Distribution patterns of brominated, chlorinated, and phosphorus flame retardants with particle size in indoor and outdoor dust and implications for human exposure

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 48, Issue 15, 2014, Pages 8839-8846

  Cao, Zhiguo ^a   Xu, Fuchao ^b   Covaci, Adrian ^b   Wu, Min ^a   Wang, Haizhu ^a   Yu, Gang ^a   Wang, Bin ^a   Deng, Shubo ^a   Huang, Jun ^a   Wang, Xiaoyan ^c  

^a TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP   (Belgium)

^c Beijing Environmental Sanitation Engineering Research Institute   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABRASION; FLAME RETARDANTS; ISOMERS; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; PARTICLE SIZE; PHOSPHORUS; ROADS AND STREETS; SCHOOL BUILDINGS; TRIBOLOGY;

BROMINATED FLAME RETARDANTS; COMPOSITE SAMPLES; DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS; INDOOR MICROENVIRONMENTS; MAXIMUM CONCENTRATIONS; MIGRATION PATHWAY; PHOSPHORUS FLAME RETARDANTS; POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHER (PBDES);

DUST;

FLAME RETARDANT; PHOSPHORUS; POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHER; AIR POLLUTANT; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON; DECHLORANE PLUS; DIPHENYL ETHER DERIVATIVE; DUST; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUND; POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBON;

ARTICLE; BROMINATION; CHLORINATION; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTAMINATION; DUST; FRACTIONATION; HUMAN; ISOMER; MICROENVIRONMENT; PARTICLE SIZE; VOLATILIZATION; AIR POLLUTANT; ANALYSIS; CHINA; EXPOSURE; HOUSING; INDOOR AIR POLLUTION; STANDARDS;

AIR POLLUTANTS; AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; CHINA; DUST; FLAME RETARDANTS; HALOGENATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; HOUSING; HUMANS; HYDROCARBONS, CHLORINATED; INHALATION EXPOSURE; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS; PARTICLE SIZE; POLYCYCLIC COMPOUNDS;

EID: 84905663834     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es501224b     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Covaci, A.; Harrad, S.; Abdallah, M. A. E.; Ali, N.; Law, R. J.; Herzke, D.; de Wit, C. A. Novel brominated flame retardants: A review of their analysis, environmental fate and behaviour Environ. Int. 2011, 37 (2) 532-556
2. Krol, S.; Zabiegala, B.; Namiesnik, J. PBDEs in environmental samples: Sampling and analysis Talanta 2012, 93, 1-17
3. van der Veen, I.; de Boer, J. Phosphorus flame retardants: Properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis Chemosphere 2012, 88 (10) 1119-1153
4. Sverko, E.; Tomy, G. T.; Reiner, E. J.; Li, Y.-F.; McCarry, B. E.; Arnot, J. A.; Law, R. J.; Hites, R. A. Dechlorane plus and related compounds in the environment: A review Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (12) 5088-5098
5. Cao, Z. G.; Yu, G.; Chen, Y. S.; Liu, C.; Liu, K.; Zhang, T. T.; Wang, B.; Deng, S. B.; Huang, J. Mechanisms influencing the BFR distribution patterns in office dust and implications for estimating human exposure J. Hazard. Mater. 2013, 252, 11-18
6. Kemmlein, S.; Hahn, O.; Jann, O. Emissions of organophosphate and brominated flame retardants from selected consumer products and building materials Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37 (39-40) 5485-5493
7. Webster, T. F.; Harrad, S.; Millette, J. R.; Holbrook, R. D.; Davis, J. M.; Stapleton, H. M.; Allen, J. G.; McClean, M. D.; Ibarra, C.; Abdallah, M. A. E.; Covaci, A. Identifying transfer mechanisms and sources of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) in indoor environments using environmental forensic microscopy Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (9) 3067-3072
8. Harrad, S.; Ibarra, C.; Diamond, M.; Melymuk, L.; Robson, M.; Douwes, J.; Roosens, L.; Dirtu, A. C.; Covaci, A. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in domestic indoor dust from Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom and United States Environ. Int. 2008, 34 (2) 232-238
9. Harrad, S.; de Wit, C. A.; Abdallah, M. A. E.; Bergh, C.; Bjorklund, J. A.; Covaci, A.; Darnerud, P. O.; de Boer, J.; Diamond, M.; Huber, S.; Leonards, P.; Mandalakis, M.; Oestman, C.; Haug, L. S.; Thomsen, C.; Webster, T. F. Indoor contamination with hexabromocyclododecanes, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and perfluoroalkyl compounds: An important exposure pathway for people? Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44 (9) 3221-3231
10. Dirtu, A. C.; Ali, N.; Van den Eede, N.; Neels, H.; Covaci, A. Country specific comparison for profile of chlorinated, brominated and phosphate organic contaminants in indoor dust. Case study for Eastern Romania, 2010 Environ. Int. 2012, 49, 1-8
11. Besis, A.; Samara, C. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the indoor and outdoor environments - A review on occurrence and human exposure Environ. Pollut. 2012, 169, 217-229
12. Hazrati, S.; Harrad, S.; Alighadri, M.; Sadeghi, H.; Mokhtari, A.; Gharari, N.; Rahimzadeh, S. Passive air sampling survey of polybrominated diphenyl ether in private cars: Implications for sources and human exposure Iran. J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng. 2010, 7 (2) 157-164
13. Takigami, H.; Suzuki, G.; Hirai, Y.; Ishikawa, Y.; Sunami, M.; Sakai, S.-i. Flame retardants in indoor dust and air of a hotel in Japan Environ. Int. 2009, 35 (4) 688-693
14. Ali, N.; Ali, L.; Mehdi, T.; Dirtu, A. C.; Al-Shammari, F.; Neels, H.; Covaci, A. Levels and profiles of organochlorines and flame retardants in car and house dust from Kuwait and Pakistan: Implication for human exposure via dust ingestion Environ. Int. 2013, 55, 62-70
15. Kim, J.-W.; Isobe, T.; Sudaryanto, A.; Malarvannan, G.; Chang, K.-H.; Muto, M.; Prudente, M.; Tanabe, S. Organophosphorus flame retardants in house dust from the Philippines: Occurrence and assessment of human exposure Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2013, 20 (2) 812-822
16. Brandsma, S. H.; de Boer, J.; van Velzen, M. J. M.; Leonards, P. E. G. Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) and plasticizers in house and car dust and the influence of electronic equipment Chemosphere 2014, 10.1016/j. chemosphere.2014.02.036
17. Ruby, M. V.; Lowney, Y. W. Selective soil particle adherence to hands: Implications for understanding oral exposure to soil contaminants Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (23) 12759-12771
18. Cao, Z. G.; Yu, G.; Chen, Y. S.; Cao, Q. M.; Fiedler, H.; Deng, S. B.; Huang, J.; Wang, B. Particle size: A missing factor in risk assessment of human exposure to toxic chemicals in settled indoor dust Environ. Int. 2012, 49, 24-30
19. Morawska, L.; Salthammer, T. Indoor Environment - Airborne Particles and Settled Dust; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2003.
20. Butte, W.; Heinzow, B. Pollutants in house dust as indicators of indoor contamination Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2002, 175, 1-46
21. Van den Eede, N.; Dirtu, A. C.; Ali, N.; Neels, H.; Covaci, A. Multi-residue method for the determination of brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust Talanta 2012, 89, 292-300
22. Cao, Z.; Xu, F.; Covaci, A.; Wu, M.; Yu, G.; Wang, B.; Deng, S.; Huang, J. Differences in the seasonal variation of brominated and phosphorus flame retardants in office dust Environ. Int. 2014, 65, 100-106
23. Wang, J.; Tian, M.; Chen, S. J.; Zheng, J.; Luo, X. J.; An, T. C.; Mai, B. X. Dechlorane Plus in house dust from E-waste recycling and urban areas in South China: Sources, degradation, and human exposure Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011, 30 (9) 1965-1972
24. Prevedouros, K.; Jones, K. C.; Sweetman, A. J. Estimation of the production, consumption, and atmospheric emissions of pentabrominated diphenyl ether in Europe between 1970 and 2000 Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38 (12) 3224-3231
25. Ali, N.; Dirtu, A. C.; Van den Eede, N.; Goosey, E.; Harrad, S.; Neels, H.; 't Mannetje, A.; Coakley, J.; Douwes, J.; Covaci, A. Occurrence of alternative flame retardants in indoor dust from New Zealand: Indoor sources and human exposure assessment Chemosphere 2012, 88 (11) 1276-1282
26. Ali, N.; Van den Eede, N.; Dirtu, A. C.; Neels, H.; Covaci, A. Assessment of human exposure to indoor organic contaminants via dust ingestion in Pakistan Indoor Air 2012, 22 (3) 200-211
27. Ali, N.; Harrad, S.; Goosey, E.; Neels, H.; Covaci, A. "Novel" brominated flame retardants in Belgian and UK indoor dust: Implications for human exposure Chemosphere 2011, 83 (10) 1360-1365
28. Stapleton, H. M.; Allen, J. G.; Kelly, S. M.; Konstantinov, A.; Klosterhaus, S.; Watkins, D.; McClean, M. D.; Webster, T. F. Alternate and new brominated flame retardants detected in US house dust Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42 (18) 6910-6916
29. Van den Eede, N.; Dirtu, A. C.; Neels, H.; Covaci, A. Analytical developments and preliminary assessment of human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants from indoor dust Environ. Int. 2011, 37 (2) 454-461
30. Stapleton, H. M.; Klosterhaus, S.; Eagle, S.; Fuh, J.; Meeker, J. D.; Blum, A.; Webster, T. F. Detection of organophosphate flame retardants in furniture foam and US house dust Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (19) 7490-7495
31. Garcia, M.; Rodriguez, I.; Cela, R. Microwave-assisted extraction of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers from indoor dust samples J. Chromatogr. A 2007, 1152 (1-2) 280-286
32. Harrad, S.; Ibarra, C.; Abdallah, M. A. E.; Boon, R.; Neels, H.; Covaci, A. Concentrations of brominated flame retardants in dust from United Kingdom cars, homes, and offices: Causes of variability and implications for human exposure Environ. Int. 2008, 34 (8) 1170-1175
33. Lagalante, A. F.; Oswald, T. D.; Calvosa, F. C. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in dust from previously owned automobiles at United States dealerships Environ. Int. 2009, 35 (3) 539-544
34. Batterman, S. A.; Chernyak, S.; Jia, C. R.; Godwin, C.; Charles, S. Concentrations and emissions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from US houses and garages Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (8) 2693-2700
35. Kalachova, K.; Hradkova, P.; Lankova, D.; Hajslova, J.; Pulkrabova, J. Occurrence of brominated flame retardants in household and car dust from the Czech Republic Sci. Total Environ. 2012, 441, 182-193
36. Cheng, X. Y.; Yang, C. Q. Flame retardant finishing of cotton fleece fabric: Part V. Phosphorus-containing maleic acid oligomers Fire Mater. 2009, 33 (8) 365-375
37. Weil, E. D.; Levchik, S. V. Flame retardants in commercial use or development for textiles J. Fire Sci. 2008, 26 (3) 243-281
38. Yang, F.; Ding, J.; Huang, W.; Xie, W.; Liu, W. Particle size-specific distributions and preliminary exposure assessments of organophosphate flame retardants in office air particulate matter Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (1) 63-70
39. Delgado-Saborit, J. M.; Stark, C.; Harrison, R. M. Use of a versatile high efficiency multiparallel denuder for the sampling of PAHs in ambient air: Gas and particle phase concentrations, particle size distribution and artifact formation Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48 (1) 499-507
40. Mandalakis, M.; Besis, A.; Stephanou, E. G. Particle-size distribution and gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers in urban areas of Greece Environ. Pollut. 2009, 157 (4) 1227-1233
41. Wei, H.; Turyk, M.; Cali, S.; Dorevitch, S.; Erdal, S.; Li, A. Particle size fractionation and human exposure of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor dust from Chicago J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. 2009, 44 (13) 1353-1361
42. Wang, W.; Huang, M. J.; Zheng, J. S.; Cheung, K. C.; Wong, M. H. Exposure assessment and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contained in indoor and outdoor dusts and the impacts of particle size and bioaccessibility Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 463, 1201-1209
43. Wang, W.; Huang, M. J.; Wu, F. Y.; Kang, Y.; Wang, H. S.; Cheung, K. C.; Wong, M. H. Risk assessment of bioaccessible organochlorine pesticides exposure via indoor and outdoor dust Atmos. Environ. 2013, 77, 525-533
44. Liu, C.; Shi, S. S.; Weschler, C.; Zhao, B.; Zhang, Y. P. Analysis of the dynamic interaction between SVOCs and airborne particles Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (2) 125-136
45. Li, W. G.; Davis, E. J. Aerosol evaporation in the transition regime Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1996, 25 (1) 11-21
46. Mercier, F.; Glorennec, P.; Thomas, O.; Le Bot, B. Organic contamination of settled house dust, a review for exposure assessment purposes Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45 (16) 6716-6727
47. Lewis, R. G.; Fortune, C. R.; Willis, R. D.; Camann, D. E.; Antley, J. T. Distribution of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in house dust as a function of particle size Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107 (9) 721-726
48. Schripp, T.; Fauck, C.; Salthammer, T. Chamber studies on mass-transfer of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and di- n -butylphthalate (DnBP) from emission sources into house dust Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44 (24) 2840-2845
49. Suzuki, G.; Kida, A.; Sakai, S. I.; Takigami, H. Existence state of bromine as an indicator of the source of brominated flame retardants in indoor dust Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43 (5) 1437-1442
50. Lee, B. K.; Dong, T. T. T. Toxicity and source assignment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in road dust from urban residential and industrial areas in a typical industrial city in Korea J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manage. 2011, 13 (1) 34-42
51. Betts, K. S. A new flame retardant in the air Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40 (4) 1090-1091
52. de Wit, C. A.; Herzke, D.; Vorkamp, K. Brominated flame retardants in the Arctic environment - Trends and new candidates Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408 (15) 2885-2918
53. Stapleton, H. M.; Eagle, S.; Sjodin, A.; Webster, T. F. Serum PBDEs in a North Carolina toddler cohort: Associations with handwipes, house dust, and socioeconomic variables Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120 (7) 1049-1054
54. Watkins, D. J.; McClean, M. D.; Fraser, A. J.; Weinberg, J.; Stapleton, H. M.; Sjodin, A.; Webster, T. F. Exposure to PBDEs in the office environment: Evaluating the relationships between dust, handwipes, and serum Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119 (9) 1247-1252