메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 33, Issue 8, 2016, Pages 718-727

A REVIEW OF KETAMINE ABUSE AND DIVERSION

Author keywords

delirium; depression; dissociative disorders; ketamine; phencyclidine; substance related disorders

Indexed keywords

DESIGNER DRUG; DEXTROMETHORPHAN; DOPAMINE; ILLICIT DRUG; KETAMINE; MU OPIATE RECEPTOR; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; RECREATIONAL DRUG;

EID: 84979671270     PISSN: 10914269     EISSN: 15206394     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/da.22536     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (144)

References (142)
  • 1
    • 0346390576 scopus 로고
    • Ketamine abuse
    • FDA. Ketamine abuse. FDA Drug Bull 1979;9:24.
    • (1979) FDA Drug Bull , vol.9 , pp. 24
  • 2
    • 0024517165 scopus 로고
    • Ketamine: an update on the first twenty-five years of clinical experience
    • Reich DL, Silvay G. Ketamine: an update on the first twenty-five years of clinical experience. Can J Anaesth 1989;36:186–197.
    • (1989) Can J Anaesth , vol.36 , pp. 186-197
    • Reich, D.L.1    Silvay, G.2
  • 3
    • 0026975535 scopus 로고
    • Ketamine: a review of its pharmacological properties and use in ambulatory anesthesia
    • Haas DA, Harper DG. Ketamine: a review of its pharmacological properties and use in ambulatory anesthesia. Anesth Prog 1992:39:61–68.
    • (1992) Anesth Prog , vol.39 , pp. 61-68
    • Haas, D.A.1    Harper, D.G.2
  • 4
    • 84907120911 scopus 로고
    • Can chronic use impair memory
    • Ketamine Jansen KL. Can chronic use impair memory? Int J Addict 1990;25:133–139.
    • (1990) Int J Addict , vol.25 , pp. 133-139
    • Ketamine Jansen, K.L.1
  • 5
    • 0034486676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of the nonmedical use of ketamine: use, users and consequences
    • Jansen KL. A review of the nonmedical use of ketamine: use, users and consequences. J Psychoactive Drugs 2000;32:419–433.
    • (2000) J Psychoactive Drugs , vol.32 , pp. 419-433
    • Jansen, K.L.1
  • 6
    • 84927640514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine in adult cardiac surgery and the cardiac surgery intensive care unit: an evidence based clinical review
    • Mazzeffi M, Johnson K, Paciullo C. Ketamine in adult cardiac surgery and the cardiac surgery intensive care unit: an evidence based clinical review. Ann Card Anaesth 2015;18:202–209.
    • (2015) Ann Card Anaesth , vol.18 , pp. 202-209
    • Mazzeffi, M.1    Johnson, K.2    Paciullo, C.3
  • 7
    • 0033479040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of its pharmacology and its use in pediatric anesthesia
    • Ketamine Bergman SA. Review of its pharmacology and its use in pediatric anesthesia. Anesth Prog 1999;46:10–20.
    • (1999) Anesth Prog , vol.46 , pp. 10-20
    • Ketamine Bergman, S.A.1
  • 8
    • 0025298529 scopus 로고
    • Oral ketamine premedication for pediatric cardiac surgery-a comparison with intramuscular morphine (both after oral trimeprazine)
    • Stewart KG, Rowbottom SJ, Aitken AW, et al. Oral ketamine premedication for pediatric cardiac surgery-a comparison with intramuscular morphine (both after oral trimeprazine). Anaesth Intensive Care 1990;18:11–14.
    • (1990) Anaesth Intensive Care , vol.18 , pp. 11-14
    • Stewart, K.G.1    Rowbottom, S.J.2    Aitken, A.W.3
  • 9
    • 0025105384 scopus 로고
    • Ketamine anesthesia in pediatric ophthalmic office procedures
    • Wang HS, Cinelli AB, Pugh GB, Rock CK. Ketamine anesthesia in pediatric ophthalmic office procedures. Ann Ophthalmol 1990;22:26–29.
    • (1990) Ann Ophthalmol , vol.22 , pp. 26-29
    • Wang, H.S.1    Cinelli, A.B.2    Pugh, G.B.3    Rock, C.K.4
  • 10
    • 0025124935 scopus 로고
    • Ketamine sedation for pediatric procedures: part 2, review and implications
    • Green SM, Johnson NE. Ketamine sedation for pediatric procedures: part 2, review and implications. Ann Emerg Med 1990;19:1033–1046.
    • (1990) Ann Emerg Med , vol.19 , pp. 1033-1046
    • Green, S.M.1    Johnson, N.E.2
  • 11
    • 0033749772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The semantics of ketamine [editorial]
    • Green SM, Krauss B. The semantics of ketamine [editorial]. Ann Emerg Med 2000;36:480–482.
    • (2000) Ann Emerg Med , vol.36 , pp. 480-482
    • Green, S.M.1    Krauss, B.2
  • 13
    • 79955467187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation: 2011 update
    • Green SM, Roback MG, Kennedy RM, Krauss B. Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation: 2011 update. Ann Emerg Med 2011;57:449–461.
    • (2011) Ann Emerg Med , vol.57 , pp. 449-461
    • Green, S.M.1    Roback, M.G.2    Kennedy, R.M.3    Krauss, B.4
  • 14
    • 0018898475 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacology of ketamine isomers in surgical patients
    • White PF, Ham J, Way WL. Pharmacology of ketamine isomers in surgical patients. Anesthesiology 1980;52:231–239.
    • (1980) Anesthesiology , vol.52 , pp. 231-239
    • White, P.F.1    Ham, J.2    Way, W.L.3
  • 15
    • 77952810889 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacologic effects of Ci-581, a new dissociative anesthetic, in man
    • Domino EF, Chodoff P, Corssen G. Pharmacologic effects of Ci-581, a new dissociative anesthetic, in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1965;6:279–291.
    • (1965) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.6 , pp. 279-291
    • Domino, E.F.1    Chodoff, P.2    Corssen, G.3
  • 16
    • 78751574034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine with and without midazolam for emergency department sedation in adults: a randomized controlled trial
    • Sener S, Eken C, Schultz CH, et al. Ketamine with and without midazolam for emergency department sedation in adults: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 2011;57:109–114.
    • (2011) Ann Emerg Med , vol.57 , pp. 109-114
    • Sener, S.1    Eken, C.2    Schultz, C.H.3
  • 17
    • 0015972639 scopus 로고
    • Side effects after ketamine anesthesia: transient blindness
    • Fine J, Weissman J, Finestone SC. Side effects after ketamine anesthesia: transient blindness. Anesth Analg 1974;53:72–74.
    • (1974) Anesth Analg , vol.53 , pp. 72-74
    • Fine, J.1    Weissman, J.2    Finestone, S.C.3
  • 18
    • 0018003615 scopus 로고
    • Phencyclidine and ketamine intoxication: a study of four populations of recreational users
    • Siegel RK. Phencyclidine and ketamine intoxication: a study of four populations of recreational users. NIDA Res Monogr 1978;21:119–147.
    • (1978) NIDA Res Monogr , vol.21 , pp. 119-147
    • Siegel, R.K.1
  • 19
    • 0027497853 scopus 로고
    • Non-medical use of ketamine
    • Jansen KL. Non-medical use of ketamine. BMJ 1993;306:601–602.
    • (1993) BMJ , vol.306 , pp. 601-602
    • Jansen, K.L.1
  • 20
  • 22
    • 0033162990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugs used in acquaintance rape
    • Smith KM. Drugs used in acquaintance rape. J Am Pharm Assoc 1999;39:519–525.
    • (1999) J Am Pharm Assoc , vol.39 , pp. 519-525
    • Smith, K.M.1
  • 23
    • 0028323167 scopus 로고
    • Subanaesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA anatgonist, ketamine, in humans
    • Krystal JH, Karper LP, Seibyl JP, et al. Subanaesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA anatgonist, ketamine, in humans. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:199–214.
    • (1994) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.51 , pp. 199-214
    • Krystal, J.H.1    Karper, L.P.2    Seibyl, J.P.3
  • 24
    • 0033965803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of a sub-anaesthetic dose of ketamine on human selective attention
    • Oranje B, van Berckel BN, Kemner C, et al. The effects of a sub-anaesthetic dose of ketamine on human selective attention. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000;22:293–302.
    • (2000) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.22 , pp. 293-302
    • Oranje, B.1    van Berckel, B.N.2    Kemner, C.3
  • 25
    • 0029095652 scopus 로고
    • Central nervous system effects of subdissociative doses of (S)-ketamine are related to plasma and brain concentrations measured with positron emission tomography in healthy volunteers
    • Hartvig P, Valtysson J, Lindner KJ, et al. Central nervous system effects of subdissociative doses of (S)-ketamine are related to plasma and brain concentrations measured with positron emission tomography in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;58:165–173.
    • (1995) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.58 , pp. 165-173
    • Hartvig, P.1    Valtysson, J.2    Lindner, K.J.3
  • 26
    • 0020037594 scopus 로고
    • Ketamine: its pharmacology and therapeutic uses
    • White PF, Way WL, Trevor AJ. Ketamine: its pharmacology and therapeutic uses. Anaesthesiology 1982;56:119–136.
    • (1982) Anaesthesiology , vol.56 , pp. 119-136
    • White, P.F.1    Way, W.L.2    Trevor, A.J.3
  • 27
    • 33644894068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NMDA receptor function and human cognition: the effects of ketamine in healthy volunteers
    • Malhotra AK, Pinals DA, Weingariner H, et al. NMDA receptor function and human cognition: the effects of ketamine in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 1996;16:120–125.
    • (1996) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.16 , pp. 120-125
    • Malhotra, A.K.1    Pinals, D.A.2    Weingariner, H.3
  • 28
    • 0033080733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine induced NMDA receptor hypofunction as a model of memory impairment and psychosis
    • Newcomber JW, Farber NB, Jevtovic-Todorovic V, et al. Ketamine induced NMDA receptor hypofunction as a model of memory impairment and psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999;20:106–118.
    • (1999) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.20 , pp. 106-118
    • Newcomber, J.W.1    Farber, N.B.2    Jevtovic-Todorovic, V.3
  • 29
    • 33644919292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of a subanesthetic dose of ketamine on memory and conscious awareness in healthy volunteers
    • Hetem LA, Danion JM, Diemunsch P, et al. Effect of a subanesthetic dose of ketamine on memory and conscious awareness in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology 2001;22:59–72.
    • (2001) Psychopharmacology , vol.22 , pp. 59-72
    • Hetem, L.A.1    Danion, J.M.2    Diemunsch, P.3
  • 30
    • 0034095385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine abusers presenting to the emergency department: a case series
    • Weiner AL, Vieira L, McKay CA, Bayer MJ. Ketamine abusers presenting to the emergency department: a case series. J Emerg Med 2000;18:447–451.
    • (2000) J Emerg Med , vol.18 , pp. 447-451
    • Weiner, A.L.1    Vieira, L.2    McKay, C.A.3    Bayer, M.J.4
  • 31
    • 0031973147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychedelic effects of ketamine in healthy volunteers: relationship to steady-state plasma concentrations
    • Bowdle TA, Radant AD, Cowley DS, et al. Psychedelic effects of ketamine in healthy volunteers: relationship to steady-state plasma concentrations. Anaesthesiology 1998;88:82–88.
    • (1998) Anaesthesiology , vol.88 , pp. 82-88
    • Bowdle, T.A.1    Radant, A.D.2    Cowley, D.S.3
  • 34
    • 23244433068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use in Canadian rave attendees
    • Barrett SP, Gross SR, Garand I, Pihl RO. Patterns of simultaneous polysubstance use in Canadian rave attendees. Subst Use Misuse 2005;40:1525–1537.
    • (2005) Subst Use Misuse , vol.40 , pp. 1525-1537
    • Barrett, S.P.1    Gross, S.R.2    Garand, I.3    Pihl, R.O.4
  • 35
    • 84910067029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine: an update on its abuse
    • Bokor G, Anderson PD. Ketamine: an update on its abuse. J Pharm Practice 2014;27:582–586.
    • (2014) J Pharm Practice , vol.27 , pp. 582-586
    • Bokor, G.1    Anderson, P.D.2
  • 39
    • 76549088497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug misuse declared: findings from the 2009/10 British Crime Survey England and Wales
    • editor., In, London, Home Office
    • Hoare J, Moon D, editor. Drug misuse declared: findings from the 2009/10 British Crime Survey England and Wales. In: Home Office Statistical Bulletin. London: Home Office; 2010:1–109.
    • (2010) Home Office Statistical Bulletin , pp. 1-109
    • Hoare, J.1    Moon, D.2
  • 40
    • 84979710485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine after oral administration of a liquid formulation of ketamine
    • Kubota R, Komiyama T, Miwa Y, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and norketamine after oral administration of a liquid formulation of ketamine. J Curr Surg 2013;3:82–86.
    • (2013) J Curr Surg , vol.3 , pp. 82-86
    • Kubota, R.1    Komiyama, T.2    Miwa, Y.3
  • 41
    • 0021815447 scopus 로고
    • Comparative study of analgesia and plasma level following rectal, intramuscular and intravenous administration of ketamine
    • Jantzen JP, Erdmann K, Hilley D, et al. Comparative study of analgesia and plasma level following rectal, intramuscular and intravenous administration of ketamine. Anaesthesist 1985;34:346–351.
    • (1985) Anaesthesist , vol.34 , pp. 346-351
    • Jantzen, J.P.1    Erdmann, K.2    Hilley, D.3
  • 42
    • 84878158524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine pharmacology: an update (pharmacodynamics and molecular aspects, recent findings)
    • Mion G, Villevieille T. Ketamine pharmacology: an update (pharmacodynamics and molecular aspects, recent findings). CNS Neurosci Therapeut 2013;19:370–380.
    • (2013) CNS Neurosci Therapeut , vol.19 , pp. 370-380
    • Mion, G.1    Villevieille, T.2
  • 43
    • 0019470426 scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetics and analgesic effects of i.m. and oral ketamine
    • Grant IS, Nimmo WS, Clements JA. Pharmacokinetics and analgesic effects of i.m. and oral ketamine. Br J Anaesth 1981;53:805–809.
    • (1981) Br J Anaesth , vol.53 , pp. 805-809
    • Grant, I.S.1    Nimmo, W.S.2    Clements, J.A.3
  • 44
    • 0021717508 scopus 로고
    • Ketamine kinetics in unpremedicated and diazepam premedicated subjects
    • Domino EF, Domino SE, Smith RE. Ketamine kinetics in unpremedicated and diazepam premedicated subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1984;36:645–653.
    • (1984) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.36 , pp. 645-653
    • Domino, E.F.1    Domino, S.E.2    Smith, R.E.3
  • 47
    • 0035987904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes
    • Hijazi Y, Boulieu R. Contribution of CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 isoforms to N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2002;7:853–867.
    • (2002) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.7 , pp. 853-867
    • Hijazi, Y.1    Boulieu, R.2
  • 48
    • 0035010954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of CYP2B6 in N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes
    • Yanagihara Y, Kariya S, Ohtani M, et al. Involvement of CYP2B6 in N-demethylation of ketamine in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2001;6:887–890.
    • (2001) Drug Metab Dispos , vol.6 , pp. 887-890
    • Yanagihara, Y.1    Kariya, S.2    Ohtani, M.3
  • 49
    • 0030750142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of single and repeated ketamine administration on dopamine, serotonin and GABA transmission in rat medial prefrontal cortex
    • Lindefors N, Barati S, O'Connor WT. Differential effects of single and repeated ketamine administration on dopamine, serotonin and GABA transmission in rat medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Res 1997;759:205–212.
    • (1997) Brain Res , vol.759 , pp. 205-212
    • Lindefors, N.1    Barati, S.2    O'Connor, W.T.3
  • 50
    • 0031909679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine inhibits monoamine transporters expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells
    • Nishimura N, Sato K, Okada T, et al. Ketamine inhibits monoamine transporters expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Anesthesiology 1998;88:768–774.
    • (1998) Anesthesiology , vol.88 , pp. 768-774
    • Nishimura, N.1    Sato, K.2    Okada, T.3
  • 51
    • 0026096452 scopus 로고
    • The local monoaminergic dependency of spinal ketamine
    • Crisp T, Perrotti JM, Smith DL, et al. The local monoaminergic dependency of spinal ketamine. Eur J Pharmacol 1991;194:167–172.
    • (1991) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.194 , pp. 167-172
    • Crisp, T.1    Perrotti, J.M.2    Smith, D.L.3
  • 52
    • 0023883105 scopus 로고
    • Morphine tolerance decreases the analgesic effects of ketamine in mice
    • Finck AD, Samaniego E, Ngai H. Morphine tolerance decreases the analgesic effects of ketamine in mice. Anesthesiology 1988;68:397–400.
    • (1988) Anesthesiology , vol.68 , pp. 397-400
    • Finck, A.D.1    Samaniego, E.2    Ngai, H.3
  • 53
    • 0032947439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral ketamine is antinociceptive in the rat formalin test: role of the metabolite, norketamine
    • Shimoyama M, Shimoyama N, Gorman AL, et al. Oral ketamine is antinociceptive in the rat formalin test: role of the metabolite, norketamine. Pain 1999;81:85–93.
    • (1999) Pain , vol.81 , pp. 85-93
    • Shimoyama, M.1    Shimoyama, N.2    Gorman, A.L.3
  • 55
    • 0034011796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive dissociative and psychotogenic effects of ketamine in recreational users on the night of drug use and 3 days later
    • Curran HV, Morgan C. Cognitive dissociative and psychotogenic effects of ketamine in recreational users on the night of drug use and 3 days later. Addiction 2000;95:575–590.
    • (2000) Addiction , vol.95 , pp. 575-590
    • Curran, H.V.1    Morgan, C.2
  • 56
    • 0035007671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In and out of the k-hole: a comparison of the acute and residual effects of ketamine in frequent and infrequent ketamine users
    • Curran HV, Monaghan L. In and out of the k-hole: a comparison of the acute and residual effects of ketamine in frequent and infrequent ketamine users. Addiction 2001;96:749–760.
    • (2001) Addiction , vol.96 , pp. 749-760
    • Curran, H.V.1    Monaghan, L.2
  • 57
    • 0026638368 scopus 로고
    • Effects of ketamine on sensory perception: evidence for a role on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors
    • Oye I, Paulsen O, Maurset A. Effects of ketamine on sensory perception: evidence for a role on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992;260:1209–1213.
    • (1992) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.260 , pp. 1209-1213
    • Oye, I.1    Paulsen, O.2    Maurset, A.3
  • 59
    • 0037462323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of use and harms associated with non-medical ketamine use
    • Dillon P, Copeland J, Jansen K. Patterns of use and harms associated with non-medical ketamine use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003;69:23–28.
    • (2003) Drug Alcohol Depend , vol.69 , pp. 23-28
    • Dillon, P.1    Copeland, J.2    Jansen, K.3
  • 60
    • 80053025475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A preliminary naturalistic study of low-dose ketamine for depression and suicide ideation in the emergency department
    • Larkin GL, Beautrais AL. A preliminary naturalistic study of low-dose ketamine for depression and suicide ideation in the emergency department. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011;14:1127–1131.
    • (2011) Int J Neuropsychopharmacol , vol.14 , pp. 1127-1131
    • Larkin, G.L.1    Beautrais, A.L.2
  • 62
    • 84919398586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized controlled trial of intranasal ketamine in major depressive disorder
    • Lapidus, KA, Levitch CF, Perez AM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of intranasal ketamine in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2014;76:970–976.
    • (2014) Biol Psychiatry , vol.76 , pp. 970-976
    • Lapidus, K.A.1    Levitch, C.F.2    Perez, A.M.3
  • 63
    • 84894730497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute antidepressant effects of intramuscular versus intravenous ketamine
    • Chilukuri H, Reddy NP, Pathapati RM, et al. Acute antidepressant effects of intramuscular versus intravenous ketamine. Ind J Psychol Med 2014;36:71–76.
    • (2014) Ind J Psychol Med , vol.36 , pp. 71-76
    • Chilukuri, H.1    Reddy, N.P.2    Pathapati, R.M.3
  • 64
    • 84864288609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the safety and benefits of repeated intravenous injections of ketamine for depression
    • Blier, P, Zigman D, Blier J. On the safety and benefits of repeated intravenous injections of ketamine for depression. Biol. Psychiatry 2012;72:e11–e12.
    • (2012) Biol. Psychiatry , vol.72 , pp. e11-e12
    • Blier, P.1    Zigman, D.2    Blier, J.3
  • 65
    • 84880767967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid and longer-term antidepressant effects of repeated ketamine infusions in treatment resistant major depression
    • Murrough, JW, Perez AM, Pillemer S, et al. Rapid and longer-term antidepressant effects of repeated ketamine infusions in treatment resistant major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2013;74:250–256.
    • (2013) Biol Psychiatry , vol.74 , pp. 250-256
    • Murrough, J.W.1    Perez, A.M.2    Pillemer, S.3
  • 66
    • 84875366335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 12-month naturalistic observation of three patients receiving repeat intravenous ketamine infusions for their treatment resistant depression
    • Szymkowicz SM, Finnegan N, Dale RM. A 12-month naturalistic observation of three patients receiving repeat intravenous ketamine infusions for their treatment resistant depression. J Affect Disord 2013;147:416–420.
    • (2013) J Affect Disord , vol.147 , pp. 416-420
    • Szymkowicz, S.M.1    Finnegan, N.2    Dale, R.M.3
  • 67
    • 84898003445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine infusions for treatment resistant depression: a series of 28 patients treated weekly or twice weekly in an ECT clinic
    • Diamond PR, Farmery AD, Atkinson S, et al. Ketamine infusions for treatment resistant depression: a series of 28 patients treated weekly or twice weekly in an ECT clinic. J Psychopharmacol 2014;28:536–544.
    • (2014) J Psychopharmacol , vol.28 , pp. 536-544
    • Diamond, P.R.1    Farmery, A.D.2    Atkinson, S.3
  • 68
    • 84885066566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repeated S-ketamine infusions in therapy resistant depression: a case series
    • Segmiller, F, Ruther T, Linhardt A, et al. Repeated S-ketamine infusions in therapy resistant depression: a case series. J Clin Pharmacol 2013;53:996–998.
    • (2013) J Clin Pharmacol , vol.53 , pp. 996-998
    • Segmiller, F.1    Ruther, T.2    Linhardt, A.3
  • 69
    • 84891852276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Augmentation of response and remission to serial intravenous subanesthetic ketamine in treatment resistant depression
    • Shiroma PR, Johns B, Kuskowsko M, et al. Augmentation of response and remission to serial intravenous subanesthetic ketamine in treatment resistant depression. J Affect Disord 2014;155:123–129.
    • (2014) J Affect Disord , vol.155 , pp. 123-129
    • Shiroma, P.R.1    Johns, B.2    Kuskowsko, M.3
  • 70
    • 84885214350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antidepressant efficacy of ketamine in treatment-resistant depression: a two-site randomized controlled trial
    • Murrough JW, Iosifescu DV, Chang LC, et al. Antidepressant efficacy of ketamine in treatment-resistant depression: a two-site randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2013;170:1134–1142.
    • (2013) Am J Psychiatry , vol.170 , pp. 1134-1142
    • Murrough, J.W.1    Iosifescu, D.V.2    Chang, L.C.3
  • 71
    • 84878459001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intramuscular ketamine in acute depression: a report on two cases
    • Harihar C, Dasari P, Srinivas JS. Intramuscular ketamine in acute depression: a report on two cases. Indian J Psychiatry 2013;55:186–188.
    • (2013) Indian J Psychiatry , vol.55 , pp. 186-188
    • Harihar, C.1    Dasari, P.2    Srinivas, J.S.3
  • 72
    • 84883324216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antidepressant, mood stabilizing and procognitive effects of very low dose sublingual ketamine in refractory unipolar and bipolar depression
    • Lara DR, Bisol LW, Munari LR. Antidepressant, mood stabilizing and procognitive effects of very low dose sublingual ketamine in refractory unipolar and bipolar depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013;16:2111–2117.
    • (2013) Int J Neuropsychopharmacol , vol.16 , pp. 2111-2117
    • Lara, D.R.1    Bisol, L.W.2    Munari, L.R.3
  • 73
    • 84906995231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment-refractory depression: a case of successful treatment with intranasal ketamine 10%
    • Clark P. Treatment-refractory depression: a case of successful treatment with intranasal ketamine 10%. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2014;26:145.
    • (2014) Ann Clin Psychiatry , vol.26 , pp. 145
    • Clark, P.1
  • 74
    • 71649098114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of repeated-dose intravenous ketamine for treatment-resistant depression
    • aan het Rot, Collins KA, Murrough JW, et al. Safety and efficacy of repeated-dose intravenous ketamine for treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry 2010;67:139–145.
    • (2010) Biol Psychiatry , vol.67 , pp. 139-145
    • aan het, R.1    Collins, K.A.2    Murrough, J.W.3
  • 75
    • 76349084738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist S-Ketamine as add-on therapy of depression: a case series
    • Paslakis G, Gilles M, Meyer-Lindenberg AM, Deuschle M. Oral administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist S-Ketamine as add-on therapy of depression: a case series. Pharmacopsychiatry 2009;43:33–35.
    • (2009) Pharmacopsychiatry , vol.43 , pp. 33-35
    • Paslakis, G.1    Gilles, M.2    Meyer-Lindenberg, A.M.3    Deuschle, M.4
  • 76
    • 84895744144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do the dissociative side effects of ketamine mediate its antidepressant effects
    • Luckenbaugh DA, Niciu MJ, Ionescu DF, et al. Do the dissociative side effects of ketamine mediate its antidepressant effects? J Affect Disord 2014;159:56–61.
    • (2014) J Affect Disord , vol.159 , pp. 56-61
    • Luckenbaugh, D.A.1    Niciu, M.J.2    Ionescu, D.F.3
  • 77
    • 84893814571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic infusions of ketamine: do the psychoactive effects matter
    • Dakwar E, AnerellaC, Hart CL, et al. Therapeutic infusions of ketamine: do the psychoactive effects matter? Drug Alcohol Depend 2014;136:153–157.
    • (2014) Drug Alcohol Depend , vol.136 , pp. 153-157
    • Dakwar, E.1    Anerella, C.2    Hart, C.L.3
  • 78
    • 84964329328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocaine self-administration disrupted by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine: a randomized, crossover trial
    • [Epub ahead of print].
    • Dakwar E, Hart CL, Levin FR, et al. Cocaine self-administration disrupted by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine: a randomized, crossover trial. Mol Psychiatry 2016. doi: 10.1038/mp.2016.39. [Epub ahead of print].
    • (2016) Mol Psychiatry
    • Dakwar, E.1    Hart, C.L.2    Levin, F.R.3
  • 79
    • 33748134772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of ketamine in pain management
    • Visser E, Schuga SA. The role of ketamine in pain management. Biomed Pharmacother 2006;60:341–348.
    • (2006) Biomed Pharmacother , vol.60 , pp. 341-348
    • Visser, E.1    Schuga, S.A.2
  • 80
    • 84878124776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine in pain management
    • Persson J. Ketamine in pain management. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013;19:296–402.
    • (2013) CNS Neurosci Ther , vol.19 , pp. 296-402
    • Persson, J.1
  • 81
    • 84859790090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mood and pain responses to repeat dose intramuscular ketamine in a depressed patient with advanced cancer
    • Zanicotti CG, Perez D, Glue P. Mood and pain responses to repeat dose intramuscular ketamine in a depressed patient with advanced cancer. J Palliat Med 2012;15:400–403.
    • (2012) J Palliat Med , vol.15 , pp. 400-403
    • Zanicotti, C.G.1    Perez, D.2    Glue, P.3
  • 82
    • 54349106888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse events associated with ketamine for procedural sedation in adults
    • Strayer RJ, Nelson LS. Adverse events associated with ketamine for procedural sedation in adults. Am J Emerg Med 2008;26:985–1028.
    • (2008) Am J Emerg Med , vol.26 , pp. 985-1028
    • Strayer, R.J.1    Nelson, L.S.2
  • 83
    • 19544371052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse events associated with procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department: a comparison of common parenteral drugs
    • Roback MG, Wathen JE, Bajaj L, Bothner JP. Adverse events associated with procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department: a comparison of common parenteral drugs. Acad Emerg Med 2005;12:508–513.
    • (2005) Acad Emerg Med , vol.12 , pp. 508-513
    • Roback, M.G.1    Wathen, J.E.2    Bajaj, L.3    Bothner, J.P.4
  • 84
    • 84864818428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of ketamine for perioperative pain management
    • Lee SK. The use of ketamine for perioperative pain management. Korean J Anesthesiol 2012;63:1–2.
    • (2012) Korean J Anesthesiol , vol.63 , pp. 1-2
    • Lee, S.K.1
  • 85
    • 0032976917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine dependence in anesthesia providers
    • Moore NN, Bostwick JM. Ketamine dependence in anesthesia providers. Psychosomatics 1999;40:356–359.
    • (1999) Psychosomatics , vol.40 , pp. 356-359
    • Moore, N.N.1    Bostwick, J.M.2
  • 86
    • 84904017320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine dependence in an anesthesiologist: an occupational hazard
    • Goyal S, Ambekar A, Ray R. Ketamine dependence in an anesthesiologist: an occupational hazard? Indian J Psychol Med 2014;36:335–337.
    • (2014) Indian J Psychol Med , vol.36 , pp. 335-337
    • Goyal, S.1    Ambekar, A.2    Ray, R.3
  • 87
    • 84884227753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine in status asthmaticus: a review
    • Goyal S, Agrawal A. Ketamine in status asthmaticus: a review. Indian J Crit Care Med 2013;17:154–161.
    • (2013) Indian J Crit Care Med , vol.17 , pp. 154-161
    • Goyal, S.1    Agrawal, A.2
  • 88
    • 57649115522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine use, cognition and psychological wellbeing: a comparison of frequent, infrequent and ex-users with polydrug and non-using controls
    • Morgan CJ, Muetzelfeldt L, Curran HV. Ketamine use, cognition and psychological wellbeing: a comparison of frequent, infrequent and ex-users with polydrug and non-using controls. Addiction 2009;104:77–87.
    • (2009) Addiction , vol.104 , pp. 77-87
    • Morgan, C.J.1    Muetzelfeldt, L.2    Curran, H.V.3
  • 89
    • 72249099672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consequences of chronic ketamine self-administration upon neurocognitive function and psychological wellbeing: a 1-year longitudinal study
    • Morgan CJ, Muetzelfeldt L, Curran HV. Consequences of chronic ketamine self-administration upon neurocognitive function and psychological wellbeing: a 1-year longitudinal study. Addiction 2010;105:121–133.
    • (2010) Addiction , vol.105 , pp. 121-133
    • Morgan, C.J.1    Muetzelfeldt, L.2    Curran, H.V.3
  • 90
    • 26044473911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 by ketamine and its toxicological implications
    • Chan WH, Sun WZ, Ueng TH. Induction of rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 by ketamine and its toxicological implications. J Toxicol Environ Health 2005;68:1581–1597.
    • (2005) J Toxicol Environ Health , vol.68 , pp. 1581-1597
    • Chan, W.H.1    Sun, W.Z.2    Ueng, T.H.3
  • 91
    • 53849124821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The destruction of the lower urinary tract by ketamine abuse: a new syndrome
    • Chu PS, Ma WK, Wong SC, et al. The destruction of the lower urinary tract by ketamine abuse: a new syndrome? BJU Int 2008;102:1616–1622.
    • (2008) BJU Int , vol.102 , pp. 1616-1622
    • Chu, P.S.1    Ma, W.K.2    Wong, S.C.3
  • 92
    • 53849141499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The destruction of the lower urinary tract by ketamine abuse: a new syndrome
    • Cottrell A, Warren K, Ayres R, et al. The destruction of the lower urinary tract by ketamine abuse: a new syndrome? BJU Int 2008;102:1178–1179.
    • (2008) BJU Int , vol.102 , pp. 1178-1179
    • Cottrell, A.1    Warren, K.2    Ayres, R.3
  • 93
    • 42749084649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Journey through the K-hole: phenomenological aspects of ketamine use
    • Muetzelfeldt L, Kamboj SK, Rees H, et al. Journey through the K-hole: phenomenological aspects of ketamine use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008;95:219–229.
    • (2008) Drug Alcohol Depend , vol.95 , pp. 219-229
    • Muetzelfeldt, L.1    Kamboj, S.K.2    Rees, H.3
  • 94
    • 70349737904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine-associated bladder dysfunction
    • Tsai TH, Cha TL, Lin CM, et al. Ketamine-associated bladder dysfunction. Int J Urol 2009;16:826–829.
    • (2009) Int J Urol , vol.16 , pp. 826-829
    • Tsai, T.H.1    Cha, T.L.2    Lin, C.M.3
  • 95
    • 34247580765 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine associated ulcerative cystitis: a new clinical entity
    • Shahani R, Streutker C, Dickson B, Stewart RJ. Ketamine associated ulcerative cystitis: a new clinical entity. Urology 2007;69:810–812.
    • (2007) Urology , vol.69 , pp. 810-812
    • Shahani, R.1    Streutker, C.2    Dickson, B.3    Stewart, R.J.4
  • 96
    • 52449133213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obstructive nephropathy and kidney injury associated with ketamine abuse [case report]
    • Selby NM, Anderson J, Bungay P, et al. Obstructive nephropathy and kidney injury associated with ketamine abuse [case report]. NDT Plus 2008;1:310–312.
    • (2008) NDT Plus , vol.1 , pp. 310-312
    • Selby, N.M.1    Anderson, J.2    Bungay, P.3
  • 97
    • 84940795826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible pathophysiology of ketamine-related cystitis and associated treatment strategies
    • Jhang JF, Hsu YH, Kuo HC. Possible pathophysiology of ketamine-related cystitis and associated treatment strategies. Int J Urol 2015;22:816–825.
    • (2015) Int J Urol , vol.22 , pp. 816-825
    • Jhang, J.F.1    Hsu, Y.H.2    Kuo, H.C.3
  • 98
    • 83355169638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine use: a review
    • Morgan CJ, Curran HV. Ketamine use: a review. Addiction 2011;107:27–38.
    • (2011) Addiction , vol.107 , pp. 27-38
    • Morgan, C.J.1    Curran, H.V.2
  • 99
    • 84870907061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence and natural history of urinary symptoms among recreational ketamine users
    • Winstock AR, Mitcheson L, Gillatt DA, Cottrell AM. The prevalence and natural history of urinary symptoms among recreational ketamine users. BJU Int 2012;110:1762–1766.
    • (2012) BJU Int , vol.110 , pp. 1762-1766
    • Winstock, A.R.1    Mitcheson, L.2    Gillatt, D.A.3    Cottrell, A.M.4
  • 100
    • 84908478068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Augmentation enterocystoplasty is effective in relieving refractory ketamine-related bladder
    • Chung SD, Wang CC, Kuo HC. Augmentation enterocystoplasty is effective in relieving refractory ketamine-related bladder. Neurourol Urodyn 2014;33:1207–1211.
    • (2014) Neurourol Urodyn , vol.33 , pp. 1207-1211
    • Chung, S.D.1    Wang, C.C.2    Kuo, H.C.3
  • 101
    • 76149135064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emergency department presentation of ketamine abusers in Hong Kong: a review of 233 cases
    • Ng SH, Tse ML, Ng HW, Lau FL. Emergency department presentation of ketamine abusers in Hong Kong: a review of 233 cases. Hong Kong Med J 2010;16:6–11.
    • (2010) Hong Kong Med J , vol.16 , pp. 6-11
    • Ng, S.H.1    Tse, M.L.2    Ng, H.W.3    Lau, F.L.4
  • 102
    • 57349180886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apoptotic insults to human HepG2 cells induced by S-ketamine occurs through activation of a Bax-mitochondria-caspase protease pathway
    • Lee ST, Wu TT, Yu PY, Chen RM. Apoptotic insults to human HepG2 cells induced by S-ketamine occurs through activation of a Bax-mitochondria-caspase protease pathway. Br J Anaesth 2009;102:80–89.
    • (2009) Br J Anaesth , vol.102 , pp. 80-89
    • Lee, S.T.1    Wu, T.T.2    Yu, P.Y.3    Chen, R.M.4
  • 104
    • 61849144805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dilated common bile ducts mimicking choledochal cysts in ketamine abusers
    • Wong SW, Lee KF, Wong J, et al. Dilated common bile ducts mimicking choledochal cysts in ketamine abusers. Hong Kong Med J 2009;15:53–56.
    • (2009) Hong Kong Med J , vol.15 , pp. 53-56
    • Wong, S.W.1    Lee, K.F.2    Wong, J.3
  • 105
    • 77954707313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Upper gastrointestinal problems in inhalational ketamine abusers
    • Poon TL, Wong KF, Chan MY, et al. Upper gastrointestinal problems in inhalational ketamine abusers. J Dig Dis 2010;11:106–110.
    • (2010) J Dig Dis , vol.11 , pp. 106-110
    • Poon, T.L.1    Wong, K.F.2    Chan, M.Y.3
  • 106
    • 84937965453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ketamine-related cholangiopathy: a retrospective study on clinical and imaging findings
    • Yu WL, Cho CC, Lung PF, et al. Ketamine-related cholangiopathy: a retrospective study on clinical and imaging findings. Abdom Imaging 2014;39:1241–1246.
    • (2014) Abdom Imaging , vol.39 , pp. 1241-1246
    • Yu, W.L.1    Cho, C.C.2    Lung, P.F.3
  • 107
    • 84908101535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liver injury is common among chronic abuses of ketamine
    • Wong GL, Tam YH, Ng CF, et al. Liver injury is common among chronic abuses of ketamine. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;12:1759–1762.
    • (2014) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.12 , pp. 1759-1762
    • Wong, G.L.1    Tam, Y.H.2    Ng, C.F.3
  • 109
    • 34250739456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social stimuli enhance phencyclidine (PCP) self-administration in rhesus monkeys
    • Newman JL, Perry J, Carroll ME. Social stimuli enhance phencyclidine (PCP) self-administration in rhesus monkeys. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007;87:280–288.
    • (2007) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.87 , pp. 280-288
    • Newman, J.L.1    Perry, J.2    Carroll, M.E.3
  • 110
    • 0032822457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the reinforcing properties and phencyclidine-like discriminative stimulus effects of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan in rats and rhesus monkeys
    • Nicholson KL, Hayes BA, Balster RL. Evaluation of the reinforcing properties and phencyclidine-like discriminative stimulus effects of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan in rats and rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999;146:49–59.
    • (1999) Psychopharmacology (Berl) , vol.146 , pp. 49-59
    • Nicholson, K.L.1    Hayes, B.A.2    Balster, R.L.3
  • 111
    • 0030541935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacological properties of ketamine
    • White JM, Ryan CF. Pharmacological properties of ketamine. Drug Alc Review 1996;15:145–155.
    • (1996) Drug Alc Review , vol.15 , pp. 145-155
    • White, J.M.1    Ryan, C.F.2
  • 113
    • 0031930047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamate modulation of dopamine measured in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET) and 11C-raclopride in normal human subjects
    • Smith GS, Schloesser R, Brodie JD, et al. Glutamate modulation of dopamine measured in vivo with positron emission tomography (PET) and 11C-raclopride in normal human subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 1998;18:18–25.
    • (1998) Neuropsychopharmacology , vol.18 , pp. 18-25
    • Smith, G.S.1    Schloesser, R.2    Brodie, J.D.3
  • 114
    • 0032991423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereospecific effects of ketamine on dopamine efflux and uptake in the rat nucleus accumbens
    • Hancock PJ, Stamford JA. Stereospecific effects of ketamine on dopamine efflux and uptake in the rat nucleus accumbens. Br J Anaesth 1999;82:603–608.
    • (1999) Br J Anaesth , vol.82 , pp. 603-608
    • Hancock, P.J.1    Stamford, J.A.2
  • 115
    • 0038802892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opioid pharmacology of ketamine
    • Freo U, Ori C. Opioid pharmacology of ketamine. Acta Anaesthesiol Ital 2002;53:149–163.
    • (2002) Acta Anaesthesiol Ital , vol.53 , pp. 149-163
    • Freo, U.1    Ori, C.2
  • 116
    • 0027818895 scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of the opiate withdrawal response by antipsychotic drugs in guinea-pigs is not mediated by sigma binding sites
    • Brent PJ, Chahl LA. Enhancement of the opiate withdrawal response by antipsychotic drugs in guinea-pigs is not mediated by sigma binding sites. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1993;3:23–32.
    • (1993) Eur Neuropsychopharmacol , vol.3 , pp. 23-32
    • Brent, P.J.1    Chahl, L.A.2
  • 117
    • 10844279053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NMDA receptor in nucleus accumbens is implicated in morphine withdrawal in rats
    • Ji D, Sui ZY, Ma YY, et al. NMDA receptor in nucleus accumbens is implicated in morphine withdrawal in rats. Neurochem Res 2004;29:2113–2120.
    • (2004) Neurochem Res , vol.29 , pp. 2113-2120
    • Ji, D.1    Sui, Z.Y.2    Ma, Y.Y.3
  • 118
    • 0014124445 scopus 로고
    • Safety and tolerance of repeated anesthesia with CI 581 (ketamine) in monkeys
    • Bree MM, Feller L, Corssen G. Safety and tolerance of repeated anesthesia with CI 581 (ketamine) in monkeys. Anesth Analg 1967;46:596–600.
    • (1967) Anesth Analg , vol.46 , pp. 596-600
    • Bree, M.M.1    Feller, L.2    Corssen, G.3
  • 119
    • 0017151947 scopus 로고
    • The development of an acute tolerance to ketamine
    • Cumming JF. The development of an acute tolerance to ketamine. Anesth Analg 1976;55:788–791.
    • (1976) Anesth Analg , vol.55 , pp. 788-791
    • Cumming, J.F.1
  • 120
    • 0019465167 scopus 로고
    • Development of tolerance of ketamine in an infant undergoing repeated anesthesia
    • Byer DE, Gould AB Jr. Development of tolerance of ketamine in an infant undergoing repeated anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1981;54:255–256.
    • (1981) Anesthesiology , vol.54 , pp. 255-256
    • Byer, D.E.1    Gould, A.B.2
  • 122
    • 80052744525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology and patterns associated with recreational ketamine use
    • Kalsi SS, Wood DM, Dargan Pl. The epidemiology and patterns associated with recreational ketamine use. Emerg Health Threats J 2011;4:7107.
    • (2011) Emerg Health Threats J , vol.4 , pp. 7107
    • Kalsi, S.S.1    Wood, D.M.2    Dargan, P.3
  • 123
    • 84899885182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of naltrexone in ketamine dependence
    • Garg A, Sinha P, Kumar P, Prakash O. Use of naltrexone in ketamine dependence. Addict Behav 2014;39:1215–1216.
    • (2014) Addict Behav , vol.39 , pp. 1215-1216
    • Garg, A.1    Sinha, P.2    Kumar, P.3    Prakash, O.4
  • 124
    • 84926035403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive ketamine use for multiple years: a case report
    • Liu JX, Zerbo E, Ross S. Intensive ketamine use for multiple years: a case report. Am J Addict 2015;24:7.
    • (2015) Am J Addict , vol.24 , pp. 7
    • Liu, J.X.1    Zerbo, E.2    Ross, S.3
  • 125
    • 34347216724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roadside detection of impairment under the influence of ketamine—evaluation of ketamine impairment symptoms with reference to its concentration in oral fluid and urine
    • Cheng WC, Ng KM, Chan KK, et al. Roadside detection of impairment under the influence of ketamine—evaluation of ketamine impairment symptoms with reference to its concentration in oral fluid and urine. Forensic Sci Int 2007;170:51–58.
    • (2007) Forensic Sci Int , vol.170 , pp. 51-58
    • Cheng, W.C.1    Ng, K.M.2    Chan, K.K.3
  • 126
    • 47049126918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of GHB and ketamine use in an Australian household survey
    • Degenhardt L, Dunn M. The epidemiology of GHB and ketamine use in an Australian household survey. Int J Drug Policy 2007;19:311–316.
    • (2007) Int J Drug Policy , vol.19 , pp. 311-316
    • Degenhardt, L.1    Dunn, M.2
  • 127
    • 84869396925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of setting for ketamine abuse: clinical and preclinical evidence
    • De Luca MT, Meringolo M, Spagnolo PA, Badiani, A. The role of setting for ketamine abuse: clinical and preclinical evidence. Rev Neurosci 2012;23:769–780.
    • (2012) Rev Neurosci , vol.23 , pp. 769-780
    • De Luca, M.T.1    Meringolo, M.2    Spagnolo, P.A.3    Badiani, A.4
  • 128
    • 38349137364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trapped in the “K-hole”: overview of deaths associated with ketamine misuse in the UK (1993-2006)
    • Schifano F, Corkery J, Oyefeso A, et al. Trapped in the “K-hole”: overview of deaths associated with ketamine misuse in the UK (1993-2006). J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28:114–116.
    • (2008) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.28 , pp. 114-116
    • Schifano, F.1    Corkery, J.2    Oyefeso, A.3
  • 129
    • 10444253958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug abuse in China
    • Zhao C, Liu Z, Zhao D, et al. Drug abuse in China. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004;1025:439–445.
    • (2004) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.1025 , pp. 439-445
    • Zhao, C.1    Liu, Z.2    Zhao, D.3
  • 130
    • 72249122339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Commentary on Morgan et al.(2010): ketamine abuse: first medical evidence of harms we should confront
    • De la Torre R. Commentary on Morgan et al.(2010): ketamine abuse: first medical evidence of harms we should confront. Addiction 2010;105:134–135.
    • (2010) Addiction , vol.105 , pp. 134-135
    • De la Torre, R.1
  • 133
    • 79960267360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2011 Report.
    • Florida Department of Law Enforcement. Drugs identified in deceased persons by Florida medical examiners. 2011 Report. Available at: https://www.fdle.state.fl.us/Content/getdoc/fa86790e-7b50-45f3-909d-c0a4759fefa8/2011-Drug-Report_Final.aspx
    • (2011) Drugs identified in deceased persons by Florida medical examiners
  • 134
    • 84919876814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report.
    • Florida Department of Law Enforcement. Drugs identified in deceased persons by Florida medical examiners. 2012 Report. Available at: https://www.fdle.state.fl.us/Content/getdoc/79241c67-253b-45eb-a238-1a07cf4a2a0c/2012-Drug-Report_Final.aspx
    • (2012) Drugs identified in deceased persons by Florida medical examiners
  • 135
    • 84891944577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HHS Publication (SMA) 13-4760, DAWN Series D-39. Rockville, MD Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2013.
    • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2011: national estimates of drug-related emergency department visits. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 13-4760, DAWN Series D-39. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2013.
    • (2013) Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2011 national estimates of drug-related emergency department visits
  • 136
    • 84856715694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • To use or not to use: an update on licit and illicit ketamine use
    • Li JH, Vicknasingam B, Cheung YW, et al. To use or not to use: an update on licit and illicit ketamine use. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2011;2:11–20.
    • (2011) Subst Abuse Rehabil , vol.2 , pp. 11-20
    • Li, J.H.1    Vicknasingam, B.2    Cheung, Y.W.3
  • 137
    • 84979705242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug Enforcement Agency. Drug fact sheet: ketamine. 2015. Available at: http://www.dea.gov/druginfo/drug_data_sheets/Ketamine.pdf
    • (2015) Drug fact sheet ketamine
  • 138
    • 80053917044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical toxicology of newer recreational drugs
    • Hill SL, Thomas SH. Clinical toxicology of newer recreational drugs. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2011;49;705–719.
    • (2011) Clin Toxicol (Phila) , vol.49 , pp. 705-719
    • Hill, S.L.1    Thomas, S.H.2
  • 139
    • 84904582684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs
    • Morris H, Wallach J. From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs. Drug Test Anal 2014;6:614–632.
    • (2014) Drug Test Anal , vol.6 , pp. 614-632
    • Morris, H.1    Wallach, J.2
  • 140
    • 84929086796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intoxications by the dissociative new psychoactive substances diphenidine and methoxphenidine
    • Helander A, Beck O, Backberg M. Intoxications by the dissociative new psychoactive substances diphenidine and methoxphenidine. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2015;53:446–453.
    • (2015) Clin Toxicol (Phila) , vol.53 , pp. 446-453
    • Helander, A.1    Beck, O.2    Backberg, M.3
  • 141
    • 84899480453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of new psychoactive substance use among emergency room patients: results from the Swedish STRIDA project
    • Helander A, Backberg M, Hulten P, et al. Detection of new psychoactive substance use among emergency room patients: results from the Swedish STRIDA project. Forensic Sci Int 2014;243:23–29.
    • (2014) Forensic Sci Int , vol.243 , pp. 23-29
    • Helander, A.1    Backberg, M.2    Hulten, P.3
  • 142
    • 84903196299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intoxications of the new psychoactive substance 5-2(aminopropyl) indole (5-IT): a case series from the Swedish STRIDA project
    • Backberg M, Beck O, Hulten P, et al. Intoxications of the new psychoactive substance 5-2(aminopropyl) indole (5-IT): a case series from the Swedish STRIDA project. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2014;52:618–624.
    • (2014) Clin Toxicol (Phila) , vol.52 , pp. 618-624
    • Backberg, M.1    Beck, O.2    Hulten, P.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.