Three-dimensional reconstruction of stems for assessment of taper, sweep and lean based on laser scanning of standing trees

Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research

Volumn 19, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 571-581

  Thies, Michael ^a,c   Pfeifer, Norbert ^b   Winterhalder, Daniel ^a   Gorte, Ben G H ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

^b DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

^c Forstdirektion Tuebingen S   (Germany)

Author keywords

3D models; Branch free bole length; Cylinder fitting; DBH; Digital terrain model; Grading; Polar diagrams; Terrestrial laser scanner; Timber quality; Tree stems

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHMS; CLOUDS; IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION; ITERATIVE METHODS; LASER APPLICATIONS; THREE DIMENSIONAL;

LASER SCANNER DATA; LASER SCANNERS;

VEGETATION;

ALGORITHMS; IMAGE ANALYSIS; ITERATIVE METHODS; LASERS; PLANTS; THREE DIMENSIONAL DESIGN;

FAGUS; FAGUS SYLVATICA;

EID: 11144254044     PISSN: 02827581     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02827580410019562     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (36)

1. Alexander, R. M. 1997. Leaning trees on sloping ground. Nature 386: 327-329.
2. Brink, C. & von Gadow, K. 1986. On the use of growth and decay functions for modelling stem profiles. EDV in Medizin und Biologie 17: 20-27.
3. CEN. 1995. Softwood round timber. Qualitative classification. prEN 1927:ff. Comité Européen de Normalisation, Brussels.
4. CEN. 1997a. Hardwood round timber. Qualitative classification. prEN 1316:ff. Comité Européen de Normalisation, Brussels.
5. CEN 1997b. Round and sawn timber - method of measurement of features. EN 1310. Comité Européen de Normalisation, Brussels.
6. Constant, Th., Mothe, F., Badia, M. A. & Saint-Andre, L. 2003. How to relate the standing tree shape to internal wood characteristics: proposal of an experimental method applied to poplar trees. Ann. For. Sci. 60: 371-378.
7. Dehn, R., Taube, D. & Sloboda, B. 1985. Schaftvermessung an stehenden Baeumen mit einem eindimensionalen Passpunktsystem. AFZ 15: 350-353. (In German.)
8. Dhôte, J.-F., Hatsch, E. & Rittié, D. 2000. Stem taper curves, volume tables and volume yield compartments in Sessile Oak. Ann. For. Sci. 57: 121-142. (In French with English summary.)
9. Froehlich, C., Mettenleiter, M., Haertl, F., Dalton, G. & Hines, D. 2000. Imaging laser radar for 3-D modelling of real world environments. Sensor Rev. 20: 273-281.
10. Gaffrey, D., Sloboda, B. & Matsumura, N. 1998. Representation of tree stem taper curves and their dynamic, using a linear model and the centroaffine transformation. J. For. Res. 3: 67-74.
11. Hishinuma, Y. 1992. Analysis, using a three-dimensional view of the process of tree growth. 1. A new graphic method for stem analysis responding to stem form. Res. Bull. College Exp. For. 49: 1-22.
12. Hishinuma, Y., Nakata, R. & Fukazawa, K. 1992. Analysis, using a three-dimensional view of the process of tree growth. 2. Distributions of basic density and fiber direction responding to stem form. Res. Bull. College Exp. For. 49: 23-35.
13. Hopkinson, C., Chasmer, L., Young-Pow, C. & Treitz, P. 2004. Assessing forest metrics with a ground-based scanning LIDAR. Can. J. For. Res. 34: 573-583.
14. Kozak, A. 1988. A variable-exponent taper equation. Can. J. For. Res. 18: 1363-1368.
15. Kublin, E. 2003. A uniform description of stem profiles - methods and programs - BDATPro. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 122: 183-200. (In German with English summary.)
16. Lemmens, M. J. P. M. & van den Heuvel, F. 2001. 3D close-range laser mapping systems. GIM Int. 15: 30-33.
17. Lichti, D. D., Gordon, S. J. & Stewart, M. P. 2002. Ground-based laser scanners: operation, systems and applications. Geomatica 56: 21-33.
18. Mattheck, C. & Bethge, K. 1998. The mechanical survival strategy of trees. Arboricult. J. 22: 369-386.
19. Methley, J. 1998. Timber quality: a pilot study for assessing stem straightness. Forestry Commission Information Note FCIN10. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh. ISSN 1460-3802.
20. Mikhail, E. 1976. Observations and Least Squares. Rowman & Littlefield, New York. ISBN 0819123978.
21. Niklas, K. J. & Spatz, H.-C. 2000. Wind-induced stresses in cherry trees: evidence against the hypothesis of constant stress levels. Trees 14: 230-237.
22. Oja, J., Grundberg, S., Frederiksson, J. & Berg, P. 2004. Automatic grading of sawlogs: a comparison between X-ray scanning, optical three-dimensional scanning and combinations of both methods. Scand. J. For. Res. 19: 89-95.
23. Pfeifer, N. & Winterhalder, D. 2004. Modelling of tree cross sections from terrestrial laser scanning data with free-form curves. In Thies, M., Koch, B., Spiecker, H. & Weinacker, H. (eds). Laser-scanners for Forest and Landscape Assessment. ISPRS-International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XXXVI, Part 8/W2: 76-81. ISSN 1682-1750.
24. Press, W. H., Teukolsky, S. A., Vetterling, W. T. & Flannery, B. P. 2002. Numerical Recipes in C++. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0521750334.
25. Reidelstuerz, P. 1997. Forstliches Anwendungspotential der terrestrisch-analytischen Stereophotogrammetrie. Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Freiburg. (In German.)
26. Riedel, A. 2000. Three-dimensional measurement of tree plants. Forstarchiv 71: 95-101. (In German with English summary.)
27. Shewchuk, J. R. 2002. Delaunay refinement algorithms for triangular mesh generation. Comput. Geometry Theory Applic. 22: 21-74.
28. Simonse, M., Aschoff, T., Spiecker, H. & Thies, M. 2003. Automatic determination of forest inventory parameters using terrestrial laser scanning. Proceedings of the ScandLaser Scientific Workshop on Airborne Laser Scanning of Forests, Umeå, Sweden, 3-4 September 2003, pp. 252-258. ISSN 1401-1204.
29. Sinoquet, H. & Rivet, P. 1997. Measurement and visualization of the architecture of an adult tree based on three-dimensional digitising device. Trees 11: 265-270.
30. Tarp-Johansen, M. J., Skovsgaard, J. P., Madsen, S. F., Johannsen, V. K. & Skovgaard, I. 1997. Compatible stem taper and stem volume functions for oak (Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea (Matt) Liebl) in Denmark. Ann. Sci. For. 54: 577-595.
31. Thies, M. & Spiecker, H. 2004. Evaluation and future prospects of terrestrial laser scanning for standardized forest inventories. In Thies, M., Koch, B., Spiecker, H. & Weinacker, H. (eds). Laser-scanners for Forest and Landscape Assessment. ISPRS-International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XXXVI, Part 8/W2: 192-197. ISSN 1682-1750.
32. Thies, M., Aschoff, T. & Spiecker, H. 2003. Terrestrische Laserscanner im Forst - fuer forstliche Inventur und wissenschaftliche Datenerfassung. AFZ/Der Wald 58: 1126-1129. ISSN 1430-2713. (In German.)
33. Timell, T. E. 1986. Compression Wood in Gymnosperms. 2. Occurrence of stem, branch, and root compression woods, factors causing formation of compression wood, gravitropism and compression wood, physiology of compression wood formation, inheritance of compression wood, pp. 708-1338. Springer, Berlin. ISBN 3-540-15715-8.
34. Watt, P. J., Donoghue, D. N. M. & Dunford, R. W. 2003. Forest parameter extraction using terrestrial laser scanning. Proceeding of the ScandLaser Scientific Workshop on Airborne Laser Scanning of Forests, Umeå, Sweden, 2-4 September 2003, pp. 237-244. ISSN 1401-1204.
35. Wilson, B. F. & Gartner, B. L. 1996. Lean in red alder (Alnus rubra): growth stress, tension wood, and righting response. Can. J. For. Res. 26: 1951-1956.
36. Zoller & Froehlich. 2004. http://www.zf-laser.com/e_download.html (accessed 9 January 2004).