Possible pathophysiology of ketamine-related cystitis and associated treatment strategies

International Journal of Urology

Volumn 22, Issue 9, 2015, Pages 816-825

  Jhang, Jia Fong ^a   Hsu, Yung Hsiang ^a   Kuo, Hann Chorng ^a  

^a TZU CHI UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Bladder pain; Histology; Inflammation; Pharmacology; Treatment

Indexed keywords

BOTULINUM TOXIN A; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; HYALURONIC ACID; KETAMINE; NITRIC OXIDE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE; PROTECTIVE AGENT; STEROID; ACETYLCHOLINE RELEASE INHIBITOR; ANESTHETIC AGENT; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE;

APOPTOSIS; BLADDER CAPACITY; BLADDER DYSFUNCTION; CARCINOGENESIS; CYSTALGIA; CYSTITIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG EFFICACY; GENE OVEREXPRESSION; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY; INFLAMMATION; NEUROGENIC INFLAMMATION; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT SELECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STEROID THERAPY; BLADDER; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; COMPLICATION; DRUG EFFECTS; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; GENETICS; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY;

ACETYLCHOLINE RELEASE INHIBITORS; ANESTHETICS, DISSOCIATIVE; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; APOPTOSIS; BOTULINUM TOXINS, TYPE A; CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONISTS; CYSTITIS; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; HUMANS; HYALURONIC ACID; KETAMINE; NEUROGENIC INFLAMMATION; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; PROSTAGLANDIN-ENDOPEROXIDE SYNTHASES; STEROIDS; URINARY BLADDER;

EID: 84940795826     PISSN: 09198172     EISSN: 14422042     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/iju.12841     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Michael JM. Faust's Anesthesiology Review, 4th edn. Saunders, Arizona, 2015. Chapter 74: 166-7.
2. Chawla S. Word Drug Report 2011. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2011. [Cited May 2011.] Available from URL: http://www.un-odc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2011/World_Drug_Report_2011_ebook.pdf
3. Chang FM, Prevention of Drug Abuse Results in Young Adult in Taiwan. Taiwan Ministry of Justice. 2012. [Cited March 2011.] Available from URL: http://refrain.moj.gov.tw/public/Data/2899175371.pdf
4. Shahani R, Streutker C, Dickson B, Stewart RJ. Ketamine-associated ulcerative cystitis: a new clinical entity. Urology 2007; 69: 810-2.
5. Grant IS, Nimmo WS, Clements JA. Pharmacokinetics and analgesic effects of i.m. and oral ketamine. Br. J. Anaesth. 1981; 53: 805-10.
6. Malinovsky JM, Servin F, Cozia A, Lepage JY, Pinaud M. Ketamine and norketamine plasma concentrations after i.v., nasal and rectal administration in children. Br. J. Anaesth. 1996; 77: 203-7.
7. Chen JT, Chen RM. Mechanisms of ketamine-involved regulation of cytochrome P450 gene expression. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 2010; 6: 273-81.
8. Chan WH, Sun WZ, Ueng TH. Induction of rat hepatic cytochrome P-450 by ketamine and its toxicological implications. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 2005; 68: 1581-97.
9. Adamowicz P, Kala M. Urinary excretion rates of ketamine and norketamine following therapeutic ketamine administration: method and detection window considerations. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2005; 29: 376-82.
10. Moore KA, Sklerov J, Levine B, Jacobs AJ. Urine concentrations of ketamine and norketamine following illegal consumption. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2001; 25: 583-8.
11. Winstock AR, Mitcheson L, Gillatt DA, Cottrell AM. The prevalence and natural history of urinary symptoms among recreational ketamine users. BJU Int. 2012; 110: 1762-6.
12. Chen WY, Huang MC, Lin SK. Gender differences in subjective discontinuation symptoms associated with ketamine use. Subst. Abuse Treat Prev. Policy. 2014; 9: 39.
13. Selby NM, Anderson J, Bungay P, Chesterton LJ, Kolhe NV. Obstructive nephropathy and kidney injury associated with ketamine abuse. NDT Plus 2008; 1: 310-2.
14. Chung SD, Wang CC, Kuo HC. Augmentation enterocystoplasty is effective in relieving refractory ketamine-related bladder. Neurourol. Urodyn. 2014; 33: 1207-11.
15. Chu PS, Kwok SC, Lam KM et al. 'Street ketamine'-associated bladder dysfunction: a report of ten cases. Hong Kong Med. J. 2007; 3: 311-3.
16. Huang LK, Wang JH, Shen SH, Lin AT, Chang CY. Evaluation of the extent of ketamine-induced uropathy: the role of CT urography. Postgrad. Med. J. 2014; 90: 185-90.
17. Mason K, Cottrell AM, Corrigan AG, Gillatt DA, Mitchelmore AE. Ketamine-associated lower urinary tract destruction: a new radiological challenge. Clin. Radiol. 2010; 65: 795-800.
18. Lee CL, Jiang YH, Kuo HC. Increased apoptosis and suburothelial inflammation in patients with ketamine-related cystitis: a comparison with non-ulcerative interstitial cystitis and controls. BJU Int. 2013; 112: 1156-62.
19. Wei YB, Yang JR, Yin Z et al. Genitourinary toxicity of ketamine. Hong Kong Med. J. 2013; 19: 341-8.
20. Jhang JF, Hsu YH, Jiang YH, Kuo HC. Elevated serum IgE may be associated with development of ketamine cystitis. J. Urol. 2014; 192: 1249-56.
21. Chuang SM, Liu KM, Li YL et al. Dual involvements of cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase expressions in ketamine-induced ulcerative cystitis in rat bladder. Neurourol. Urodyn. 2013; 2013: 1137-43.
22. Payne H, Adamson A, Bahl A et al. Chemical- and radiation-induced haemorrhagic cystitis: current treatments and challenges. BJU Int. 2013; 112: 885-97.
23. Wai MS, Luan P, Jiang Y et al. Long term ketamine and ketamine plus alcohol toxicity - what can we learn from animal models? Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 2013; 13: 273-9.
24. Enguita FJ, Leitão AL. Hydroquinone: environmental pollution, toxicity, and microbial answers. Biomed. Res. Int. 2013; 2013: 542168.
25. van Roy F, Berx G. The cell-cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2008; 65: 3756-88.
26. Chuang FC, Kuo HC. Increased urothelial cell apoptosis and chronic inflammation are associated with recurrent urinary tract infection in women. PLoS ONE 2013; 15: 8.
27. Liu HT, Shie JH, Chen SH, Wang YS, Kuo HC. Differences in mast cell infiltration, E-cadherin, and zonula occludens-1 expression between patients with overactive bladder and interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Urology 2012; 80: 225, e13-8.
28. Jiang YH, Liu HT, Kuo HC. Urothelial dysfunction and chronic inflammation in patients with spinal cord injuries at different levels and correlation with urodynamic findings. Neurourol. Urodyn. 2014; doi: 10.1002/nau.22650.
29. Matter K, Balda MS. Signaling to and from tight junctions. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2003; 4: 225-36.
30. Acharya P, Beckel J, Ruiz WG et al. Distribution of the tight junction proteins ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-4, -8, and -12 in bladder epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol. 2004; 287: F305-18.
31. Gu D, Huang J, Yin Y et al. Long-term ketamine abuse induces cystitis in rats by impairing the bladder epithelial barrier. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2014; 41: 7313-22.
32. Morgan CJ, Curran HV; Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs. Ketamine use: a review. Addiction 2012; 2012: 27-38.
33. Scallet AC, Schmued LC, Slikker W Jr et al. Developmental neurotoxicity of ketamine: morphometric confirmation, exposure parameters, and multiple fluorescent labeling of apoptotic neurons. Toxicol. Sci. 2004; 81: 364-70.
34. Ricci V, Martinotti G, Gelfo F et al. Chronic ketamine use increases serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Psychopharmacology 2011; 215: 143-8.
35. Cruz CD. Neurotrophins in bladder function: what do we know and where do we go from here? Neurourol. Urodyn. 2014; 33: 39-45.
36. Jiang YH, Liu HT, Kuo HC. Decrease of urinary nerve growth factor but not brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome treated with hyaluronic acid. PLoS ONE 2014; 10: e91609.
37. Jiang YH, Peng CH, Liu HT, Kuo HC. Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein and nerve growth factor expressions in serum of patients with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. PLoS ONE 2013; 17: e76779.
38. Baker SC, Stahlschmidt J, Oxley J et al. Nerve hyperplasia: a unique feature of ketamine cystitis. Acta Neuropathol. Commun. 2013; 1: 64.
39. Meng E, Chang HY, Chang SY et al. Involvement of purinergic neurotransmission in ketamine induced bladder dysfunction. J. Urol. 2011; 186: 1134-41.
40. Mak SK, Chan MT, Bower WF et al. Lower urinary tract changes in young adults using ketamine. J. Urol. 2011; 186: 610-4.
41. Teegavarapu PS, Sahai A, Chandra A, Dasgupta P, Khan MS. Eosinophilic cystitis and its management. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2005; 59: 356-60.
42. Dubucquoi S, Janin A, Desreumaux P et al. Evidence for eosinophil activation in eosinophilic cystitis. Eur. Urol. 1994; 25: 254-8.
43. Oxley JD, Cottrell AM, Adams S, Gillatt D. Ketamine cystitis as a mimic of carcinoma in situ. Histopathology 2009; 55: 705-8.
44. Harris SL, Levine AJ. The p53 pathway: positive and negative feedback loops. Oncogene 2005; 24: 2899-908.
45. Scholzen T, Gerdes J. The Ki-67 protein: from the known and the unknown. J. Cell. Physiol. 2000; 182: 311-22.
46. Yin H, He Q, Li T, Leong AS. Cytokeratin 20 and Ki-67 to distinguish carcinoma in situ from flat non-neoplastic urothelium. Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol. 2006; 14: 260-5.
47. Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R, Vidal A, Scarpelli M, Cheng L. Urothelial dysplasia of the bladder: diagnostic features and clinical significance. Anal. Quant Cytopathol. Histpathol. 2013; 35: 121-9.
48. Milord RA, Lecksell K, Epstein JI. An objective morphologic parameter to aid in the diagnosis of flat urothelial carcinoma in situ. Hum. Pathol. 2001; 32: 997-1002.
49. Gu D, Huang J, Shan Z, Yin Y, Zheng S, Wu P. Effects of long-term ketamine administration on rat bladder protein levels: a proteomic investigation using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis system. Int. J. Urol. 2013; 20: 1024-31.
50. Assinder SJ, Stanton JA, Prasad PD. Transgelin: an actin-binding protein and tumour suppressor. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2009; 41: 482-6.
51. Leung WK, Ching AK, Chan AW et al. A novel interplay between oncogenic PFTK1 protein kinase and tumor suppressor TAGLN2 in the control of liver cancer cell motility. Oncogene 2011; 30: 4464-75.
52. Popov Z, Gil-Diez de Medina S, Lefrere-Belda MA et al. Low E-cadherin expression in bladder cancer at the transcriptional and protein level provides prognostic information. Br. J. Cancer 2000; 83: 209-14.
53. Rock KL, Kono H. The inflammatory response to cell death. Annu. Rev. Pathol. 2008; 3: 99-126.
54. Majno G, Joris I. Apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis. An overview of cell death. Am. J. Pathol. 1995; 146: 3-15.
55. Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol. Pathol. 2007; 35: 495-516.
56. Lee WC, Chuang YC, Chiang PH, Chien CT, Yu HJ, Wu CC. Pathophysiological studies of overactive bladder and bladder motor dysfunction in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. J. Urol. 2011; 186: 318-25.
57. Shie JH, Liu HT, Kuo HC. Increased cell apoptosis of urothelium mediated by inflammation in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Urology 2012; 79: 484.
58. Jezernik K, Romih R, Mannherz HG, Koprivec D. Immunohistochemical detection of apoptosis, proliferation and inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat urothelium damaged by cyclophosphamide treatment. Cell Biol. Int. 2003; 27: 863-9.
59. Huang L, Tang Z, Li D et al. Ketamine induces apoptosis of human uroepithelial SV-HUC-1 cells. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2014; 2014: 703-7.
60. Zamora R, Vodovotz Y, Billiar TR. Inducible nitric oxide synthase and inflammatory diseases. Mol. Med. 2000; 2000: 347-73.
61. Birder LA, Wolf-Johnston A, Buffington CA, Roppolo JR, de Groat WC, Kanai AJ. Altered inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production in the bladder of cats with feline interstitial cystitis. J. Urol. 2005; 173: 625-9.
62. Cho KH, Hyun JH, Chang YS, Na YG, Shin JH, Song KH. Expression of nitric oxide synthase and aquaporin-3 in cyclophosphamide treated rat bladder. Int. Neurourol. J. 2010; 14: 149-56.
63. Fine A, Poliks CF, Donahue LP, Smith BD, Goldstein RH. The differential effect of prostaglandin E2 on transforming growth factor-β and insulin-induced collagen formation in lung fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 1264: 16988-91.
64. Morgan CJ, Rees H, Curran HV. Attentional bias to incentive stimuli in frequent ketamine users. Psychol. Med. 2008; 38: 1331-40.
65. Otori K, Yano Y, Takada N. Reversibility and apoptosis in rat urinary bladder papillomatosis induced by uracil. Carcinogenesis 1997; 18: 1485-9.
66. Jock M, Leggett RE, Schuler C, Callaghan C, Levin RM. Effect of partial bladder outlet obstruction and reversal on rabbit bladder physiology and biochemistry: duration of recovery period and severity of function. BJU Int. 2014; 114: 946-54.
67. Chu PS, Ma WK, Wong SC et al. The destruction of the lower urinary tract by ketamine abuse: a new syndrome? BJU Int. 2008; 102: 1616-22.
68. Giberti C, Gallo F, Cortese P, Schenone M. Combined intravesical sodium hyaluronate/chondroitin sulfate therapy for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: a prospective study. Ther. Adv. Urol. 2013; 5: 175-9.
69. Sato H, Takahashi T, Ide H et al. Antioxidant activity of synovial fluid, hyaluronic acid, and two subcomponents of hyaluronic acid. Synovial fluid scavenging effect is enhanced in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Rheum. 1988; 31: 63-71.
70. Abatangelo G, Martelli M, Vecchia P. Healing of hyaluronic acid-enriched wounds: histological observations. J. Surg. Res. 1983; 35: 410-6.
71. Chen CH, Lee MH, Chen YC, Lin MF. Ketamine-snorting associated cystitis. J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 2011; 110: 787-91.
72. Lai Y, Wu S, Ni L et al. Ketamine-associated urinary tract dysfunction: an underrecognized clinical entity. Urol. Int. 2012; 89: 93-6.
73. Smart C, Kabir M, Pati J. Treatment of ketamine-associated cystitis with chondroitin sulphate. Br. J. Nurs. 2013; 22: S4, S6, S8, S9.
74. Tsai TH, Cha TL, Lin CM et al. Ketamine-associated bladder dysfunction. Int. J. Urol. 2009; 16: 826-9.
75. Chuang YC, Yoshimura N, Huang CC, Chiang PH, Chancellor MB. Intravesical botulinum toxin A administration produces analgesia against acetic acid induced bladder pain response in rats. J. Urol. 2004; 172: 1529-32.
76. Kuo HC. Repeated intravesical onabotulinumtoxin A injections are effective in treatment of refractory interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2013; 67: 427-34.
77. Liu HT, Kuo HC. Intravesical botulinum toxin A injections plus hydrodistension can reduce nerve growth factor production and control bladder pain in interstitial cystitis. Urology 2007; 70: 463-8.
78. Jhang JF, Jiang YH, Kuo HC. Potential therapeutic effect of intravesical botulinum toxin typeA on bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis. Int. J. Urol. 2014; 21(Suppl 1): 49-55.
79. Jiang S, Xie K, Cai YB. Treatment ketamine-related bladder dysfunction by intravesical injection of botulinum toxin A. J. Third Mil. Med. Univ. 2012; 34: 1120-2.
80. Lieb M, Bader M, Palm U, Stief CG, Baghai TC. Ketamine-induced vesicopathy. Psychiatr. Prax. 2012; 39: 43-5.
81. Tam YH, Ng CF, Pang KK et al. One-stop clinic for ketamine-associated uropathy: report on service delivery model, patients' characteristics and non-invasive investigations at baseline by a cross-sectional study in a prospective cohort of 318 teenagers and young adults. BJU Int. 2014; 114: 754-60.