Comprehensive study of human external exposure to organophosphate flame retardants via air, dust, and hand wipes: The importance of sampling and assessment strategy

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 50, Issue 14, 2016, Pages 7752-7760

  Xu, Fuchao ^a   Giovanoulis, Georgios ^b   Van Waes, Sofie ^a   Padilla Sanchez, Juan Antonio ^c   Papadopoulou, Eleni ^c   Magnér, Jorgen ^b   Haug, Line Småstuen ^c   Neels, Hugo ^a   Covaci, Adrian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP   (Belgium)

^b IVL SWEDISH ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^c NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FLAME RETARDANTS; FLOORS; IMPORTANCE SAMPLING; ISOMERS; PLASTICIZERS; POPULATION STATISTICS;

COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT; EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT; GENERAL POPULATION; INHALATION EXPOSURE; ORGANOPHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANTS; SAMPLING AND ASSESSMENTS; TRIPHENYL PHOSPHATE; TRIS(2-CHLOROETHYL) PHOSPHATE;

DUST;

FLAME RETARDANT; ORGANOPHOSPHATE; PHOSPHATE; DUST;

AIR EXPOSURE; ASSESSMENT METHOD; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DUST; HEALTH RISK; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; ORGANOPHOSPHATE; PUBLIC HEALTH; SAMPLING;

AIR; AIR SAMPLING; AMBIENT AIR; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DUST; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HOUSE DUST; INGESTION; INHALATION; ISOMER; SKIN ABSORPTION; SURFACE PROPERTY; BUILDING; HUMAN; INDOOR AIR POLLUTION;

AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; DUST; FLAME RETARDANTS; FLOORS AND FLOORCOVERINGS; HUMANS; ORGANOPHOSPHATES; SKIN ABSORPTION;

EID: 84979038803     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00246     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Van Der Veen, I.; de Boer, J. Phosphorus flame retardants: properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis Chemosphere 2012, 88 (10) 1119-1153 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.067
2. Hoffman, K.; Garantziotis, S.; Birnbaum, L. S.; Stapleton, H. M. Monitoring Indoor Exposure to Organophosphate Flame Retardants: Hand Wipes and House Dust Environ. Health Perspect. 2015, 123, 160-165 10.1289/ehp.1408669
3. Cequier, E.; Ionas, A. C.; Covaci, A.; Marcé, R. M.; Becher, G.; Thomsen, C. Occurrence of a broad range of legacy and emerging flame retardants in indoor environments in Norway Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (12) 6827-6835 10.1021/es500516u
4. Dodson, R. E.; Perovich, L. J.; Covaci, A.; Van den Eede, N.; Ionas, A. C.; Dirtu, A. C.; Brody, J. G.; Rudel, R. A. After the PBDE phase-out: a broad suite of flame retardants in repeat house dust samples from California Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (24) 13056-13066 10.1021/es303879n
5. UNEP. SC-4/14: Listing of hexabromodiphenyl ether and heptabromodiphenyl ether, 2009.
6. UNEP. SC-4/18: Listing of tetrabromodiphenyl ether and pentabromodiphenyl ether, 2009.
7. UK-DEFRA. Fire Retardant Technologies: Safe Products with Optimised Environmental Hazard and Risk Performance-Annexe 3: Review of Alternative Fire Retardant Technologies, 2010.
8. Mendelsohn, E.; Hagopian, A.; Hoffman, K.; Butt, C. M.; Lorenzo, A.; Congleton, J.; Webster, T. F.; Stapleton, H. M. Nail polish as a source of exposure to triphenyl phosphate Environ. Int. 2016, 86, 45-51 10.1016/j.envint.2015.10.005
9. Ballesteros-Gómez, A.; Erratico, C. A.; Van den Eede, N.; Ionas, A. C.; Leonards, P. E. G.; Covaci, A. In vitro metabolism of 2-ethylhexyldiphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP) by human liver microsomes Toxicol. Lett. 2015, 232 (1) 203-212 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.11.007
10. Brommer, S.; Harrad, S. Sources and human exposure implications of concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants in dust from UK cars, classrooms, living rooms, and offices Environ. Int. 2015, 83, 202-207 10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.002
11. Zheng, X.; Xu, F.; Chen, K.; Zeng, Y.; Luo, X.; Chen, S.; Mai, B.; Covaci, A. Flame retardants and organochlorines in indoor dust from several e-waste recycling sites in South China: Composition variations and implications for human exposure Environ. Int. 2015, 78, 1-7 10.1016/j.envint.2015.02.006
12. Matsukami, H.; Minh, N.; Suzuki, G.; Someya, M.; Huu, L. Flame retardant emission from e-waste recycling operation in northern Vietnam: Environmental occurrence of emerging organophosphorus esters used as alternatives for PBDEs Sci. Total Environ. 2015, 514, 492-499 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.008
13. Bergh, C.; Torgrip, R.; Emenius, G.; Ostman, C. Organophosphate and phthalate esters in air and settled dust-a multi-location indoor study Indoor Air 2011, 21 (1) 67-76 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2010.00684.x
14. Dirtu, A. C.; Ali, N.; Van den Eede, N.; Neels, H.; Covaci, A. Country specific comparison for profile of chlorinated, brominated and phosphate organic contaminants in indoor dust. Case study for Eastern Romania, 2010 Environ. Int. 2012, 49, 1-8 10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.002
15. Ali, N.; Ali, L.; Mehdi, T.; Dirtu, A. C.; Al-Shammari, F.; Neels, H.; Covaci, A. Levels and profiles of organochlorines and flame retardants in car and house dust from Kuwait and Pakistan: implication for human exposure via dust ingestion Environ. Int. 2013, 55, 62-70 10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.001
16. Cristale, J.; García Vázquez, A.; Barata, C.; Lacorte, S. Priority and emerging flame retardants in rivers: Occurrence in water and sediment, Daphnia magna toxicity and risk assessment Environ. Int. 2013, 59, 232-243 10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.011
17. Xu, F.; García-Bermejo, á.; Malarvannan, G.; Gómara, B.; Neels, H.; Covaci, A. Multi-contaminant analysis of organophosphate and halogenated flame retardants in food matrices using ultrasonication and vacuum assisted extraction, multi-stage cleanup and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry J. Chromatogr. A 2015, 1401, 33-41 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.001
18. Greaves, A. K.; Letcher, R. J. Comparative body compartment composition and in ovo transfer of organophosphate flame retardants in north American great lakes herring gulls Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (14) 7942-7950 10.1021/es501334w
19. Brandsma, S. H.; Leonards, P. E. G.; Leslie, H. A.; de Boer, J. Tracing organophosphorus and brominated flame retardants and plasticizers in an estuarine food web Sci. Total Environ. 2015, 505, 22-31 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.072
20. Zheng, X.; Xu, F.; Luo, X.; Mai, B.; Covaci, A. Phosphate flame retardants and novel brominated flame retardants in home-produced eggs from an e-waste recycling region in China Chemosphere 2016, 150, 545-550 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.098
21. Wei, G.-L.; Li, D.-Q.; Zhuo, M.-N.; Liao, Y.-S.; Xie, Z.-Y.; Guo, T.-L.; Li, J.-J.; Zhang, S.-Y.; Liang, Z.-Q. Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers: Sources, occurrence, toxicity and human exposure Environ. Pollut. 2014, 196C, 29-46 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.09.012
22. Li, H.; Su, G.; Zou, M.; Yu, L.; Letcher, R. J.; Yu, H.; Giesy, J. P.; Zhou, B.; Liu, C. Effects of Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate on Growth, Reproduction and Gene Transcription of Daphnia magna at Environmentally Relevant Concentrations Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 12975-12983 10.1021/acs.est.5b03294
23. Song, F.; Han, X.; Zeng, T.; Zhang, C.; Zou, C.; Xie, K. Changes in beclin-1 and micro-calpain expression in tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate-induced delayed neuropathy Toxicol. Lett. 2012, 210 (3) 276-284 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.02.011
24. Meeker, J. D.; Stapleton, H. M. House dust concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants in relation to hormone levels and semen quality parameters Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 118, 318-323 10.1289/ehp.0901332
25. Kim, J.-W. W.; Isobe, T.; Muto, M.; Tue, N. M.; Katsura, K.; Malarvannan, G.; Sudaryanto, A.; Chang, K.-H. H.; Prudente, M.; Viet, P. H. et al. Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) in human breast milk from several Asian countries Chemosphere 2014, 116, 91-97 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.033
26. Sundkvist, A. M.; Olofsson, U.; Haglund, P. Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in marine and fresh water biota and in human milk J. Environ. Monit. 2010, 12 (4) 943-951 10.1039/b921910b
27. Kucharska, A.; Cequier, E.; Thomsen, C.; Becher, G.; Covaci, A.; Voorspoels, S. Assessment of human hair as an indicator of exposure to organophosphate flame retardants. Case study on a Norwegian mother-child cohort Environ. Int. 2015, 83, 50-57 10.1016/j.envint.2015.05.015
28. Alves, A.; Kucharska, A.; Erratico, C.; Xu, F.; Den Hond, E.; Koppen, G.; Vanermen, G.; Covaci, A.; Voorspoels, S. Human biomonitoring of emerging pollutants through non-invasive matrices: state of the art and future potential Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2014, 406 (17) 4063-4088 10.1007/s00216-014-7748-1
29. Van den Eede, N.; Neels, H.; Jorens, P. G.; Covaci, A. Analysis of organophosphate flame retardant diester metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry J. Chromatogr. A 2013, 1303, 48-53 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.042
30. Van den Eede, N.; Heffernan, A. L.; Aylward, L. L.; Hobson, P.; Neels, H.; Mueller, J. F.; Covaci, A. Age as a determinant of phosphate flame retardant exposure of the Australian population and identification of novel urinary PFR metabolites Environ. Int. 2015, 74, 1-8 10.1016/j.envint.2014.09.005
31. Cequier, E.; Sakhi, A. K.; Marcé, R. M.; Becher, G.; Thomsen, C. Human exposure pathways to organophosphate triesters-A biomonitoring study of mother-child pairs Environ. Int. 2015, 75, 159-165 10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.009
32. Carignan, C. C.; Heiger-Bernays, W.; McClean, M. D.; Roberts, S. C.; Stapleton, H. M.; Sjödin, A.; Webster, T. F. Flame retardant exposure among collegiate United States gymnasts Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (23) 13848-13856 10.1021/es4037868
33. Schreder, E. D.; Uding, N.; La Guardia, M. J. Inhalation, a significant exposure route for chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants Chemosphere 2016, 150, 499-504 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.084
34. Yang, F.; Ding, J.; Huang, W.; Xie, W.; Liu, W. Particle size-specific distributions and preliminary exposure assessments of organophosphate flame retardants in office air particulate matter Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 63-70 10.1021/es403186z
35. Abdallah, M. A.-E.; Pawar, G.; Harrad, S. Evaluation of in vitro vs. in vivo methods for assessment of dermal absorption of organic flame retardants: A review Environ. Int. 2015, 74, 13-22 10.1016/j.envint.2014.09.012
36. Stapleton, H. M.; Misenheimer, J.; Hoffman, K.; Webster, T. F. Flame retardant associations between children's hand wipes and house dust Chemosphere 2014, 116, 54-60 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.100
37. Papadopoulou, E.; Padilla-Sanchez, J. A.; Collins, C. D.; Cousins, I. T.; Covaci, A.; de Wit, C. A.; Leonards, P. E. G.; Voorspoels, S.; Thomsen, C.; Harrad, S. et al. Sampling strategy for estimating human exposure pathways to consumer chemicals Emerg. Contam. 2016, 2, 26 10.1016/j.emcon.2015.12.002
38. Bergh, C.; Torgrip, R.; Conny, O. Simultaneous selective detection of organophosphate and phthalate esters using gas chromatography with positive ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry and its application to indoor air and dust Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2010, 24, 2859-2867 10.1002/rcm.4690
39. Van den Eede, N.; Dirtu, A. C.; Neels, H.; Covaci, A. Analytical developments and preliminary assessment of human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants from indoor dust Environ. Int. 2011, 37 (2) 454-461 10.1016/j.envint.2010.11.010
40. Cao, Z.; Yu, G.; Chen, Y.; Liu, C.; Liu, K.; Zhang, T.; Wang, B.; Deng, S.; Huang, J. Mechanisms influencing the BFR distribution patterns in office dust and implications for estimating human exposure J. Hazard. Mater. 2013, 252-253, 11-18 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.02.043
41. Cao, Z.; Xu, F.; Covaci, A.; Wu, M.; Wang, H.; Yu, G.; Wang, B.; Deng, S.; Huang, J.; Wang, X. Distribution Patterns of Brominated, Chlorinated, and Phosphorus Flame Retardants with Particle Size in Indoor and Outdoor Dust and Implications for Human Exposure Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (15) 8839-8846 10.1021/es501224b
42. Cao, Z.; Xu, F.; Li, W.; Sun, J.; Shen, M.; Su, X.; Feng, J.; Yu, G.; Covaci, A. Seasonal and particle size-dependent variations of HBCDs in settled dust: implications for sampling Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 11151-11157 10.1021/acs.est.5b01717
43. Nilsson, H.; Kärrman, A.; Rotander, A.; van Bavel, B.; Lindström, G.; Westberg, H. Professional ski waxers' exposure to PFAS and aerosol concentrations in gas phase and different particle size fractions Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts 2013, 15, 814-822 10.1039/c3em30739e
44. Allen, J. G.; McClean, M. D.; Stapleton, H. M.; Nelson, J. W.; Webster, T. F. Personal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in residential indoor air Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41 (13) 4574-4579 10.1021/es0703170
45. Ryan, P. H.; Brokamp, C.; Fan, Z. H.; Rao, M. B. Analysis of Personal and Home Characteristics Associated with the Elemental Composition of PM2.5 in Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Air in the RIOPA Study. Res. Rep. Health Eff. Inst. 2015, 185, 3-40.
46. McBride, S. J.; Ferro, A. R.; Ott, W. R.; Switzer, P.; Hildemann, L. M. Investigations of the proximity effect for pollutants in the indoor environment. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 1999, 9 (6), 602-621. 10.1038/sj.jea.7500057
47. Weisel, C. P.; Zhang, J.; Turpin, B. J.; Morandi, M. T.; Colome, S.; Stock, T. H.; Spektor, D. M.; Korn, L.; Winer, A. M.; Kwon, J.; Meng, Q. Y.; Zhang, L.; Harrington, R.; Liu, W.; Reff, A.; Lee, J. H.; Alimokhtari, S.; Mohan, K.; Shendell, D.; Jones, J.; Farrar, L.; Maberti, S.; Fan, T. Relationships of Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Air (RIOPA). Part I. Collection methods and descriptive analyses. J. Exposure Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2005, 15 (130), 1-107; discussion 109-127. 10.1038/sj.jea.7500378
48. Watkins, D. J.; McClean, M. D.; Fraser, A. J.; Weinberg, J.; Stapleton, H. M.; Webster, T. F. Associations between PBDEs in office air, dust, and surface wipes Environ. Int. 2013, 59, 124-132 10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.001
49. Stapleton, H. M.; Kelly, S. M.; Allen, J. G.; Mcclean, M. D.; Webster, T. F. Measurement of polybrominated diphenyl ethers on hand wipes: estimating exposure from hand-to-mouth contact Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42 (9) 3329-3334 10.1021/es7029625
50. Pawar, G.; Abdallah, M. A.-E.; de Sáa, E. V.; Harrad, S. Dermal bioaccessibility of flame retardants from indoor dust and the influence of topically applied cosmetics. J. Exposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2016, in press (doi: 10.1038/jes.2015.84).
51. Abdallah, M. A.-E.; Pawar, G.; Harrad, S. Human dermal absorption of chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants; implications for human exposure Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2016, 291, 28-37 10.1016/j.taap.2015.12.004
52. Abdallah, M. A.-E.; Pawar, G.; Harrad, S. Effect of Bromine Substitution on Human Dermal Absorption of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49 (18) 10976-10983 10.1021/acs.est.5b03904
53. US-EPA. Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition; Washington DC, 2011.
54. Weschler, C. J.; Nazaroff, W. W. SVOC exposure indoors: Fresh look at dermal pathways Indoor Air 2012, 22 (5) 356-377 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00772.x
55. Ali, N.; Dirtu, A. C.; Van den Eede, N.; Goosey, E.; Harrad, S.; Neels, H.; T'Mannetje, A.; Coakley, J.; Douwes, J.; Covaci, A. Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from New Zealand: Indoor sources and human exposure assessment Chemosphere 2012, 88 (11) 1276-1282 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.100