Early Holocene temperature variability in the Nordic Seas: The role of oceanic heat advection versus changes in orbital forcing

Paleoceanography

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2011, Pages

  Risebrobakken, Bjoørg ^a   Dokken, Trond ^a   Smedsrud, Lars Henrik ^a   Andersson, Carin ^a,b   Jansen, Eystein ^a,b   Moros, Matthias ^a,c   Ivanova, Elena V ^d  

^a BJERKNES CENTRE FOR CLIMATE RESEARCH   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^c LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR BALTIC SEA RESEARCH   (Germany)

^d SHIRSHOV INSTITUTE OF OCEANOLOGY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GYRE; HEAT TRANSFER; HOLOCENE; INSOLATION; LATITUDE; NUMERICAL MODEL; ORBITAL FORCING; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOENVIRONMENT; RECONSTRUCTION; SALT; TEMPERATURE PROFILE;

ARCTIC OCEAN; BARENTS SEA; NORWEGIAN SEA;

EID: 80054015371     PISSN: 08838305     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2011PA002117     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Aagaard-Sørensen, S., K. Husum, M. Hald, and J. Knies (2010), Paleoceano-graphic development in the SW Barents Sea during the Late Weichselian-Early Holocene transition, Quat. Sci. Rev., 29, 3442-3456, doi:10.1016/j. quascirev.2010.08.014.
2. Alley, R. B., A. M. Ágústsdóttir, and P. J. Fawcett (1999), Ice-core evidence of late-Holocene reduction in North Atlantic ocean heat transport, in Mechanisms of Global Climate Change at Millennial Time Scales, Geo-phys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 112, edited by P. U. Clark, R. S. Webb, and L. D. Keigwin, pp. 301-312, AGU, Washington, D. C.
3. Andersen, B. G., J. Lundquist, and M. Saarnisto (1995), The Younger Dryas margin of the Scandinavian ice sheet-An introduction, Quat. Int., 28, 145-146, doi:10.1016/1040-6182(95)00043-I. (Pubitemid 26440047)
4. Andersson, C, B. Risebrobakken, E. Jansen, and S. O. Dahl (2003), Late Holocene surface ocean conditions of the Norwegian Sea (Vøring Plateau), Paleoceanography, 18(2), 1044, doi:10.1029/2001PA000654.
5. Andersson, C, F. Pausata, E. Jansen, B. Risebrobakken, and R. Telford (2010), Holocene trends in the foraminiferal record from the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic, Clim. Past, 6, 179-193, doi: 10.5194/cp-6-179-2010.
6. Bakke, J., Ø. Lie, E. Heegaard, T. Dokken, G. H. Haug, H. H. Birks, P. Dulski, and T. Nilsen (2009), Rapid oceanic and atmospheric changes during the Younger Dryas cold period, Nat. Geosci., 2, 202-205, doi:10.1038/ngeo439.
7. Barker, S., P. Diz, M. J. Vautravers, J. Pike, G. Knorr, I. R. Hall, and W. S. Broecker (2009), Interhemispheric Atlantic seesaw response during the last deglaciation, Nature, 457, 1097-1102, doi:10.1038/nature07770.
8. Bé, A. W. H., and D. S. Tolderlund (1971), Distribution and ecology of living planktonic foraminifera in surface waters of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, in The Micropalaeontology of the Oceans, edited by B. M. Funnell and W. R. Riedel, pp. 105-149, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U. K.
9. Bendle, J., and A. Rosell-Melé (2004), Distributions of U3K7 and U3K7 ′ in the surface waters and sediments of the Nordic Seas: Implications for paleoceanography, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 5, Q11013, doi:10.1029/2004GC000741.
10. Bendle, J. A. P., and A. Rosell-Melé (2007), High-resolution alkenone sea surface temperature variability on the North Icelandic Shelf: Implications for Nordic Seas palaeoclimatic development during the Holocene, Holocene, 17(1), 9-24, doi:10.1177/0959683607073269. (Pubitemid 47304019)
11. Birks, C. J. A., and N. Koç (2002), A high-resolution diatom record of late-Quaternary sea-surface temperatures and oceanographic conditions from the eastern Norwegian Sea, Boreas, 31, 323-344, doi:10.1080/ 030094802320942545. (Pubitemid 35389916)
12. Birks, H. H. (1991), Holocene vegetational history and climatic change in west Spitsbergen-Plant macrofossils from Skardtjørna, an Arctic lake, Holocene, 1(3), 209-218, doi:10.1177/095968369100100303.
13. Björk, G. (1989), A one-dimensional time-dependant model for the vertical stratification of the upper Arctic Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 52-67, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1989)019〈0052:AODTDM〉2.0.CO;2.
14. Blindheim, J., and S. Østerhus (2005), The Nordic Seas, main oceanographic features, in The Nordic Seas: An Integrated Perspective: Oceanography, Climatology, Biogeochemistry, and Modeling, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 158, edited by H. Drange et al., pp. 11-38, AGU, Washington, D. C.
15. Brown, C. W., and J. A. Yoder (1994), Coccolithophorid blooms in the global ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 7467-7482, doi:10.1029/93JC02156.
16. Calvo, E., J. Grimalt, and E. Jansen (2002), High resolution U37 sea surface temperature reconstruction in the Norwegian Sea during the Holocene, Quat. Sci. Rev., 21, 1385-1394, doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00096-8. (Pubitemid 34667570)
17. Came, R. E., D. W. Oppo, and J. F. McManus (2007), Amplitude and timing of temperature and salinity variability in the subpolar North Atlantic over the past 10 k.y, Geology, 35(4), 315-318, doi:10.1130/G23455A.1. (Pubitemid 46554696)
18. Carstens, J., D. Hebbeln, and G. Wefer (1997), Distribution of planktic foraminifera at the ice margin in the Arctic (Fram Strait), Mar. Micropa-leontol, 29, 257-269, doi:10.1016/S0377-8398(96)00014-X. (Pubitemid 27114872)
19. Chapman, M. R. (2010), Seasonal production patterns of planktonic foraminifera in the NE Atlantic Ocean: Implications for paleotemperature and hydrographic reconstructions, Paleoceanography, 25, PA1101, doi:10.1029/ 2008PA001708.
20. Chistyakova, N., E. Ivanova, B. Risebrobakken, E. A. Ovsepyan, and Y. S. Ovsepyan (2010), Reconstruction of postglacial environments in the southwestern Barents Sea based on foraminiferal assemblages, Oceanology, Engl. Transl., 50(4), 573-581, doi:10.1134/S0001437010040132.
21. Cortese, G., J. K. Dolven, K. R. Bjorklund, and B. A. Malmgren (2005), Late Pleistocene-Holocene radiolarian paleotemperatures in the Norwegian Sea based on artificial neural networks, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol, 224(4), 311-332, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.04.015. (Pubitemid 41098204)
22. Crucifix, M., M.-F. Loutre, P. Tulkens, T. Fichefet, and A. Berger (2002), Climate evolution during the Holocene: A study with an Earth system model of intermediate complexity, Clim. Dyn., 19, 43-60, doi:10.1007/s00382-001- 0208-6. (Pubitemid 34527754)
23. Dahl-Jensen, D., K. Mosegaard, N. Gundestrup, G. D. Clow, S. J. Johnsen, A. W. Hansen, and N. Balling (1998), Past temperatures directly from the Greenland Ice Sheet, Science, 282, 268-271, doi: 10.1126/science. 282.5387.268. (Pubitemid 28487192)
24. Darling, K. F., M. Kucera, D. Kroon, and C. M. Wade (2006), A resolution for the coiling direction paradox in Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, Paleoceanography, 21, PA2011, doi:10.1029/2005PA001189. (Pubitemid 44794623)
25. Dolven, J. K., G. Cortese, and K. R. Bjørklund (2002), A high-resolution radiolarian-derived paleotemperature record for the Late Pleistocene-Holocene in the Norwegian Sea, Paleoceanography, 17(4), 1072, doi:10.1029/2002PA000780.
26. Dreger, D. (1999), Decadal-to-centennial-scale sediment records of ice advance on the Barents shelf and meltwater discharge into the northeastern Norwegian Sea over the last 40 kyr, Ph.D. dissertation, 80 pp., Christian-Albrechts-Universitât, Kiel, Germany.
27. Duplessy, J.-C, E. Ivanova, I. Murdmaa, M. Paterne, and L. Labeyrie (2001), Holocene paleoceanography of the northern Barents Sea and variations of the northward heat transport by the Atlantic Ocean, Boreas, 30, 2-16, doi:10.1080/030094801300062220.
28. Fairbanks, R. G. (1989), A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record: Influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation, Nature, 342, 637-642, doi:10.1038/342637a0. (Pubitemid 20400868)
29. Fawcett, P. J., A. M. Ágústsdóttir, and R. Alley (1997), The Younger Dryas termination and North Atlantic Deep Water formation: Insights from climate model simulations and Greenland ice cores, Paleoceanography, 12, 23-38, doi:10.1029/96PA02711.
30. Hald, M., H. Ebbesen, M. Forwick, F. Godtliebsen, L. Khomenko, S. Korsun, L. Ringstad Olsen, and T. O. Vorren (2004), Holocene paleoceanography and glacial history of the West Spitsbergen area, Euro-Arctic margin, Quat. Sci. Rev., 23, 2075-2088, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.08.006. (Pubitemid 39308378)
31. Hald, M., C. Andersson, H. Ebbesen, E. Jansen, D. Klitgaard-Kristensen, B. Risebrobakken, G. R. Salomonsen, M. Sarnthein, H. P. Sejrup, and R. J. Telford (2007), Variations in temperature and extent of Atlantic Water in the Northern North Atlantic during the Holocene, Quat. Sci. Rev., 26, 3423-3440, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.10.005. (Pubitemid 350245550)
32. Hartmann, D. L. (1994), Global Physical Climatology, 411 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif.
33. Hátún, H., A. B. Sandø, H. Drange, B. Hansen, and H. Valdimarsson (2005), Influence of the Atlantic subpolar gyre on the thermohaline circulation, Science, 309, 1841-1844, doi:10.1126/science.1114777. (Pubitemid 41325091)
34. Helmens, K. F., J. A. A. Bos, S. Engels, C. J. Van Meerbeeck, S. J. P. Bohncke, H. Renssen, O. Heiri, S. J. Brooks, H. Seppä, and B. Wohlfart (2007), Present-day temperatures in northern Scandinavia during the last glaciation, Geology, 35(11), 987-990, doi:10.1130/G23995A.1.
35. Hillaire-Marcel, C, A. de Vernal, L. Polyak, and D. Darby (2004), Size-dependent isotopic composition of planktic foraminifera from Chukchi Sea vs. NW Atlantic sediments-Implications for the Holocene paleo-ceanography of the western Arctic, Quat. Sci. Rev., 23, 245-260, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.08. 006. (Pubitemid 38215087)
36. Hughen, K. A., et al. (2004), Marine04 marine radiocarbon age calibration, 0-26 cal kyr BP, Radiocarbon, 46, 1059-1086.
37. Ivanova, E. V., E. A. Ovsepyan, B. Risebrobakken, and A. A. Vetrov (2008), Downcore distribution of living calcareous foraminifera and stable isotopes in the western Barents Sea, J. Foraminiferal Res., 38(4), 337-356, doi:10.2113/gsjfr.38.4.337.
38. Jansen, E., C. Andersson, M. Moros, K. H. Nisancioglu, B. F. Nyland, and R. J. Telford (2008), The early to mid Holocene thermal optimum in the northern North Atlantic and Nordic Seas: The role of seasonal orbital forcing and Holocene century to millennial scale climate events, in Natural Climate Variability and Global Warming: A Holocene Perspective, edited by R. W. Battarbee and H. A. Binney, pp. 123-137, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, U. K., doi:10.1002/9781444300932.ch5.
39. Johannessen, T., E. Jansen, A. Flatøy, and A. C. Ravelo (1994), The relationship between surface water masses, oceanographic fronts and paleocli-matic proxies in surface sediments of the Greenland, Iceland, Norwegian Seas, in Carbon Cycling in Glacial Ocean: Constraints on the Ocean's Role in Global Change, edited by R. Zahn et al., pp. 61-85, Springer, New York.
40. Jonkers, L., G.-J. A. Brummer, F. J. C. Peeters, M. Hendriks, H. M. van Aken, and M. F. De Jong (2010), Seasonal stratification, shell flux, and oxygen isotope dynamics of left-coiling N. pachyderma and T. quin-queloba in the western subpolar North Atlantic, Paleoceanography, 25, PA2204, doi:10.1029/2009PA001849.
41. Kaufman, D. S., et al. (2004), Holocene thermal maximum in the western Arctic (0-180°W), Quat. Sci. Rev., 23, 529-560, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev. 2003.09.007. (Pubitemid 38225249)
42. Kim, J.-H., N. Rimbu, S. J. Lorentz, G. Lohmann, S.-I. Nam, S. Schouten, C. Rühlemann, and R. R. Schneider (2004), North Pacific and North Atlantic sea-surface temperature variability during the Holocene, Quat. Sci. Rev., 23, 2141-2154, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.08.010. (Pubitemid 39308382)
43. Knorr, G., and G. Lohmann (2007), Rapid transitions in the Atlantic thermohaline circulation triggered by global warming and meltwater during the last deglaciation, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 8, Q12006, doi:10.1029/ 2007GC001604.
44. Knudsen, K. L., H. Jiang, E. Jansen, J. Eiríksson, J. Heinemeier, and M.-S. Seidenkrantz (2004), Environmental changes off North Iceland during the deglaciation and the Holocene: Foraminifera, diatoms and stable isotopes, Mar. Micropaleontol., 50, 273-305, doi:10.1016/S0377-8398 (03)00075-6. (Pubitemid 38231115)
45. Koç, N., E. Jansen, and H. Haflidason (1993), Paleoceanographic reconstructions of surface ocean conditions in the Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian Seas through the last 14 ka based on diatoms, Quat. Sci. Rev., 12, 115-140, doi:10.1016/0277-3791(93)90012-B. (Pubitemid 24395785)
46. Kucera, M. (2007), Planktonic foraminifera as tracers of past oceanic environments, in Proxies in late Cenozoic paleoceanography, edited by C. Hillaire-Marcel and A. de Vernal, pp. 213-262, Elsevier, Amsterdam, doi:10.1016/S1572-5480(07)01011-1. (Pubitemid 350309222)
47. Laskar, J., P. Robutel, F. Joutel, M. Gastineau, A. C. M. Correia, and B. Levrard (2004), A long-term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth,Astron. Astrophys., 428(1), 261-285, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041335.
48. Leduc, G., R. Schneider, J. H. Kim, and G. Lohmann (2010), Holocene and Eemian sea surface temperature tends as revealed by alkenone and Mg/Ca paleothermometry, Quat. Sci. Rev., 29, 989-1004, doi:10.1016/j. quascirev.2010.01.004.
49. Liu, Z., E. Brady, and J. Lynch-Stieglitz (2003), Global ocean response to orbital forcing in the Holocene, Paleoceanography, 18(2), 1041, doi:10.1029/2002PA000819.
50. Liu, Z., et al. (2009), Transient simulation of last deglaciation with a new mechanism for Bølling-Allerød Warming, Science, 325, 310-314, doi:10.1126/science.1171041.
51. Lubinski, D. J., L. Polyak, and S. L. Forman (2001), Freshwater and Atlantic water inflow to the deep northern Barents and Kara Seas since ca 13 C ka: Foraminifera and stable isotopes, Quat. Sci. Rev., 20, 1851-1879, doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00016-6. (Pubitemid 34009508)
52. Manabe, S., and R. J. Stouffer (1997), Coupled ocean-atmosphere model response to freshwater input: Comparison to Younger Dryas event, Paleoceanography, 12, 321-336, doi:10.1029/96PA03932.
53. Mangerud, J., S. Bondevik, S. Gulliksen, A. K. Hufthammer, and T. Høisæter (2006), Marine C reservoir ages for 19th century whales and molluscs from the North Atlantic, Quat. Sci. Rev., 25, 3228-3245, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.03.010. (Pubitemid 46209380)
54. Manley, T. O. (1995), Branching of Atlantic Water within the Greenland-Spitsbergen Passage: An estimate of recirculation, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 20,627-20,634, doi:10.1029/95JC01251.
55. Marchal, O., et al. (2002), Apparent long-term cooling of the sea surface in the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean during the Holocene, Quat. Sci. Rev., 21, 455-483, doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00105-6. (Pubitemid 34186343)
56. Martrat, B., J. O. Grimalt, J. Villanueva, S. van Kreveld, and M. Sarnthein (2003), Climatic dependence of the organic matter contributions in the north eastern Norwegian Sea over the last 15,000 years, Org. Geochem., 34, 1057-1070, doi:10.1016/S0146-6380(03)00084-6. (Pubitemid 36990562)
57. Matthiessen, J., et al. (2001), Distribution of calcareous, siliceous and organic-walled planktic microfossils in surface sediments of the Nordic Seas and their relation to surface-water masses, in The Northern North Atlantic: A Changing Environment, edited by P. Schäfer et al., pp. 105-127, Springer, Berlin, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-56876-3-7.
58. Mignot, J., A. Ganopolski, and A. Levermann (2007), Atlantic subsurface temperatures: Response to a shutdown of the overturning circulation and consequences for its recovery, J. Clim., 20, 4884-4898, doi:10.1175/JCLI4280.1. (Pubitemid 47617987)
59. Moros, M., K. Emeis, B. Risebrobakken, I. Snowball, A. Kuijpers, J. McManus, and E. Jansen (2004), Sea surface temperatures and ice rafting in the Holocene North Atlantic: Climate influences on northern Europe and Greenland, Quat. Sci. Rev., 23, 2113-2126, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.08.003. (Pubitemid 39308380)
60. Müller, P. J., G. Kirst, G. Ruhland, I. Vvon Storch, and A. Rosell-Melé (1998), Calibration of the alkenone paleotemperature index UK′37 based on core tops from the eastern South Atlantic and the global ocean (60°N-60°S), Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 62(10), 1757-1772, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00097-0. (Pubitemid 29040050)
61. Nesje, A. (2009), Latest Pleistocene and Holocene alpine glacier fluctuations in Scandinavia, Quat. Sci. Rev., 28, 2119-2136, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev. 2008.12.016.
62. Nilsen, J. E. Ø., and E. Falck (2006), Variations of mixed layer properties in the Norwegian Sea for the period 1948-1999, Prog. Oceanogr., 70, 58-90, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2006.03.014. (Pubitemid 44041031)
63. Nilsen, J. E. Ø., H. Hátun, K. A. Mork, and H. Valdimarsson (2008), The NISE dataset, Tech. Rep. 08-01, Faeroese Fisheries Lab., Tórshavn, Denmark.
64. Nyland, B. F., E. Jansen, H. Elderfield, and C. Andersson (2006), Neoglobo-quadrina pachyderma (dex. and sin.) Mg/Ca and d 1 O records from the Norwegian Sea, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst, 7, Q10P17, doi:10.1029/2005GC001055.
65. Orvik, K. A., and P. Niiler (2002), Major pathways of Atlantic water in the northern North Atlantic and Nordic Seas towards Arctic, Geophys. Res. Lett, 29(19), 1896, doi:10.1029/2002GL015002.
66. Otto, J., T. Raddatz, M. Claussen, V. Brovkin, and V. Gayler (2009), Separation of atmosphere-ocean-vegetation feedbacks and synergies for mid-Holocene climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L09701, doi:10.1029/2009GL037482.
67. Pfirman, S. L., D. Bauch, and T. Gammelsrød (1994), The northern Barents Sea: Water mass distribution and modification, in The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment: The Nansen Centennial Volume, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 85, edited by O. M. Johannessen, R. D. Muench, and J. E. Overland, pp. 77-94, AGU, Washington, D. C.
68. Pflaumann, U., et al. (2003), Glacial North Atlantic: Sea-surface conditions reconstructed by GLAMAP 2000, Paleoceanography, 18(3), 1065, doi:10.1029/2002PA000774.
69. Prahl, F. G., and S. G. Wakeham (1987), Calibration of unsaturation patterns in long-chain ketone compositions for paleotemperature assessment, Nature, 330, 367-369, doi:10.1038/330367a0.
70. Rasmussen, S. O., et al. (2006), A new Greenland ice core chronology for the last glacial termination, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D06102, doi:10.1029/2005JD006079. (Pubitemid 43675909)
71. Renssen, H., H. Seppä, O. Heiri, D. M. Roche, H. Goosse, and T. Fichefet (2009), The spatial and temporal complexity of the Holocene thermal maximum, Nat. Geosci., 2, 411-414, doi:10.1038/ngeo513.
72. Rimbu, N., G. Lohmann, S. J. Lorentz, J.-H. Kim, and R. R. Schneider (2004), Holocene climate variability as derived from alkenone sea surface temperature and coupled ocean-atmosphere model experiments, Clim. Dyn., 23, 215-227, doi:10.1007/s00382-004-0435-8. (Pubitemid 39259981)
73. Risebrobakken, B., E. Jansen, C. Andersson, E. Mjelde, and K. Hevrøy (2003), A high-resolution study of Holocene paleoclimatic and paleocea-nographic changes in the Nordic Seas, Paleoceanography, 18(1), 1017, doi:10.1029/2002PA000764.
74. Risebrobakken, B., M. Moros, E. Ivanova, N. Chistyakova, and R. Rosenberg (2010), Climate and oceanographic variability in the SW Barents Sea during the Holocene, Holocene, 20(4), 609-621, doi:10.1177/0959683609356586.
75. Rosell-Melé, A., G. Eglinton, U. Pflaumann, and M. Sarnthein (1995), Atlantic core-top calibration of the U3K 7 index as a sea-surface palaeotem-perature indicator, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59(15), 3099-3107, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00199-A. (Pubitemid 26456533)
76. Rühlemann, C., S. Mulitza, P. J. Müller, G. Wefer, and R. Zahn (1999), Warming of the tropical Atlantic Ocean and slowdown of thermohaline circulation during the last deglaciation, Nature, 402, 511-514, doi:10.1038/990069.
77. Salvigsen, O., S. L. Forman, and G. H. Miller (1992), Thermophilous molluscs on Svalbard during the Holocene and their paleoclimatic implications, Polar Res., 11(1), 1-10, doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.1992.tb00407.x. (Pubitemid 23374012)
78. Sarnthein, M., S. van Kreveld, H. Erlenkauser, P. M. Grootes, M. Kucera, U. Pflaumann, and M. Schulz (2003), Centennial-to-millennial-scale periodicities of Holocene climate and sediment injections off the western Barents shelf, 75°N, Boreas, 32, 447-461, doi:10.1080/03009480301813. (Pubitemid 37065652)
79. Schiebel, R., J. Bijma, and C. Hemleben (1997), Population dynamics of the foraminifer Globigerina bulloides from the eastern North Atlantic, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 44(9-10), 1701-1713, doi:10.1016/S0967-0637 (97)00036-8. (Pubitemid 27496387)
80. Seppä, H., A. E. Bjune, R. J. Telford, H. J. B. Birks, and S. Veski (2009), Last nine-thousand years of temperature variability in Northern Europe, Clim. Past., 5, 523-535, doi:10.5194/cp-5-523-2009.
81. Simstich, J., M. Sarnthein, and H. Erlenkauser (2003), Paired d18O signals of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (s) and Turborotalita quinqueloba show thermal stratification structure in Nordic Seas, Mar. Micropaleontol., 48, 107-125, doi:10.1016/S0377-8398(02)00165-2. (Pubitemid 36521901)
82. Skagseth, Ø., T. Furevik, R. Ingvaldsen, H. Loeng, K. A. Mork, K. A. Orvik, and V. Ozhigin (2008), Volume and heat transports to the Arctic Ocean via the Norwegian and Barents Sea, in Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Fluxes, edited by R. R. Dickson et al., pp. 45-64, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6774-7-3.
83. Smedsrud, L. H., R. Ingvaldsen, J. E. Ø. Nilsen, and Ø. Skagseth (2010), Heat in the Barents Sea: Transport, storage, and surface fluxes, Ocean Sci., 6, 219-234.
84. Smyth, T. J., T. Tyrrell, and B. Tarrant (2004), Time series of coccolitho-pore activity in the Barents Sea, from twenty years of satellite imagery, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L11302, doi:10.1029/2004GL019735. (Pubitemid 39103494)
85. Solignac, S., M. Grelaud, A. de Vernal, J. Giraudeau, M. Moros, I. N. McCave, and B. Hoogakker (2008), Reorganization of the upper ocean circulation in the mid-Holocene in the northeastern Atlantic, Can. J. Earth Sci., 45, 1417-1433, doi:10.1139/E08-061.
86. Stuiver, M., and P. J. Reimer (1993), Extended 14C database and revised CALIB 3.0 14C age calibration program, Radiocarbon, 35, 215-230. (Pubitemid 23382454)
87. Svendsen, J. I., and J. Mangerud (1997), Holocene glacial and climatic variations on Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Holocene, 7(1), 45-57, doi:10.1177/ 095968369700700105.
88. Telford, R. J., and H. J. B. Birks (2005), The secret assumption of transfer functions: Problems with spatial autocorrelation in evaluating model performance, Quat. Sci. Rev., 24, 2173-2179, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev. 2005.05.001. (Pubitemid 41323780)
89. Ter Braak, C. J. F., and I. C. Prentice (1988), A theory of gradient analysis, Adv. Ecol. Res, 18, 271-317, doi:10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60183-X.
90. Ter Braak, C. J. F., and H. van Dam (1989), Inferring pH from diatoms: A comparison of old and new calibration methods, Hydrobiologia, 178, 209-223, doi:10.1007/BF00006028.
91. Thornalley, D. J. R., H. Elderfield, and N. I. McCave (2009), Holocene oscillations in temperature and salinity of the surface subpolar North Atlantic, Nature, 457, 711-714, doi:10.1038/nature07717.
92. Thornalley, D. J. R., I. N. McCave, and H. Elderfield (2010), Freshwater input and abrupt deglacial climate change in the North Atlantic, Paleo-ceanography, 25, PA1201, doi:10.1029/2009PA001772.
93. Vinther, B. M., et al. (2009), Holocene thinning of the Greenland ice sheet, Nature, 461, 385-388, doi:10.1038/nature08355.