Variability in drift ice export from the Arctic Ocean to the North Icelandic Shelf over the last 8000 years: A multi-proxy evaluation

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 146, Issue , 2016, Pages 99-115

  Cabedo Sanz, Patricia ^a   Belt, Simon T ^a   Jennings, Anne E ^b   Andrews, John T ^b   Geirsdóttir, Áslaug ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PLYMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ICELAND   (Iceland)

Author keywords

Drift ice; Holocene; IP25; North Icelandic Shelf; Proxy; Sea ice

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; BIOMARKERS; COOLING SYSTEMS; OCEANOGRAPHY; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PHYTOPLANKTON; QUARTZ; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SEA ICE; SUBMARINE GEOLOGY; SURFACE WATERS;

DRIFT ICE; HOLOCENES; ICELANDIC SHELVES; IP25; PROXY;

ICE;

ABUNDANCE; BIOMARKER; FORAMINIFERA; HOLOCENE; ICE DRIFT; MARINE SEDIMENT; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; PROXY CLIMATE RECORD; RECONSTRUCTION; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SEA ICE; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SEDIMENT CORE; SOLAR RADIATION; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS;

ARCTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN; EAST GREENLAND CURRENT; IRMINGER CURRENT; NORTH ATLANTIC CURRENT; NORTH ICELANDIC SHELF;

FORAMINIFERA;

EID: 84975705956     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.06.012     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. Aagaard-Sørensen S., Husum K., Hald M., Marchitto T., Godtliebsen F. Sub sea surface temperatures in the Polar North Atlantic during the Holocene: planktic foraminiferal Mg/Ca temperature reconstructions. The Holocene 2014, 24:93-103.
2. Aagaard K., Coachman L.K. The East Greenland Current north of Denmark Strait: part I. Arctic 1968, 21:181-200.
3. Andersen C., Koç N., Jennings A., Andrews J.T. Nonuniform response of the major surface currents in the Nordic Seas to insolation forcing: implications for the Holocene climate variability. Paleoceanography 2004, 19:PA2003.
4. Andersen C., Koç N., Moros M. A highly unstable Holocene climate in the subpolar North Atlantic: evidence from diatoms. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2004, 23:2155-2166.
5. Andrews J.T., Smith L.M., Preston R., Cooper T., Jennings A.E. Spatial and temporal patterns of iceberg rafting (IRD) along the East Greenland margin, ca. 68°N, over the last 14 cal. ka. J. Quat. Sci. 1997, 12:1-13.
6. Andrews J.T., Hardadottir J., Stoner J.S., Mann M.E., Kristjansdottir G.B., Koc N. Decadal to millennial-scale periodicities in North Iceland shelf sediments over the last 12 000 cal yr: long-term North Atlantic oceanographic variability and solar forcing. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2003, 210:453-465.
7. Andrews J.T., Eberl D.D. Quantitative mineralogy of surface sediments on the Iceland shelf, and application to down-core studies of Holocene ice-rafted sediments. J. Sediment. Res. 2007, 77:469-479.
8. Andrews J.T. Seeking a Holocene drift ice proxy: non-clay mineral variations from the SW to N-central Iceland shelf: trends, regime shifts, and periodicities. J. Quat. Sci. 2009, 24:664-676.
9. Andrews J.T., Belt S.T., Olafsdottir S., Massé G., Vare L.L. Sea ice and marine climate variability for NW Iceland/Denmark Strait over the last 2000 cal. yr BP. The Holocene 2009, 19:775-784.
10. Andrews J.T., Darby D., Eberle D., Jennings A.E., Moros M., Ogilvie A. A robust, multisite Holocene history of drift ice off northern Iceland: implications for North Atlantic climate. The Holocene 2009, 19:71-77.
11. Andrews J.T., Bigg G.R., Wilton D.J. Holocene ice-rafting and sediment transport from the glaciated margin of east Greenland (67-70° N) to the N Iceland shelves: detecting and modelling changing sediment sources. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2014, 91:204-217.
12. Andrews J.T., Jennings A.E. Multidecadal to millennial marine climate oscillations across the Denmark Strait (~ 66 N) over the last 2000 cal yr BP. Clim. Past 2014, 10:325-343.
13. Axford Y., Andresen C.S., Andrews J.T., Belt S.T., Geirsdóttir Á., Massé G., Miller G.H., Ólafsdóttir S., Vare L.L. Do paleoclimate proxies agree? A test comparing 19 late Holocene climate and sea-ice reconstructions from Icelandic marine and lake sediments. J. Quat. Sci. 2011, 26:645-656.
14. Bé A.W., Tolderlund D.S. Distribution and Ecology of Living Planktonic Foraminifera in Surface Waters of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans 1971, Cambridge University Press, London.
15. Belkin I.M., Levitus S., Antonov J., Malmberg S.-A. "Great salinity anomalies" in the North Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr. 1998, 41:1-68.
16. Belkin I.M., Cornillon P.C., Sherman K. Fronts in large marine ecosystems. Prog. Oceanogr. 2009, 81:223-236.
17. Belt S.T., Allard W.G., Massé G., Robert J.-M., Rowland S.J. Highly branched isoprenoids (HBIs): identification of the most common and abundant sedimentary isomers. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2000, 64:3839-3851.
18. 25. Org. Geochem. 2007, 38:16-27.
19. 13C isotopic signature distinguishes a novel sea ice biomarker in Arctic sediments and sediment traps. Mar. Chem. 2008, 112:158-167.
20. Belt S.T., Vare L.L., Massé G., Manners H.R., Price J.C., MacLachlan S.E., Andrews J.T., Schmidt S. Striking similarities in temporal changes to spring sea ice occurrence across the central Canadian Arctic Archipelago over the last 7000 years. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2010, 29:3489-3504.
21. 25 from marine sediments. Anal. Methods 2012, 4:705-713.
22. 25 and sterols in Arctic sea ice and underlying sediments: further considerations for palaeo sea ice reconstruction. Org. Geochem. 2013, 62:33-45.
23. 25: a review of current understanding, recommendations for future research and applications in palaeo sea ice reconstructions. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2013, 79:9-25.
24. Belt S.T., Cabedo-Sanz P., Smik L., Navarro-Rodriguez A., Berben S.M., Knies J., Husum K. Identification of paleo Arctic winter sea ice limits and the marginal ice zone: optimised biomarker-based reconstructions of late Quaternary Arctic sea ice. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2015, 431:127-139.
25. Bendle J.A., Rosell-Melé A. High-resolution alkenone sea surface temperature variability on the North Icelandic Shelf: implications for Nordic Seas palaeoclimatic development during the Holocene. The Holocene 2007, 17:9-24.
26. Berben S.M.P., Husum K., Cabedo-Sanz P., Belt S.T. Holocene sub centennial evolution of Atlantic water inflow and sea ice distribution in the western Barents Sea. Clim. Past 2014, 10:181-198.
27. Berger A., Loutre M.F. Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years. Quat. Sci. Rev. 1991, 10:297-317.
28. Bergthorsson P. An estimate of drift ice and temperature in Iceland in 1000 years. Jokull 1969, 19:94-101.
29. Björnsson H. Sea ice conditions and the atmospheric circulation north of Iceland. Jokull 1969, 19:11-28.
30. 25 biomarker as a proxy for spring Arctic sea ice. Polar Biol. 2011, 34:1857-1868.
31. 25. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5:4197.
32. Cabedo-Sanz P., Belt S.T. Seasonal sea ice variability in eastern Fram Strait over the last 2,000 years. Arktos 2016, (in press).
33. Cabedo-Sanz P., Smik L., Belt S.T. On the stability of various highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) lipids in stored sediments and sediment extracts. Org. Geochem. 2016, 97:74-77.
34. 37 sea surface temperature reconstruction in the Norwegian Sea during the Holocene. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2002, 21:1385-1394.
35. Chapman M.R., Shackleton N.J. Evidence of 550-year and 1000-year cyclicities in North Atlantic circulation patterns during the Holocene. The Holocene 2000, 10:287-291.
36. Cronin T.M., Polyak L., Reed D., Kandiano E.S., Marzen R.E., Council E.A. A 600-ka Arctic sea-ice record from Mendeleev Ridge based on ostracodes. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2013, 79:157-167.
37. Darling K.F., Kucera M., Kroon D., Wade C.M. A resolution for the coiling direction paradox in Neogloboquadrina pachyderma. Paleoceanography 2006, 21:PA2011. 10.1029/2005PA001189.
38. de la Mare W.K. Abrupt mid-twentieth-century decline in Antarctic sea-ice extent from whaling records. Nature 1997, 389:57-60.
39. de Vernal A., Gersonde R., Goosse H., Seidenkrantz M.-S., Wolff E.W. Sea ice in the paleoclimate system: the challenge of reconstructing sea ice from proxies - an introduction. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2013, 79:1-8.
40. de Vernal A., Hillaire-Marcel C., Rochon A., Fréchette B., Henry M., Solignac S., Bonnet S. Dinocyst-based reconstructions of sea ice cover concentration during the Holocene in the Arctic Ocean, the northern North Atlantic Ocean and its adjacent seas. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2013, 79:111-121.
41. de Vernal A., Rochon A., Fréchette B., Henry M., Radi T., Solignac S. Reconstructing past sea ice cover of the Northern Hemisphere from dinocyst assemblages: status of the approach. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2013, 79:122-134.
42. Dickson R.R., Meincke J., Malmberg S.-A., Lee A.J. The "great salinity anomaly" in the northern North Atlantic 1968-1982. Prog. Oceanogr. 1988, 20:103-151.
43. Divine D.V., Dick C. Historical variability of sea ice edge position in the Nordic Seas. J. Geophys. Res. 2006, 111:C01001.
44. Dyke A.S., Hooper J., Savelle J.M. A history of sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago based on postglacial remains of the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus). Arctic 1996, 49:235-255.
45. Eiríksson J., Knudsen K.L., Haflidason H., Henriksen P. Late-glacial and Holocene palaeoceanography of the North Icelandic shelf. J. Quat. Sci. 2000, 15:23-42.
46. Fahl K., Stein R. Modern seasonal variability and deglacial/Holocene change of central Arctic Ocean sea-ice cover: new insights from biomarker proxy records. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2012, 351:123-133.
47. Funder S., Goosse H., Jepsen H., Kaas E., Kjær K.H., Korsgaard N.J., Larsen N.K., Linderson H., Lyså A., Möller P. A 10,000-year record of Arctic Ocean sea-ice variability-view from the beach. Science 2011, 333:747-750.
48. Furze M.F.A., Pienkowski A.J., Coulthard R.D. New cetacean δR values for Arctic North America and their implications for marine-mammal-based palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2014, 91:218-241.
49. Geirsdóttir Á., Miller G.H., Axford Y., Ólafsdóttir S. Holocene and latest Pleistocene climate and glacier fluctuations in Iceland. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2009, 28:2107-2118.
50. Geirsdóttir Á., Miller G.H., Larsen D.J., Ólafsdóttir S. Abrupt Holocene climate transitions in the northern North Atlantic region recorded by synchronized lacustrine records in Iceland. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2013, 70:48-62.
51. Ghil M., Allen M., Dettinger M., Ide K., Kondrashov D., Mann M., Robertson A.W., Saunders A., Tian Y., Varadi F. Advanced spectral methods for climatic time series. Rev. Geophys. 2002, 40. 3-1-3-41.
52. Giraudeau J., Jennings A., Andrews J. Timing and mechanisms of surface and intermediate water circulation changes in the Nordic Seas over the last 10,000 calyears: a view from the North Iceland shelf. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2004, 23:2127-2139.
53. Goosse H., Roche D.M., Mairesse A., Berger M. Modelling past sea ice changes. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2013, 79:191-206.
54. Hald M., Andersson C., Ebbesen H., Jansen E., Klitgaard-Kristensen D., Risebrobakken B., Salomonsen G.R., Sarnthein M., Sejrup H.P., Telford R.J. Variations in temperature and extent of Atlantic Water in the northern North Atlantic during the Holocene. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2007, 26:3423-3440.
55. Haywood A.M., Valdes P.J. Modelling Pliocene warmth: contribution of atmosphere, oceans and cryosphere. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2004, 218:363-377.
56. Helgadóttir G. Paleoclimate (0 to> 14 ka) of W. and NW Iceland: An Iceland/USA Contribution to PALE, Cruise Report B9-97 1997, Marine Research Institute of Iceland.
57. Hopkins T.S. The GIN Sea - a synthesis of its physical oceanography and literature review 1972-1985. Earth Sci. Rev. 1991, 30:175-318.
58. Hörner T., Stein R., Fahl K., Birgel D. Post-glacial variability of sea ice cover, river run-off and biological production in the western Laptev Sea (Arctic Ocean) - a high-resolution biomarker study. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2016, 143:133-149.
59. Jennings A.E., Weiner N.J. Environmental change in eastern Greenland during the last 1300 years: evidence from foraminifera and lithofacies in Nansen Fjord, 68 N. The Holocene 1996, 6:179-191.
60. Jennings A.E., Knudsen K.L., Hald M., Hansen C.V., Andrews J.T. A mid-Holocene shift in Arctic sea-ice variability on the East Greenland Shelf. The Holocene 2002, 12:49-58.
61. Jennings A.E., Andrews J.A., Wilson L. Holocene environmental evolution of the SE Greenland Shelf North and South of the Denmark Strait: Irminger and East Greenland current interactions. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2011, 30:980-998.
62. Johannessen T., Jansen E., Flatøy A., Ravelo A.C. The Relationship between Surface Water Masses, Oceanographic Fronts and Paleoclimatic Proxies in Surface Sediments of the Greenland, Iceland, Norwegian Seas, Carbon Cycling in the Glacial Ocean: Constraints on the Ocean's Role in Global Change 1994, 61-85. Springer.
63. Jones P.D., Mann M.E. Climate over past millennia. Rev. Geophys. 2004, 42:RG2002. 10.1029/2003RG000143.
64. Justwan A., Koç N. A diatom based transfer function for reconstructing sea ice concentrations in the North Atlantic. Mar. Micropaleontol. 2008, 41:73-96.
65. Justwan A., Koç N., Jennings A.E. Evolution of the Irminger and East Icelandic current systems through the Holocene, revealed by diatom-based sea surface temperature reconstructions. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2008, 27:1571-1582.
66. Kaufman D., Ager T., Anderson N., Anderson P., Andrews J., Bartlein P., Brubaker L., Coats L., Cwynar L.C., Duvall M. Holocene thermal maximum in the western Arctic (0-180 W). Quat. Sci. Rev. 2004, 23:529-560.
67. Knies J., Cabedo-Sanz P., Belt S.T., Baranwal S., Fietz S., Rosell-Melé A. The emergence of modern sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5:5608.
68. Knudsen K., Jiang H., Jansen E., Eiriksson J., Heinemeier J., Seidenkrantz M.-S. Environmental changes off North Iceland during the deglaciation and the Holocene: foraminifera, diatoms and stable isotopes. Mar. Micropaleontol. 2004, 50:273-305.
69. Koç N., Jansen E., Haflidason H. Paleoceanographic reconstructions of surface ocean conditions in the Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian seas through the last 14 ka based on diatoms. Quat. Sci. Rev. 1993, 12:115-140.
70. Koch L. The East Greenland Ice. Meddelelser om Gronland 1945, 3:346.
71. Kristjansdottir G.B., Moros M., Andrews J.T., Jennings A.E. Holocene Mg/Ca, alkenones, and light stable isotope measurements on the outer North Iceland shelf (MD99-2269): a comparison of proxy data. The Holocene 2016, (in press). 10.1177/0959683616652703.
72. Kristjánsdóttir G.B., Lea D.W., Jennings A.E., Pak D.K., Belanger C. New spatial Mg/Ca-temperature calibrations for three Arctic, benthic foraminifera and reconstruction of north Iceland shelf temperature for the past 4000 years. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2007, 8:Q03P21. 10.1029/2006GC001425.
73. Larsen D.J., Miller G.H., Geirsdóttir Á., Thordarson T. A 3000-year varved record of glacier activity and climate change from the proglacial lake Hvítárvatn, Iceland. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2011, 30:2715-2731.
74. Lehner F., Born A., Raible C.C., Stocker T.F. Amplified inception of European Little Ice Age by sea ice-ocean-atmosphere feedbacks. J. Clim. 2013, 26:7586-7602.
75. Malmberg S.-A. The water masses between Iceland and Greenland. J. Mar. Res. 1985, 9:127-140.
76. Mann M.E., Lees J.M. Robust estimation of background noise and signal detection in climatic time series. Clim. Change 1996, 33:409-445.
77. Massé G., Rowland S.J., Sicre M.-A., Jacob J., Jansen E., Belt S.T. Abrupt climate changes for Iceland during the last millennium: evidence from high resolution sea ice reconstructions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008, 269:565-569.
78. Massé G., Belt S.T., Crosta X., Schmidt S., Snape I., Thomas D.N., Rowland S.J. Highly branched isoprenoids as proxies for variable sea ice conditions in the Southern Ocean. Antarct. Sci. 2011, 1:1-12.
79. McGregor H.V., Evans M.N., Goosse H., Leduc G., Martrat B., Addison J.A., Mortyn P.G., Oppo D.W., Seidenkrantz M.-S., Sicre M.-A. Robust global ocean cooling trend for the pre-industrial Common Era. Nat. Geosci. 2015, 8(9):671-677.
80. Miller G.H., Alley R.B., Brigham-Grette J., Fitzpatrick J.J., Polyak L., Serreze M.C., White J.W. Arctic amplification: can the past constrain the future?. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2010, 29:1779-1790.
81. Miller G.H., Geirsdóttir Á., Zhong Y., Larsen D.J., Otto-Bliesner B.L., Holland M.M., Bailey D.A., Refsnider K.A., Lehman S.J., Southon J.R. Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2012, 39:L02708.
82. Miller G.H., Briner J.P., Refsnider K.A., Lehman S.J., Geirsdóttir Á., Larsen D.J., Southon J.R. Substantial agreement on the timing and magnitude of Late Holocene ice cap expansion between East Greenland and the Eastern Canadian Arctic: a commentary on Lowell et al., 2013. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2013, 77:239-245.
83. Miller G.H., Lehman S.J., Refsnider K.A., Southon J.R., Zhong Y. Unprecedented recent summer warmth in Arctic Canada. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2013, 40:5745-5751.
84. Moossen H., Bendle J., Seki O., Quillmann U., Kawamura K. North Atlantic Holocene climate evolution recorded by high-resolution terrestrial and marine biomarker records. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2015, 129:111-127.
85. Moros M., Andrews J.T., Eberl D.D., Jansen E. Holocene history of drift ice in the northern North Atlantic: evidence for different spatial and temporal modes. Paleoceanography 2006, 21:PA2017.
86. Moros M., Jansen E., Oppo D.W., Giraudeau J., Kuijpers A. Reconstruction of the late-Holocene changes in the Sub-Arctic Front position at the Reykjanes Ridge, north Atlantic. The Holocene 2012, 22:877-886.
87. Müller J., Massé G., Stein R., Belt S.T. Variability of sea-ice conditions in the Fram Strait over the past 30,000 years. Nat. Geosci. 2009, 2:772-776.
88. Müller J., Wagner A., Fahl K., Stein R., Prange M., Lohmann G. Towards quantitative sea ice reconstructions in the northern North Atlantic: a combined biomarker and numerical modelling approach. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2011, 306:137-148.
89. Müller J., Werner K., Stein R., Fahl K., Moros M., Jansen E. Holocene cooling culminates in sea ice oscillations in Fram Strait. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2012, 47:1-14.
90. Müller J., Stein R. High-resolution record of late glacial sea ice changes in Fram Strait corroborates ice-ocean interactions during abrupt climate shifts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2014, 403:446-455.
91. 25: implications for palaeo sea ice reconstructions. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2013, 79:26-39.
92. Ogilvie A.E. Sea-ice conditions off the coasts of Iceland AD 1601-1850 with special reference to part of the Maunder Minimum period (1675-1715). Arkeoologisk Museum i Stavanger 1996, 25:9-12.
93. Ogilvie A.E., Barlow L.K., Jennings A. North Atlantic climate c. AD 1000: millennial reflections on the Viking discoveries of Iceland, Greenland and North America. Weather 2000, 55:34-45.
94. Ogilvie A.E., Jónsdóttir I. Sea ice, climate, and Icelandic fisheries in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Arctic 2000, 53:383-394.
95. Ogilvie A.E., Jónsson T. "Little Ice Age" research: a perspective from Iceland. Clim. Change 2001, 48:9-52.
96. Ólafsdóttir K.B., Geirsdóttir Á., Miller G.H., Larsen D.J. Evolution of NAO and AMO strength and cyclicity derived from a 3-ka varve-thickness record from Iceland. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2013, 69:142-154.
97. Ólafsdóttir S., Jennings A.E., Geirsdóttir Á., Andrews J., Miller G.H. Holocene variability of the North Atlantic Irminger current on the south- and northwest shelf of Iceland. Mar. Micropaleontol. 2010, 77:101-118.
98. Ólafsson J. Connections between oceanic conditions off N-Iceland, Lake Myvatn temperature, regional wind direction variability and the North Atlantic Oscillation. Rit Fiskideild 1999, 16:41-58.
99. Paillard D., Labeyrie L., Yiou P. Macintosh program performs time-series analysis. EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 1996, 77:379.
100. Perner K., Moros M., Lloyd J.M., Jansen E., Stein R. Mid to late Holocene strengthening of the East Greenland Current linked to warm subsurface Atlantic water. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2015, 129:296-307.
101. Polyak L., Belt S.T., Cabedo-Sanz P., Yamamoto M., Park Y.-H. Holocene sea-ice conditions and circulation at the Chukchi-Alaskan margin, Arctic Ocean, inferred from biomarker proxies. The Holocene 2016, (in press).
102. Polyak L., Alley R.B., Andrews J.T., Brigham-Grette J., Cronin T.M., Darby D.A., Dyke A.S., Fitzpatrick J.J., Funder S., Holland M., Jennings A.E., Miller G.H., ÓRegan M., Savelle J., Serreze M., John K.S., White J.W.C., Wolff E. History of sea ice in the Arctic. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2010, 29:1757-1778.
103. Ram M., Stolz M.R. Possible solar influences on the dust profile of the GISP2 ice core from central Greenland. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1999, 26:1043-1046.
104. Rasmussen T.L., Forwick M., Mackensen A. Reconstruction of inflow of Atlantic Water to Isfjorden, Svalbard during the Holocene: correlation to climate and seasonality. Mar. Micropaleontol. 2012, 94-95:80-90.
105. Renssen H., Goosse H., Fichefet T. Contrasting trends in North Atlantic deep-water formation in the Labrador Sea and Nordic seas during the Holocene. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32:L08711. 10.1029/2005GL022462.
106. Risebrobakken B., Jansen E., Andersson C., Mjelde E., Hevrøy K. A high-resolution study of Holocene paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic changes in the Nordic Seas. Paleoceanography 2003, 18:1017. 10.1029/2002PA000764.
107. Risebrobakken B., Dokken T., Smedsrud L., Andersson C., Jansen E., Moros M., Ivanova E. Early Holocene temperature variability in the Nordic Seas: the role of oceanic heat advection versus changes in orbital forcing. Paleoceanography 2009, 26:PA4206.
108. Rodionov S.N. A sequential algorithm for testing climate regime shifts. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, 31:L09204.
109. Rodionov S.N. Use of prewhitening in climate regime shift detection. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2006, 33:L12707.
110. Rowland S., Allard W., Belt S., Massé G., Robert J.-M., Blackburn S., Frampton D., Revill A., Volkman J. Factors influencing the distributions of polyunsaturated terpenoids in the diatom, Rhizosolenia setigera. Phytochemistry 2001, 58:717-728.
111. Rudels B., Fahrbach E., Meincke J., Budéus G., Eriksson P. The East Greenland Current and its contribution to the Denmark Strait overflow. ICES J. Mar. Sci.: Journal du Conseil 2002, 59:1133-1154.
112. Sarnthein M., Kreveld S., Erlenkeuser H., Grootes P., Kucera M., Pflaumann U., Schulz M. Centennial-to-millennial-scale periodicities of Holocene climate and sediment injections off the western Barents shelf, 75°N. Boreas 2003, 32:447-461.
113. Sarnthein M., Pflaumann U., Weinelt M. Past extent of sea ice in the northern North Atlantic inferred from foraminiferal paleotemperature estimates. Paleoceanography 2003, 18:1047.
114. Schiermeier Q. Ice loss shifts Arctic cycles. Nature 2012, 489:185-186.
115. Schleussner C., Feulner G. A volcanically triggered regime shift in the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean as a possible origin of the Little Ice Age. Clim. Past 2013, 9:1321-1330.
116. Seidenkrantz M.S. Benthic foraminifera as palaeo sea-ice indicators in the subarctic realm - examples from the Labrador Sea-Baffin Bay region. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2013, 79:135-144.
117. Serreze M.C., Barrett A.P., Slater A.G., Steele M., Zhang J., Trenberth K.E. The large-scale energy budget of the Arctic. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112:D11122.
118. Sicre M.A., Yiou P., Eiríksson J., Ezat U., Guimbaut E., Dahhaoui I., Knudsen K.-L., Jansen E., Turon J.-L. A 4500-year reconstruction of sea surface temperature variability at decadal time-scales off North Iceland. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2008, 27:2041-2047.
119. Sicre M.A., Hall I.R., Mignot J., Khodri M., Ezat U., Truong M.X., Eiríksson J., Knudsen K.L. Sea surface temperature variability in the subpolar Atlantic over the last two millennia. Paleoceanography 2011, 26:PA4218.
120. Sicre M.A., Khodri M., Mignot J., Eiríksson J., Knudsen K.L., Ezat U., Closset I., Nogues P., Massé G. Sea surface temperature and sea ice variability in the subpolar North Atlantic from explosive volcanism of the late thirteenth century. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2013, 40:5526-5530.
121. Sicre M.A., Weckström K., Seidenkrantz M.-S., Kuijpers A., Benetti M., Massé G., Ezat U., Schmidt S., Bouloubassi I., Olsen J. Labrador current variability over the last 2000 years. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2014, 400:26-32.
122. Smik L., Belt S.T., Lieser J.L., Armand L.K., Leventer A. Distributions of highly branched isoprenoid alkenes in surface waters from East Antarctica: further insights for biomarker-based paleo sea-ice reconstruction. Org. Geochem. 2015, 95:71-80.
123. 25 index. Org. Geochem. 2016, 92:63-69.
124. Solignac S., Giraudeau J., de Vernal A. Holocene sea surface conditions in the western North Atlantic: spatial and temporal heterogeneities. Paleoceanography 2006, 21:PA2004.
125. Stoner J.S., Jennings A., Kristjánsdóttir G.B., Dunhill G., Andrews J.T., Hardardóttir J. A paleomagnetic approach toward refining Holocene radiocarbon-based chronologies: Paleoceanographic records from the north Iceland (MD99-2269) and east Greenland (MD99-2322) margins. Paleoceanography 2007, 22:PA1209.
126. Stuiver M., Grootes P.M., Braziunas T.F. The GISP2 δ18O climate record of the past 16,500 years and the role of the sun, ocean, and volcanoes. Quat. Res. 1995, 44:341-354.
127. Telesiński M.M., Spielhagen R.F., Lind E.M. A high-resolution Lateglacial and Holocene palaeoceanographic record from the Greenland Sea. Boreas 2014, 43:273-285.
128. Thomson D. Time series analysis of Holocene climate data. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 1990, 330:601-616.
129. Vare L.L., Massé G., Gregory T.R., Smart C.W., Belt S.T. Sea ice variations in the central Canadian Arctic Archipelago during the Holocene. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2009, 28:1354-1366.
130. Vare L.L., Massé G., Belt S.T. A biomarker-based reconstruction of sea ice conditions for the Barents Sea in recent centuries. The Holocene 2010, 20:637-643.
131. Wallevik J.E., Sigurjonsson H. The Koch Index. Formulation, Correction and Extension. Icelandic Meteorological Office Report 1998.
132. Walker M.J.C., Berkelhammer M., Bjorck S., Cwynar L.C., Fisher D.A., Long A.J., Lowe J.J., Newnham R.M., Rasmussen S.O., Weiss H. Formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch: a Discussion Paper by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice-core, marine and terrestrial records) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy). J. Quat. Sci. 2012, 27:649-659.
133. Werner K., Spielhagen R.F., Bauch D., Hass H.C., Kandiano E. Atlantic Water advection versus sea-ice advances in the eastern Fram Strait during the last 9 ka: multiproxy evidence for a two-phase Holocene. Paleoceanography 2013, 28:283-295.
134. Xiao X., Stein R., Fahl K. MIS 3 to MIS 1 temporal and LGM spatial variability in Arctic Ocean sea ice cover: reconstruction from biomarkers. Paleoceanography 2015, 30:PA002814.
135. Zhong Y., Miller G., Otto-Bliesner B., Holland M., Bailey D., Schneider D., Geirsdottir A. Centennial-scale climate change from decadally-paced explosive volcanism: a coupled sea ice-ocean mechanism. Clim. Dyn. 2011, 37:2373-2387.