The Arctic sea ice biomarker IP25: A review of current understanding, recommendations for future research and applications in palaeo sea ice reconstructions

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 79, Issue , 2013, Pages 9-25

  Belt, Simon T ^a   Müller, Juliane ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PLYMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

^b ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Arctic; Biomarker; IP25; Palaeoclimate; Proxy; Sea ice

Indexed keywords

ARCTIC; HIGHLY BRANCHED ISOPRENOID; IP25; PALAEOCLIMATE; PROXY; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; RESEARCH AND APPLICATION; SEA ICE RECONSTRUCTION;

BIOMARKERS; PHYTOPLANKTON; REPAIR; RESEARCH; SEDIMENTOLOGY; SEDIMENTS; SUBMARINE GEOLOGY;

SEA ICE;

BIOMARKER; ISOPRENOID; LIPID; MARINE SEDIMENT; ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY; PALEOCLIMATE; PROXY CLIMATE RECORD; RECONSTRUCTION; SEA ICE;

ARCTIC; ARCTIC OCEAN;

BACILLARIOPHYTA;

EID: 84885954431     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.12.001     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Andrews J.T., Eberl D.D. Quantitative mineralogy of surface sediments on the Iceland shelf, and application to down-core studies of Holocene ice-rafted sediments. Journal of Sedimentary Research 2007, 77:469-479.
2. Andrews J.T. Seeking a Holocene drift ice proxy: non-clay mineral variations from the SW to N-central Iceland shelf: trends, regime shifts, and periodicities. Journal of Quaternary Science 2009, 24:664-676.
3. Andrews J.T., Belt S.T., Ólafsdóttir S., Massé G., Vare L.L. Sea ice and climate variability for NW Iceland/Denmark Strait over the last 2000 cal. yr BP. The Holocene 2009, 19:775-784.
4. Arrigo K.R., Mock T., Lizotte M.P. Primary producers and sea ice. Sea Ice 2010, 283-325. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester. D.N. Thomas, G.S. Dieckmann (Eds.).
5. Axford Y., Andresen C.S., Andrews J.T., Belt S.T., Geirsdóttir Á., Massé G., Miller G.H., Ólafsdóttir S., Vare L.L. Do paleoclimate proxies agree? A test comparing 19 late Holocene climate and sea-ice reconstructions from Icelandic marine and lake sediments. Journal of Quaternary Science 2011, 26:645-656.
6. Barbara L., Crosta X., Massé G., Ther O. Deglacial environments in eastern Prydz Bay, East Antarctic. Quaternary Science Reviews 2010, 29:2731-2740.
7. 25 triene, tetraene and pentaene from the diatom Haslea ostrearia Simonsen. Tetrahedron Letters 1996, 37:4755-4758.
8. Belt S.T., Allard W.G., Massé G., Robert J.-M., Rowland S.J. Highly branched isoprenoids (HBIs): identification of the most common and abundant sedimentary isomers. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2000, 64:3839-3851.
9. Belt S.T., Allard W.G., Rintatalo J., Johns L.A., van Duin A.C.T., Rowland S.J. Clay and acid catalysed isomerisation and cyclisation reactions of highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes: implications for sedimentary reactions and distributions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2000, 64:3337-3345.
10. 25 highly branched isoprenoid alkenes in planktonic diatoms of the Pleurosigma genus. Organic Geochemistry 2001, 32:1271-1275.
11. 25 highly branched isoprenoid triene in the freshwater diatom Navicula sclesvicensis. Organic Geochemistry 2001, 32:1169-1172.
12. 30 highly branched isoprenoid alkenes (rhizenes) in the marine diatom Rhizosolenia setigera. Tetrahedron Letters 2001, 42:5583-5585.
13. 30 isoprenoid alkenes in Rhizosolenia setigera. Phytochemistry 2002, 59:141-149.
14. 25. Organic Geochemistry 2007, 38:16-27.
15. 13C isotopic signature distinguishes a novel sea icebiomarker in Arctic sediments and sediment traps. Marine Chemistry 2008, 112:158-167.
16. Belt S.T., Vare L.L., Massé G., Manners H.R., Price J.C., MacLachlan S.E., Andrews J.T., Schmidt S. Striking similarities in temporal changes to seasonal sea ice conditions across the central Canadian Arctic Archipelago over the last 7,000 years. Quaternary Science Reviews 2010, 29:3489-3504.
17. 25 found in Arctic marine sediments. Environmental Chemistry Letters 2012, 10:189-192.
18. 25 from marine sediments. Analytical Methods 2012, 4:705-713.
19. Blumer M., Guillard R.R.L., Chase T. Hydrocarbons of marine phytoplankton. Marine Biology 1971, 8:183-189.
20. Bonnet S., de Vernal A., Hillaire-Marcel C., Radi T., Husum K. Variability of sea-surface temperature and sea-ice cover in the Fram Strait over the last two millennia. Marine Micropaleontology 2010, 74:59-74.
21. Brassell S.C., Eglinton G., Marlowe I.T., Sarntheim M., Pflauman U. Molecular stratigraphy: a new tool for climate assessment. Nature 1986, 320:129-133.
22. Brown, T.A., 2011. Production and Preservation of the Arctic Sea Ice Diatom Biomarker IP25. University of Plymouth, PhD thesis.
23. 25 biomarker as a proxy for spring Arctic sea ice. Polar Biology 2011, 34:1857-1868.
24. 25 in Arctic benthic macrofauna: direct evidence for a sea ice diatom diet in Arctic heterotrophs. Polar Biology 2012, 35:131-137.
25. Brown T.A., Belt S.T., Piepenburg D. Evidence for a pan-Arctic sea-ice diatom diet in Strongylocentrotus spp. Polar Biology 2012, 30:1281-1287.
26. Cabedo-Sanz P., Belt S.T., Knies J.K., Husum K. Identification of contrasting seasonal sea ice conditions during the Younger Dryas. Quaternary Science Reviews 2013, 79:74-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.10.028.
27. Coolen M.J.L., Muyzer G., Rijpstra W.I.C., Schouten S., Volkman J.K., Damsté Sinninghe Combined DNA and lipid analyses of sediments reveal changes in Holocene haptophyte and diatom populations in an Antarctic lake. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2004, 223:225-239.
28. Crowley T.J. Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years. Science 2000, 289:270-277.
29. de Vernal A., Henry M., Matthiessen J., Mudie P.J., Rochon A., Boessenkool K., Eynaud F., Grøsfjeld K., Guiot J., Hamel D., Harland R., Head M.J., Kunz-Pirrung M., Levac E., Loucheur V., Peyron O., Pospelova V., Radi T., Turon J.-L., Voronina E. Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages as tracers of sea-surface conditions in the northern North Atlantic, Arctic and sub-Arctic seas: the new 'n=677' database and application for quantitative palaeoceanographic reconstruction. Journal of Quaternary Science 2001, 16:681-698.
30. de Vernal A., Hillaire-Marcel C., Darby D. Variability of sea-ice cover in the Chukchi Sea (western Arctic Ocean) during the Holocene. Paleoceanography 2005, 20:PA4018.
31. Denis D., Crosta X., Barbara L., Massé G., Renssen H., Ther O., Giraudeau J. Sea ice and wind variability during the Holocene in East Antarctica: insight on middle-high latitude coupling. Quaternary Science Reviews 2010, 29:3709-3719.
32. Divine D.V., Dick D. Historical variability of sea ice edge position in the Nordic Seas. Journal of Geophysical Research 2006, 111:C01001.
33. Dunlop R.W., Jefferies P.R. Hydrocarbons of the hypersaline basins of Shark Bay, Western Australia. Organic Geochemistry 1985, 8:313-320.
34. Dyke A.S., Hooper J., Savelle J.M. Ahistory of sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago based on postglacial remains of the bowhead whale (Balaenamysticetus). Arctic 1996, 49:235-255.
35. Eglinton T.I., Eglinton G. Molecular proxies for paleoclimatology. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 275:1-16.
36. Fahl K., Stein R. Modern seasonal variability and deglacial/Holocene change of central Arctic Ocean sea-ice cover: new insights from biomarker proxy records. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2012, 351-352:123-133.
37. Falk-Petersen S., Mayzaud P., Kattner G., Sargent J.R. Lipids and life strategy of Arctic Calanus. Marine Biology Research 2008, 5:18-39.
38. 13C-rich organic matter from Antarctic sea-ice algae: a potential indicator of past sea-ice extent. Geology 1999, 27:331-334.
39. Golden K.M., Eicken H., Heaton A.L., Miner J., Pringle D.J., Zhu J. Thermal evolution of permeability and microstructure in sea ice. Geophysical Research Letters 2007, 34:L16501.
40. Gradinger R. Sea-ice algae: major contributors to primary production and algal biomass in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas during May/June 2002. Deep-Sea Research II 2009, 56:1201-1212.
41. Grimalt J.O., Torras E., Albaigés J. Bacterial reworking of sedimentary lipids during sample storage. Organic Geochemistry 1988, 13(4-6):741-746.
42. Huguet C., de Lange G.J., Gustafsson O., Middelburg J.J., Sinninghe Damsté J.S., Schouten S. Selective preservation of soil organic matter in oxidised marine sediments (Madeira Abyssal Plain). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2008, 72:6061-6068.
43. 86 and BIT organic proxies. Organic Geochemistry 2009, 40:1188-1194.
44. Jiang H., Eiriksson J., Schultz M., Knudsen K.L., Seidenkrantz M.S. Evidence for solar forcing of sea surface temperature on the North Icelandic Shelf during the late Holocene. Geology 2005, 33:73-76.
45. 25 highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) diene in Antarctic sediments, Antarctic sea ice diatoms and cultured diatoms. Organic Geochemistry 1999, 30:1471-1475.
46. Kanazawa A., Yoshioka M., Teshima S.-I. The occurrence of brassicasterol in the diatoms, Cyclotella nana and Nitzschia closterium. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 1971, 37:889-903.
47. Kaufman D.S., Ager T.A., Anderson N.J., Anderson P.M., Andrews J.T., Bartlein P.J., Brubaker L.B., Coats L.L., Cwynar L.C., Duvall M.L., Dyke A.S., Edwards M.E., Eisner W.R., Gajewski K., Geirsdottir A., Hu F.S., Jennings A.E., Kaplan M.R., Kerwin M.N., Lozhkin A.V., MacDonald G.M., Miller G.H., Mock C.J., Oswald W.W., Otto-Bliesner B.L., Porinchu D.F., Ruhland K., Smol J.P., Steig E.J., Wolfe B.B. Holocene thermal maximum in the western Arctic (0-180 degrees W). Quaternary Science Reviews 2004, 23:529-560.
48. Kennedy H., Thomas D.N., Kattner G., Haas C., Dieckmann G.S. Particulate organic matter in Antarctic summer sea ice: concentration and stable isotopic composition. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2002, 238:1-13.
49. Killops S.D., Killops V.J. An Introduction to Organic Geochemistry 2009, John Wiley and Sons.
50. 86 paleothermometer in the ocean. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2008, 72:1154-1173.
51. 37 temperature proxies upon a one year field incubation experiment. Organic Geochemistry 2009, 73:2888-2898.
52. Knies J., Vogt C., Stein R. Late Quaternary growth and decay of the Svalbard/Barents Sea ice sheet and paleoceanographic evolution in the adjacent Arctic Ocean. Geo-Marine Letters 1999, 18:195-202.
53. 30 highly branched isoprenoid sulphur: further evidence for the formation of organically bound sulphur during early diagenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1990, 54:3053-3063.
54. Laskar J., Robutel P., Joutel F., Gastineau M., Correia A.C.M., Levrard B. Along-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth. Astronomy and Astrophysics 2004, 428:261-285.
55. Lavoie D., Denman K., Michel C. Modeling ice algal growth and decline in a seasonally ice-covered region of the Arctic (Resolute Passage, Canadian Archipelago). Journal of Geophysical Research 2005, 110. C11009.
56. Laws E.A., Popp B.N., Bidigare R.R., Riebesell U., Burkhardt S., Wakeham S.G. Controls on the molecular distribution and carbon isotopic composition of alkenones in certain haptophytealgae. Geochemistry, Geophysics and Geosystems 2001, 2. 2000GC000057.
57. Ledu D., Rochon A., de Vernal A., St-Onge G. Palynological evidence of Holocene climate change in the eastern Arctic: a possible shift in the Arctic oscillation at the millennial time scale. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2008, 45:1363-1375.
58. Legendre L., Ackley S., Dieckmann G., Gulliksen B., Horner R., Hoshiai T., Melnikov I., Reeburgh W., Spindler M., Sullivan M. Ecology of sea ice biota 2. Global significance. Polar Biology 1992, 12:429-444.
59. Leu E., Søreide J.E., Hessen D.O., Falk-Petersen S., Berge J. Consequences of changing sea-ice cover for primary and secondary producers in the European Arctic shelf seas: timing, quantity, and quality. Progress in Oceanography 2011, 90:18-32.
60. McMahon K.W., Ambrose W.G., Johnson B.J., Sun M.-Y., Lopez G.R., Clough L.M., Carroll M.L. Benthic community response to ice algae and phytoplankton in Ny Ålesund, Svalbard. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2006, 310:1-14.
61. McMinn A., Skerratt J., Trull T., Ashworth C., Lizotte M. Nutrient stress gradient in the bottom 5 cm of fast ice, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Polar Biology 1999, 21:220-227.
62. Mann M.E., Bradley R.S., Hughes M.K. Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries. Nature 1998, 392:779-787.
63. Massé, G., 2003. Highly Branched Isoprenoid Alkenes from Diatoms: a Biosynthetic and Life Cycle Investigation. University of Plymouth, PhD thesis.
64. Massé G., Belt S.T., Rowland S.J., Rohmer M. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in the diatoms Rhizosolenia setigera (Brightwell) and Haslea ostrearia (Simonsen). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101:4413-4418.
65. Massé G., Rowland S.J., Sicre M.-A., Jacob J., Jansen E., Belt S.T. Abrupt climate changes for Iceland during the last millennium: evidence from high resolution sea ice reconstructions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 269:565-569.
66. Massé G., Belt S.T., Crosta X., Schmidt S., Snape I., Thomas D.N., Rowland S.J. Highly branched isoprenoids as proxies for variable sea ice conditions in the Southern Ocean. Antarctic Science 2011, 23:487-498.
67. Matthiessen J., Knies J. Dinoflagellate cyst evidence for warm interglacial conditions at the northern Barents Sea margin during marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 5. Journal of Quaternary Science 2001, 16:727-737.
68. Max L., Riethdorf J.-R., Tiedemann R., Smirnova M., Lembke-Jene L., Fahl K., Nürnberg D., Matul A., Mollenhauer G. Sea surface temperature variability and sea-ice extent in the subarctic northwest Pacific during the past 15,000 years. Paleoceanography 2012, 27:PA3213.
69. McKay J.L., de Vernal A., Hillaire-Marcel C., Not C., Polyak L., Darby D. Holocene fluctuations in Arctic sea-ice cover: dinocyst-based reconstructions for the eastern Chukchi Sea. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2008, 45:1377-1397.
70. Michel C., Nielsen T.G., Nozais C., Gosselin M. Significance of sedimentation and grazing in ice micro- and meiofauna for carbon cycling in annual sea ice (northern Baffin Bay). Aquatic Microbial Ecology 2002, 30:57-68.
71. Mundy C.J., Barber D.G., Michel C. Variability of snow and ice thermal, physical and optical properties pertinent to sea ice algae biomass during spring. Journal of Marine Systems 2005, 58:107-120.
72. Müller J., Masse G., Stein R., Belt S.T. Variability of sea-ice conditions in the Fram Strait over the past 30,000 years. Nature Geoscience 2009, 2:772-776.
73. Müller J., Wagner A., Fahl K., Stein R., Prange M., Lohmann G. Towards quantitative sea ice reconstructions in the northern North Atlantic: a combined biomarker and numerical modelling approach. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2011, 306:137-148.
74. Müller J., Werner K., Stein R., Fahl K., Moros M., Jansen E. Holocene cooling culminates in sea ice oscillations in Fram Strait. Quaternary Science Reviews 2012, 47:1-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.04.24.
75. Murton J.B., Bateman M.D., Dallimore S.R., Teller J.T., Yang Z. Identification of Younger Dryas outburst flood path from Lake Agassiz to the Arctic Ocean. Nature 2010, 464:740-743.
76. 25: implications for palaeo sea ice reconstructions. Quaternary Science Reviews 2013, 79:26-39.
77. NGRIP-Members High-resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period. Nature 2004, 431:147-151.
78. 25 diunsaturated alkene and high neutral lipid content in Antarctic sea ice diatom communities. Journal of Phycology 1988, 24:90-96.
79. Nozais C., Gosselin M., Michel C., Tita G. Abundance, biomass, composition and grazing impact of the sea-ice meiofauna in the North Water, northern Baffin Bay. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2001, 217:235-250.
80. Ogilvie A.E.J. Documentary evidence for changes in the climate of Iceland AD 1500 to 1800. Climate Since AD 1500, London and New York 1992, 92-117. R.S. Bradley, P.D. Jones (Eds.).
81. Ogilvie A.E.J., Jónsson T. "Little Ice Age" research: a perspective from Iceland. Climatic Change 2001, 48:9-52.
82. Peters K.E., Walters C.C., Moldowan J.M. The Biomarker Guide. Biomarkers and Isotopes in the Environment and Human History 2005, vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
83. Podritske B., Gajewski K. Diatom community response to multiple scales of Holocene climate variability in a small lake on Victoria Island, NWT, Canada. Quaternary Science Reviews 2007, 26:3179-3196.
84. Porinchu D.F., MacDonald G.M., Rolland N. A2000 year midge-based paleotemperature reconstruction from the Canadian Arctic archipelago. Journal of Paleolimnology 2009, 41:177-188.
85. Poulin M. Ice diatoms: the Arctic. Polar Marine Diatoms 1990, 15-18. British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge. L.K. Medlin, J. Priddle (Eds.).
86. Prahl F.G., Dymond J., Sparrow M.A. Annual biomarker record for export production in the central Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Research II 2000, 47:1581-1604.
87. Reuss N., Conley D.J. Effects of storage of sediment samples for pigment analyses. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 2005, 3:477-487.
88. Riebesell U., Schloss I., Smetacek V. Aggregation of algae released from melting sea ice - implications for seeding and sedimentation. Polar Biology 1991, 11:239-248.
89. Rontani J.-F., Belt S.T., Vaultier F., Brown T.A. Visible light induced photo-oxidation of highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes: significant dependence on the number and nature of double bonds. Organic Geochemistry 2011, 42:812-822.
90. 37 and absolute alkenone abundance in sediments: results of an interlaboratory comparison study. Geochemistry, Geophysics and Geosystems 2001, 2:2000GC0.
91. 30 hydrocarbons in recent sediments and biota-a review. Marine Environmental Research 1990, 30:191-216.
92. Rowland S.J., Belt S.T., Wraige E.J., Massé G., Roussakis C., Robert J.-M. Effects of temperature on polyunsaturation in cytostatic lipids of Haslea ostrearia. Phytochemistry 2001, 56:597-602.
93. Różańska M., Gosselin M., Poulin M., Wiktor J.M., Michel C. Influence of environmental factors on the development of bottom ice protest communities during the winter-spring transition. Marine Ecology Progress Series 2009, 386:43-59.
94. Sakshaug E. Primary and secondary production in the Arctic seas. The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean 2004, 57-82. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. R. Stein, R.W. Macdonald (Eds.).
95. Schouten S., Hopmans E.C., Schefuss E., Sinninghe Damsté J.S. Distributional variations in marine crenarchaeotal membrane lipids: a new tool for reconstructing ancient sea water temperatures?. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2002, 204:265-274.
96. 86 and BIT analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Geochemistry, Geophysics and Geosystems 2009, 10:Q03012.
97. 25 highly branched isoprenoid pentaene in the marine diatom Rhizosolenia setigera. Organic Geochemistry 1999, 30:1581-1583.
98. Sinninghe Damsté J.S., Rijpstra W.I.C., Reichart G.J. The influence of oxic degradation on the sedimentary biomarker record II, evidence from Arabian Sea sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2002, 66:2737-2754.
99. 31 n-alkane ratio as a proxy to assess palaeoxicity during sediment deposition. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2003, 209:215-226.
100. Sinninghe Damsté J.S., Muyzer G., Abbas B., Rampen S.W., Massé G., Allard W.G., Belt S.T., Robert J.-M., Rowland S.J., Moldowan J.M., Barbanti S.M., Fago F.J., Denisevich P., Dahl J., Trinidade L.A.F., Schouten S. The rise of the rhizosolenid diatoms. Science 2004, 304:584-587.
101. Sinninghe Damsté J.S., Rijpstra W.I.C., Coolen M.J.L., Schouten S., Volkman J.K. Rapid sulfurization of highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes in sulfidic Holocene sediments from Ellis Fjord, Antarctica. Organic Geochemistry 2007, 38:128-139.
102. Smetacek V.S. Role of sinking in diatom life-history cycles: ecological, evolutionary and geological significance. Marine Biology 1985, 84:239-251.
103. Smith S.L., Smith W.O., Codispoti L.A., Wilson D.L. Biological observations in the marginal ice zone of the East Greenland Sea. Journal of Marine Research 1985, 43:693-717.
104. Smith W.O., Baumann M.E.M., Wilson D.L., Aletsee L. Phytoplankton biomass and productivity in the marginal ice zone of the Fram Strait during summer 1984. Journal of Geophysical Research 1987, 92:6777-6786.
105. Søreide J.E., Falk-Petersen S., Hegseth E.N., Hop H., Carroll M.L., Hobson K.A., Blachowiak-Samolyk K. Seasonal feeding strategies of Calanus in the high-Arctic Svalbard region. Deep-Sea Research Part II 2008, 55:2225-2244.
106. Søreide J.E., Leu E.V.A., Berge J., Graeve M., Falk-Petersen S. Timing of blooms, algal food quality and Calanusglacialis reproduction and growth in a changing Arctic. Global Change Biology 2010, 16:3154-3163.
107. Stein R., Macdonald R.W. The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean 2004, Springer, Berlin.
108. 25. Polarforschung 2012, 82(1):37-71.
109. Stein, R., Fahl, K. Biomarker proxy IP25 shows potential for studying entire Quaternary Arctic sea-ice history. Organic Geochemistry, doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2012.11.005.
110. Stoynova V., Shanahan T.M., Hughen K.A., de Vernal A. Insights into Circum-Arctic Sea ice variability from molecular geochemistry. Quaternary Science Reviews 2013, 79:63-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.10.006.
111. Svendsen J.I., Mangerud J. Holocene glacial and climatic variations on Spitsbergen, Svalbard. The Holocene 1997, 7:45-57.
112. Thomas D.N., Kennedy H., Kattner G., Gerdes D., Gough C., Dieckmann G.S. Biogeochemistry of platelet ice: its influence on particle flux under fast ice in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biology 2001, 24:486-496.
113. Vare L.L., Massé G., Gregory T.R., Smart C.W., Belt S.T. Sea ice variations in the central Canadian Arctic Archipelago during the Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 2009, 28:1354-1366.
114. Vare L.L., Massé G., Belt S.T. Abiomarker-based reconstruction of sea ice conditions for the Barents Sea in recent centuries. The Holocene 2010, 40:637-643.
115. 37 values for Isochrysis galbana as a function of culture temperature, light intensity and nutrient concentrations. Organic Geochemistry 2001, 32:785-794.
116. Volkman J.K. Areview of sterol markers for marine and terrigenous organic matter. Organic Geochemistry 1986, 9:83-99.
117. Volkman J.K., Barrett S.M., Dunstan G.A., Jeffrey S.W. Geochemical significance of the occurrence of dinosterol and other 4-methyl sterols in a marine diatom. Organic Geochemistry 1993, 20:7-15.
118. 30 highly branched isoprenoid alkenes in laboratory cultures of two marine diatoms. Organic Geochemistry 1994, 21:407-414.
119. Volkman J.K., Barrett S.M., Blackburn S.I., Mansour M.P., Sikes E.L., Gelin F. Microalgal biomarkers: a review of recent research developments. Organic Geochemistry 1998, 29:1163-1179.
120. Volkman J.K. Lipid markers for marine organic matter. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 2006, vol. 2:27-70. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
121. Wakeham S.G., Canuel E.A. Degradation and preservation of organic matter in marine sediments. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 2006, 295-321. Springer, Berlin. O. Hutzinger (Ed.).
122. Weller P. Variability of Paleoproductivity, Paleotemperature and Terrestrial Organic Matter Supply in the Mid-Pleistocene Southern South Atlantic: Implications From Biomarker Records (ODP-Leg 177). Reports on Polar and Marine Research 2007, vol. 546. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, pp. 168.
123. Wollenburg J.E., Kuhnt W., Mackensen A. Changes in Arctic Ocean paleoproductivity and hydrography during the last 145 ka: the benthic foraminiferal record. Paleoceanography 2001, 16:65-77.
124. Wollenburg J.E., Knies J., Mackensen A. High-resolution paleoproductivity fluctuations during the past 24 ka as indicated by benthic foraminifera in the marginal Arctic Ocean. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2004, 204:209-238.
125. 25 highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes in cultures of the diatom, Haslea ostrearia (Simonsen). Organic Geochemistry 1997, 27:497-505.
126. 25 highly branched isoprenoid (HBI) alkenes in the diatom, Haslea ostrearia: influence of salinity. Organic Geochemistry 1998, 28:855-859.
127. Xiao X., Stein R., Fahl K. Biomarker distributions in surface sediments from the Kara and Laptev Seas (Arctic Ocean): indicators for organic-carbon sources and sea ice coverage. Quaternary Science Reviews 2013, 79:40-52.
128. 25 highly branched isoprenoids (HBIs) in Florida Bay: paleoenvironmental indicators of diatom-derived organic matter inputs. Organic Geochemistry 2006, 37:847-859.
129. Zabenskie S., Gajewski K. Post-glacial climate change on Boothia Peninsula, Nunavet, Canada. Quaternary Research 2007, 68:261-270.
130. Zonneveld K.A.F., Versteegh G.J.M., Kasten S., Eglinton T.I., Emeis K.-C., Huguet C., Koch B.P., de Lange G.J., de Leeuw J.W., Middelburg J.J., Mollenhauer G., Prahl F.G., Rethemeyer J., Wakeham S.G. Selective preservation of organic matter in marine environments; processes, and impact on the sedimentary record. Biogeosciences 2010, 7:483-511.