Age as a determinant of phosphate flame retardant exposure of the Australian population and identification of novel urinary PFR metabolites

Environment International

Volumn 74, Issue , 2015, Pages 1-8

  Van den Eede, Nele ^a   Heffernan, Amy L ^b   Aylward, Lesa L ^b,c   Hobson, Peter ^d   Neels, Hugo ^a   Mueller, Jochen F ^b   Covaci, Adrian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^c LLP   (United States)

^d SULLIVAN NICOLAIDES PATHOLOGY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Australia; Children; Exposure; Phosphate flame retardants; Triphenyl phosphate; Urine

Indexed keywords

BIOMOLECULES; FLAME RETARDANTS; HYDROXYLATION; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; PHASE SEPARATION; SOLVENTS;

AUSTRALIA; CHILDREN; EXPOSURE; TRIPHENYL PHOSPHATE; URINE;

METABOLITES;

2 HYDROXYETHYL BIS (2 BUTOXYETHYL)PHOSPHATE; 4 HYDROXYPHENYL DIPHENYL PHOSPHATE; 4 HYDROXYPHENYL PHENYL PHOSPHATE; BIS (1 CHLORO 2 PROPYL)PHOSPHATE; BIS (1,3 DICHLORO 2 PROPYL)PHOSPHATE; BIS (2 BUTOXYETHYL) 3 HYDROXY 2 BUTOXYETHYL PHOSPHATE; BIS (2 BUTOXYETHYL)PHOSPHATE; BIS (2 CHLOROETHYL)PHOSPHATE; DIPHENYL PHOSPHATE; FLAME RETARDANT; PHOSPHATE FLAME RETARDANT; PLASTICIZER; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ORGANOPHOSPHATE;

AGE; BIOMONITORING; CHEMICAL COMPOUND; CHILD; METABOLITE; PHOSPHATE; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; URINE;

ADULT; AGE; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; AUSTRALIAN; BIOLOGICAL MONITORING; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFANT; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MALE; MASS SPECTROMETRY; POPULATION EXPOSURE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION; SYNTHESIS; URINALYSIS; URINE FLOW RATE; ADOLESCENT; AGED; CHEMISTRY; METABOLISM; MIDDLE AGED; NEWBORN; PRESCHOOL CHILD; URINE; YOUNG ADULT;

AUSTRALIA; QUEENSLAND;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; FLAME RETARDANTS; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; ORGANOPHOSPHATES; PLASTICIZERS; QUEENSLAND; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84907848255     PISSN: 01604120     EISSN: 18736750     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.09.005     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Brandsma S.H., Sellström U., de Wit C.A., de Boer J., Leonards P.E. Dust measurement of two organophosphorus flame retardants, resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) (RBDPP) and bisphenol A bis(diphenylphosphate) (BPA-BDPP), used as alternatives for BDE-209. Environ Sci Technol 2013, 47:14434-14441.
2. Calafat A.M., Kuklenyik Z., Reidy J.A., Caudill S.P., Ekong J., Needham L.L. Urinary concentrations of bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol in a human reference population. Environ Health Perspect 2005, 113:391-395.
3. Carignan C.C., McClean M.D., Cooper E.M., Watkins D.J., Fraser A.J., Heiger-Bernays W., et al. Predictors of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate metabolite in the urine of office workers. Environ Int 2013, 55:56-61.
4. Collins B.J., Waidyanatha S., Stout M.D., Slade D., Gutierrez A., Mathias R., et al. Analysis of tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) metabolites in rat plasma for preliminary toxicology studies. Annual Society of Toxicology Meeting 2013, [Abstract 495].
5. Cooper E.M., Covaci A., van Nuijs A.L., Webster T.F., Stapleton H.M. Analysis of the flame retardant metabolites bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPP) in urine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011, 401:2123-2132.
6. Covaci A., Geens T., Roosens L., Ali N., Van den Eede N., Ionas A.C., et al. Human exposure and health risks to emerging organic contaminants. The handbook of environmental chemistry 2012, 243-305. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg. D. Barcelo, A.G. Kostianoy (Eds.).
7. Dodson R.E., Perovich L.J., Covaci A., Van den Eede N., Ionas A.C., Dirtu A.C., et al. After the PBDE phase-out: a broad suite of flame retardants in repeat house dust samples from California. Environ Sci Technol 2012, 46:13056-13066.
8. Dodson R.E., Van den Eede N., Covaci A., Perovich L.J., Brody J.G., Rudel R.A. Urinary biomonitoring of phosphate flame retardants: levels in California adults and recommendations for future studies. Environ Sci Technol 2014, [under review].
9. EU RISK ASSESSMENT TCPP CAS 13674-84-5. EINECS no: 237-158-7 2008, [Ireland].
10. Fang H., Tong W., Branham W.S., Moland C.L., Dial S.L., Hong H., et al. Study of 202 natural, synthetic, and environmental chemicals for binding to the androgen receptor. Chem Res Toxicol 2003, 16:1338-1358.
11. Harrad S., de Wit C.A., Abdallah M.A., Bergh C., Björklund J.A., Covaci A., et al. Indoor contamination with hexabromocyclododecanes, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and perfluoroalkyl compounds: an important exposure pathway for people?. Environ Sci Technol 2010, 44:3221-3231.
12. Heffernan A.L., Aylward L.L., Toms L.M., Eaglesham G., Hobson P., Sly P.D., et al. Age-related trends in urinary excretion of bisphenol A in Australian children and adults: evidence from a pooled sample study using samples of convenience. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2013, 76:1039-1055.
13. Heffernan A.L., Aylward L.L., Toms L.M., Sly P.D., Macleod M., Mueller J.F. Pooled biological specimens for human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals: opportunities and limitations. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2014, 24:225-232.
14. Hoffman K., Daniels J.L., Stapleton H.M. Urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants and their variability in pregnant women. Environ Int 2014, 63:169-172.
15. Mary-Huard T. Biases induced by pooling samples in microarray experiments. Bioinformatics 2007, 23:i313-i318. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btm182.
16. Meeker J.D., Stapleton H.M. House dust concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants in relation to hormone levels and semen quality parameters. Environ Health Perspect 2010, 118(3):318-323.
17. Meeker J.D., Cooper E.M., Stapleton H.M., Hauser R. Urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants: temporal variability and correlations with house dust concentrations. Environ Health Perspect 2013, 121:580-585.
18. Miller M.D., Marty M.A., Arcus A., Brown J., Morry D., Sandy M. Differences between children and adults: implications for risk assessment at California EPA. Int J Toxicol 2002, 21:403-418.
19. Nishimaki-Mogami T., Minegishi K., Tanaka A., Sato M. Isolation and identification of metabolites of 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate in rats. Arch Toxicol 1988, 61:259-264.
20. Sasaki K., Suzuki T., Takeda M., Uchiyama M. Metabolism of phosphoric acid triester by rat liver homogenate. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1984, 33:281-288.
21. Scheuplein R., Charnley G., Doursen M. Differential sensitivity of children and adults to chemical toxicity: I. Biological basis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2002, 35:429-447.
22. Schindler B.K., Forster K., Angerer J. Determination of human urinary organophosphate flame retardant metabolites by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 2009, 877:375-381.
23. Schindler B.K., Forster K., Angerer J. Quantification of two urinary metabolites of organophosphorus flame retardants by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009, 395:1167-1171.
24. Sexton K., Needham L.L., Pirkle J.L. Human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals. Am Sci 2004, 92:38-45.
25. Stapleton H.M., Klosterhaus S., Keller A., Ferguson P.L., van Bergen S., Cooper E., et al. Identification of flame retardants in polyurethane foam collected from baby products. Environ Sci Technol 2011, 45:5323-5331.
26. Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants [last accessed on Feb 11, 2014]. http://chm.pops.int/TheConvention/Overview/TextoftheConvention/tabid/2232/Default.aspx.
27. Sudakin D.L., Stone D.L. Dialkyl phosphates as biomarkers of organophosphates: the current divide between epidemiology and clinical toxicology. Clin Toxicol 2011, 49:771-781.
28. Toms L.M., Hearn L., Kennedy K., Harden F., Bartkow M., Temme C., et al. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in matched samples of human milk, dust and indoor air. Environ Int 2009, 35:864-869.
29. Tulve N.S., Suggs J.C., McCurdy T.R., Cohen Hubal E.A., Moya J. Frequency of mouthing behaviour in young children. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2002, 12:259-264.
30. Van den Eede N., Dirtu A.C., Neels H., Covaci A. Analytical developments and preliminary assessment of human exposure to organophosphate flame retardants from indoor dust. Environ Int 2011, 37:454-461.
31. Van den Eede N., Neels H., Jorens P.G., Covaci A. Analysis of organophosphate flame retardant diester metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013, 1303:48-53.
32. Van den Eede N., Maho W., Erratico C., Neels H., Covaci A. First insights in the metabolism of phosphate flame retardants and plasticizers using human liver fractions. Toxicol Lett 2013, 223:9-15.
33. Van den Eede N., Erratico C., Exarchou V., Maho W., Neels H., Covaci A. In vitro biotransformation of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) in human liver and serum. Toxicol Sci 2014, [under review].
34. van der Veen I., de Boer J. Phosphorus flame retardants: properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis. Chemosphere 2012, 88:1119-1153.
35. Wilson R., Jones-Otazo H., Petrovic S., Mitchell I., Bonvalot Y., Williams D., et al. Revisiting dust and soil ingestion rates based on hand-to-mouth transfer. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 2013, 19:158-188.
36. World Health Organisation Summary of principles for evaluating health risks in children associated with exposure to chemicals. Children's environmental health 2011, World Health Organization, [Available from: http://www.who.int/ceh/publications/health_risks_exposure_chemicals/en/].
37. World Health Organization Environmental Health Criteria 112: tri-n-butyl phosphate, Geneva 1991.
38. World Health Organization Environmental Health Criteria 209: flame retardants: tris(chloropropyl) phosphate and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, Geneva 1998.
39. World Health Organization Environmental Health Criteria 218: flame retardants: tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium salts, Geneva 2000.