 807–826.
238. M.A.Wulder, N.C.Coops, A.T.Hudak, F.Morsdorf, R.Nelson, G.Newnham, and M.Vastaranta, 2013. “Status and prospects for LiDAR remote sensing of forested ecosystems.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 39:pp. S1–S5.
239. M.A.Wulder, R.J.Hall, N.C.Coops, and S.E.Franklin, 2004. “High spatial resolution remotely sensed data for ecosystem characterization.” BioScience, Vol. 54, pp. 511–521.
240. M.A.Wulder, S.M.Ortlepp, J.C.White, and N.C.Coops, 2008. “Impact of sun-surface-sensor geometry upon multitemporal high spatial resolution satellite imagery.” Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 34:pp. 455–461.
241. M.A.Wulder, J.C.White, N.C.Coops, and C.R.Butson, 2008. “Multi-temporal analysis of high spatial resolution imagery for disturbance monitoring.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 112:pp. 2729–2740.
242. Wulder, M.A., White, J.C., Goward, S.N., Masek, J.G., Irons, J.R., Herold, M., Cohen, W.B., Loveland, T.R., and Woodcock, C.E. 2008. “Landsat continuity:Issues and opportunities for land cover monitoring.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 112:pp. 955-969
243. M.A.Wulder, J.C.White, R.F.Nelson, E.Næsset, H.O.Ørka, N.C.Coops, T.Hilker, C.W.Bater, and T.Gobakken, 2012. “LiDAR sampling for large-area forest characterization:a review.” Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 121:pp. 196–209.
244. Y.Xie, Z.Sha, and M.Yu, 2008. “Remote sensing imagery in vegetation mapping:a review.” Journal of Plant Ecology, Vol. 1:pp. 9–23.
245. Q.Xu, Z.Hou, M.Maltamo, and T.Tokola, 2014. “Calibration of area-based diameter distribution with individual tree based diameter estimates using airborne laser scanning.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 93, pp. 65–75.
246. X.Yu, J.Hyyppä, A.Kukko, M.Maltamo, and H.Kaartinen, 2006. “Change detection techniques for canopy height growth measurements using airborne laser scanner data.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 79:pp. 1339–1348.
247. X.Yu, J.Hyyppä, H.Kaartinen, M.Maltamo, and H.Hyyppä, 2008. “Obtaining plotwise mean height and volume growth in boreal forests using multi-temporal laser surveys and various change detection techniques.” International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 29:pp. 1367–1386.
248. X.Yu, X.Liang, J.Hyyppä, V.Kankare, M.Vastaranta, and M.Holopainen, 2013. “Stem biomass estimation based on stem reconstruction from terrestrial laser scanning point clouds.” Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 4, pp. 344–353.
249. X.Yu, P.Litkey, J.Hyyppä, M.Holopainen, and M.Vastaranta, 2014. “Assessment of low density full-waveform airborne laser scanning for individual tree detection and tree species classification.” Forests, Vol. 5:pp. 1011–1031.
250. B.Zhang, S.Miller, S.Walker, and K.Devenecia, 2007. “Generation automatic terrain extraction using microsoft ultracam imagery.” Paper presented at Proceedings of the ASPRS 2007 Annual Conference, Tampa, Florida, May 7–11, 2007, accessed November 29, 2015, http://info.asprs.org/publications/proceedings/tampa2007/0086.pdf.
251. C.Zhang, and F.Qiu, 2012. “Mapping individual tree species in an urban forest using airborne LiDAR data and hyperspectral imagery.” Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 78:pp. 1079–1087.
252. D.Zianis, P.Muukkonen, R.Makipaa, and M.Mencuccini, 2005. “Biomass and stem volume equations for tree species in Europe.” Silva Fennica Monographs Vol. 4:p. 63, accessed November 13, 2015, http://www.metla.fi/silvafennica/full/smf/smf004.pdf.
253. J.Zhou, C.Proisy, X.Descombes, G.le Maire, Y.Nouvellon, G.Viennois, J.Zerubia, and P.Couteron, 2013. “Mapping local density of young eucalyptus plantations by individual tree detection in high spatial resolution satellite images.” Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 301:pp. 129–141.
254. Y.Zhou, and F.Qui, 2015. “Fusion of high spatial resolution WorldView-2 imagery and LiDAR pseudo-waveform for object-based image analysis.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 101:pp. 221–232.