메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 62, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 268-280

Reference conditions and historical fine-scale spatial dynamics in a dry mixed-conifer forest, Arizona, USA

Author keywords

Community ecology; Dendrochronological reconstruction; Dry mixed conifer; Frequent fire forests; Spatial statistics

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION; ECOLOGY; FIRES;

EID: 84974855844     PISSN: 0015749X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5849/forsci.15-136     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (19)

References (95)
  • 1
    • 72649083917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial variation in reference conditions: Historical tree density and pattern on a Pinus ponderosa landscape
    • Abella, S.R., and C.W. Denton. 2009. Spatial variation in reference conditions: Historical tree density and pattern on a Pinus ponderosa landscape. Can. J. For. Rees. 39(12):2391-2403.
    • (2009) Can. J. For. Rees , vol.39 , Issue.12 , pp. 2391-2403
    • Abella, S.R.1    Denton, C.W.2
  • 2
    • 0000190767 scopus 로고
    • A simple pith locator for use with off-center increment cores
    • Applequist, M.B. 1958. A simple pith locator for use with off-center increment cores. J. For. 56(2):141.
    • (1958) J. For , vol.56 , Issue.2 , pp. 141
    • Applequist, M.B.1
  • 5
    • 13444262053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatstat: An R package for analyzing spatial point patterns
    • Baddeley, A., and R. Turner. 2005. spatstat: An R package for analyzing spatial point patterns. J. Stat. Softw. 12(6):1-42.
    • (2005) J. Stat. Softw , vol.12 , Issue.6 , pp. 1-42
    • Baddeley, A.1    Turner, R.2
  • 6
    • 84944754733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are high-severity fires burning at much higher rates recently than historically in dry-forest landscapes of the western USA?
    • Baker, W.L. 2015. Are high-severity fires burning at much higher rates recently than historically in dry-forest landscapes of the western USA? PloS One 10(9):e0136147.
    • (2015) Plos One , vol.10 , Issue.9
    • Baker, W.L.1
  • 7
    • 33644527931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new, proportional method for reconstructing historical tree diameters
    • Bakker, J.D. 2005. A new, proportional method for reconstructing historical tree diameters. Can. J. For. Res. 35(10):2515-2520.
    • (2005) Can. J. For. Res , vol.35 , Issue.10 , pp. 2515-2520
    • Bakker, J.D.1
  • 8
    • 78049240142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growing trees backwards: Description of a stand reconstruction model
    • August 7—9, Flagstaff, AZ, Olberding, S.D., and M.M. Moore (eds.). USDA For. Serv., Conf. Proc. RMRS-P-55, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO
    • Bakker, J.D., A.J. Sanchez Meador, P.Z. Fule, D.W. Huffman, and M.M. Moore. 2008. “Growing trees backwards”: Description of a stand reconstruction model. P. 106-115 in Fort Valley Experimental Forest—A century of research, 2008 August 7—9, Flagstaff, AZ, Olberding, S.D., and M.M. Moore (eds.). USDA For. Serv., Conf. Proc. RMRS-P-55, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO.
    • (2008) Fort Valley Experimental Forest—A Century of Research , pp. 106-115
    • Bakker, J.D.1    Sanchez Meador, A.J.2    Fule, P.Z.3    Huffman, D.W.4    Moore, M.M.5
  • 9
    • 0036944141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of spatially variable overstoryon theunderstorylightenvironment of an open-canopied longleaf pine forest
    • Battaglia, M.A., P. Mou, B. Palik, and R.J. Mitchell. 2002. The effect of spatially variable overstoryon theunderstorylightenvironment of an open-canopied longleaf pine forest. Can. J. For. Res. 32(11):1984-1991.
    • (2002) Can. J. For. Res , vol.32 , Issue.11 , pp. 1984-1991
    • Battaglia, M.A.1    Mou, P.2    Palik, B.3    Mitchell, R.J.4
  • 10
    • 0001222906 scopus 로고
    • Contributions to the discussion of Dr. Ripley’s paper
    • Besag, L. 1977. Contributions to the discussion of Dr. Ripley’s paper. J. R. Stat. Soc. 39:193-195.
    • (1977) J. R. Stat. Soc , vol.39 , pp. 193-195
    • Besag, L.1
  • 11
    • 80055064414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using light to predict fuels-reduction and group-selection effects on succession in Sierran mixed-conifer forest
    • Bigelow, S.W., M.P. North, and C.F. Salk. 2011. Using light to predict fuels-reduction and group-selection effects on succession in Sierran mixed-conifer forest. Can. J. For. Res. 41(10):2051-2063.
    • (2011) Can. J. For. Res , vol.41 , Issue.10 , pp. 2051-2063
    • Bigelow, S.W.1    North, M.P.2    Salk, C.F.3
  • 13
    • 27944474720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate and disturbance forcing of episodic tree recruitment in a southwestern ponderosa pine landscape
    • Brown, P.M., and R. Wu. 2005. Climate and disturbance forcing of episodic tree recruitment in a southwestern ponderosa pine landscape. Ecolog 86(11):3030-3038.
    • (2005) Ecolog , vol.86 , Issue.11 , pp. 3030-3038
    • Brown, P.M.1    Wu, R.2
  • 16
    • 0000454744 scopus 로고
    • Different responses to gaps among shade-tolerant tree species
    • Canham, C.D. 1989. Different responses to gaps among shade-tolerant tree species. Ecology 70(3):548-550.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , Issue.3 , pp. 548-550
    • Canham, C.D.1
  • 17
    • 84872435153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restoring forest resilience: From reference spatial patterns to silvicultural prescriptions and monitoring
    • Churchill, D.J., A.J. Larson, M.C. Dahlgreen, J.F. Franklin, P.F. Hessburg, and J.A. Lutz. 2013. Restoring forest resilience: From reference spatial patterns to silvicultural prescriptions and monitoring. For. Ecol. Manage. 291:442-457.
    • (2013) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.291 , pp. 442-457
    • Churchill, D.J.1    Larson, A.J.2    Dahlgreen, M.C.3    Franklin, J.F.4    Hessburg, P.F.5    Lutz, J.A.6
  • 19
    • 0002705143 scopus 로고
    • Southwestern ponderosa forest structure: Changes since Euro-American settlement
    • Covington, W.W., and M.M. Moore. 1994. Southwestern ponderosa forest structure: Changes since Euro-American settlement. J. For. 92(1):39-47.
    • (1994) J. For , vol.92 , Issue.1 , pp. 39-47
    • Covington, W.W.1    Moore, M.M.2
  • 20
    • 0001327890 scopus 로고
    • An upland forest continuum in the prairie-forest border region of Wisconsin
    • Curtis, J.T., and R.P. McIntosh. 1951. An upland forest continuum in the prairie-forest border region of Wisconsin. Ecology 32(3): 476-496.
    • (1951) Ecology , vol.32 , Issue.3 , pp. 476-496
    • Curtis, J.T.1    McIntosh, R.P.2
  • 24
    • 84883724201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental Systems Research Institute, Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, CA
    • Environmental Systems Research Institute. 2011. ArcGIS desktop, release 10, Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, CA.
    • (2011) Arcgis Desktop, Release 10
  • 26
    • 74549173910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspen decline on the Coconino National Forest
    • McWilliams, M., and P. Pa-lacious. (eds.). Oregon Department of Forestry, Salem, OR
    • Fairweather, M.L., B.W. Geils, and M. Manthei. 2008. Aspen decline on the Coconino National Forest. P. 53-62 in Proc. of the 55th western international forest disease work conference, McWilliams, M., and P. Pa-lacious. (eds.). Oregon Department of Forestry, Salem, OR. 133 p.
    • (2008) Proc. of the 55Th Western International Forest Disease Work Conference , pp. 53-62
    • Fairweather, M.L.1    Geils, B.W.2    Manthei, M.3
  • 27
    • 77958040107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stand-level spatial dependence in an old-growth Jeffrey pine-mixed-conifer forest, Sierra San Pedro Martir
    • Fry, D.L., and S.L. Stephens. 2010. Stand-level spatial dependence in an old-growth Jeffrey pine-mixed-conifer forest, Sierra San Pedro Martir, Mexico. Can. J. For. Res. 40(9):1803-1814.
    • (2010) Mexico. Can. J. For. Res , vol.40 , Issue.9 , pp. 1803-1814
    • Fry, D.L.1    Stephens, S.L.2
  • 28
    • 0030613978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determining reference conditions for ecosystem management of southwestern ponderosa pine forests
    • Fule, P.Z., W.W. Covington, and M.M. Moore. 1997. Determining reference conditions for ecosystem management of southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Ecol. Appl. 7(3):895-908.
    • (1997) Ecol. Appl , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 895-908
    • Fule, P.Z.1    Covington, W.W.2    Moore, M.M.3
  • 30
    • 68949096606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in forest structure of a mixed-conifer forest, southwestern Colorado, USA
    • Fule, P.Z., J.E. Korb, and R. Wu. 2009. Changes in forest structure of a mixed-conifer forest, southwestern Colorado, USA. For. Ecol. Manage. 258:1200-1210.
    • (2009) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.258 , pp. 1200-1210
    • Fule, P.Z.1    Korb, J.E.2    Wu, R.3
  • 31
    • 0037781343 scopus 로고
    • Distribution and habitat use of Mexican spotted owls in Arizona
    • Ganey, J.L., and R.P. Balda. 1989. Distribution and habitat use of Mexican spotted owls in Arizona. Condor 91(2):355-361.
    • (1989) Condor , vol.91 , Issue.2 , pp. 355-361
    • Ganey, J.L.1    Balda, R.P.2
  • 32
    • 0242371795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avoiding misinterpretation of biotic interactions with the intertype K12-function: Population independence vs. random labelling hypotheses
    • Goreaud, F., and R. Pelissier. 2003. Avoiding misinterpretation of biotic interactions with the intertype K12-function: Population independence vs. random labelling hypotheses. J. Veg. Sci. 14(5):681-692.
    • (2003) J. Veg. Sci , vol.14 , Issue.5 , pp. 681-692
    • Goreaud, F.1    Pelissier, R.2
  • 33
    • 0035371431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understory response to management treatments in northern Arizona ponderosa pine forests
    • Griffis, K.L., J.A. Crawford, M.R. Wagner, and W.H. Moir. 2001. Understory response to management treatments in northern Arizona ponderosa pine forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 146:239-245.
    • (2001) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.146 , pp. 239-245
    • Griffis, K.L.1    Crawford, J.A.2    Wagner, M.R.3    Moir, W.H.4
  • 34
    • 0027525754 scopus 로고
    • Stand response to western spruce budworm and Douglas-fir bark beetle outbreaks, Colorado Front Range
    • Hadley, K.S., and T.T. Veblen. 1993. Stand response to western spruce budworm and Douglas-fir bark beetle outbreaks, Colorado Front Range. Can. J. For. Res. 23(3):479-491.
    • (1993) Can. J. For. Res , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 479-491
    • Hadley, K.S.1    Veblen, T.T.2
  • 35
    • 27544445686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire historyand stand structure of two ponderosa pine-mixed-conifer sites: San Francisco Peaks, Arizona, USA
    • Heinlein, T.A., M.M. Moore, P.Z. Fule, and W.W. Covington. 2005. Fire historyand stand structure of two ponderosa pine-mixed-conifer sites: San Francisco Peaks, Arizona, USA. Int. J. Wildl. Fire 14(3):307-320.
    • (2005) Int. J. Wildl. Fire , vol.14 , Issue.3 , pp. 307-320
    • Heinlein, T.A.1    Moore, M.M.2    Fule, P.Z.3    Covington, W.W.4
  • 36
    • 0242618354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ponderosa pine forest reconstruction: Comparisons with historical data
    • 2000 April 25—27, Flagstaff, AZ, Vance, G.K., C.B. Edminster, W.W. Covington, and J.A. Blake (eds.). USDA For. Serv., Conf. Proc. RMRS-P-22, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO
    • Huffman, D.W., M.M. Moore, W.W. Covington, J.E. Crouse, and P.Z. Fule. 2001. Ponderosa pine forest reconstruction: Comparisons with historical data. P. 3-8 in Ponderosa pine ecosystems restoration and conservation: Steps toward stewardship, 2000 April 25—27, Flagstaff, AZ, Vance, G.K., C.B. Edminster, W.W. Covington, and J.A. Blake (eds.). USDA For. Serv., Conf. Proc. RMRS-P-22, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO. 200 p.
    • (2001) Ponderosa Pine Ecosystems Restoration and Conservation: Steps Toward Stewardship , pp. 3-8
    • Huffman, D.W.1    Moore, M.M.2    Covington, W.W.3    Crouse, J.E.4    Fule, P.Z.5
  • 37
    • 84941264350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire history of a mixed-conifer forest on the Mogollon Rim, northern Arizona, USA
    • Huffman, D.W., T.J. Zegler, and P.Z. Fule. 2015. Fire history of a mixed-conifer forest on the Mogollon Rim, northern Arizona, USA. Int. J. Wildl. Fire 24(5) 680-689.
    • (2015) Int. J. Wildl. Fire , vol.24 , Issue.5 , pp. 680-689
    • Huffman, D.W.1    Zegler, T.J.2    Fule, P.Z.3
  • 38
    • 68949148801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of historical range and variability (HRV) in landscape management. For. Ecol
    • Keane, R.E., P.F. Hessburg, P.B. Landres, and F.J. Swanson. 2009. The use of historical range and variability (HRV) in landscape management. For. Ecol. Manage. 258:1025-1037.
    • (2009) Manage , vol.258 , pp. 1025-1037
    • Keane, R.E.1    Hessburg, P.F.2    Landres, P.B.3    Swanson, F.J.4
  • 39
    • 38049079277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understory communities of warmdry, mixed-conifer forests in southwestern Colorado
    • Korb, J.E., M.L. Daniels, D.C. Laughlin, and P.Z. Fule. 2007. Understory communities of warmdry, mixed-conifer forests in southwestern Colorado. Southw. Naturalist 52(4):493-503.
    • (2007) Southw. Naturalist , vol.52 , Issue.4 , pp. 493-503
    • Korb, J.E.1    Daniels, M.L.2    Laughlin, D.C.3    Fule, P.Z.4
  • 40
    • 84155191178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree spatial patterns in fire-frequent forests of western North America, including mechanisms of pattern formation and implications for designing fuel reduction and restoration treatments
    • Larson, A.J., and D.J. Churchill. 2012. Tree spatial patterns in fire-frequent forests of western North America, including mechanisms of pattern formation and implications for designing fuel reduction and restoration treatments. For. Ecol. Manage. 267:74-92.
    • (2012) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.267 , pp. 74-92
    • Larson, A.J.1    Churchill, D.J.2
  • 41
    • 84864612394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of restoration thinning on spatial heterogeneity in mixed-conifer forest
    • Larson, A.J., K.C. Stover, and CR. Keyes. 2012. Effects of restoration thinning on spatial heterogeneity in mixed-conifer forest. Can. J. For. Res. 42(8):1505-1517.
    • (2012) Can. J. For. Res , vol.42 , Issue.8 , pp. 1505-1517
    • Larson, A.J.1    Stover, K.C.2    Keyes, C.R.3
  • 42
    • 33749162138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing targets for the restoration of herbaceous vegetation in ponderosa pine forests. Restor
    • LAUGHLIN, D.C., M.M. Moore, J.D. BAKKER, C.A. Casey, J.D. Springer, P.Z. Fule, and W.W. Covington. 2006. Assessing targets for the restoration of herbaceous vegetation in ponderosa pine forests. Restor. Ecol. 14(4):548-560.
    • (2006) Ecol , vol.14 , Issue.4 , pp. 548-560
    • Laughlin, D.C.1    Moore, M.M.2    Bakker, J.D.3    Casey, C.A.4    Springer, J.D.5    Fule, P.Z.6    Covington, W.W.7
  • 43
    • 33747066137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical inference using the G or Κ point pattern spatial statistics
    • Loosmore, N.B., and E.D. Ford. 2006. Statistical inference using the G or Κ point pattern spatial statistics. Ecology 87(8):1925-1931.
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , Issue.8 , pp. 1925-1931
    • Loosmore, N.B.1    Ford, E.D.2
  • 44
    • 0000084612 scopus 로고
    • Methods for analyzing spatial processes of several types of points
    • Lotwick, H.W., and B.W. Silverman. 1982. Methods for analyzing spatial processes of several types of points. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B. 44(3):406-413.
    • (1982) J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B , vol.44 , Issue.3 , pp. 406-413
    • Lotwick, H.W.1    Silverman, B.W.2
  • 45
    • 84860456589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological importance of large-diameter trees in a temperate mixed-conifer forest
    • Lutz, J.A., A.J. Larson, M.E. Swanson, and J.A. Freund. 2012. Ecological importance of large-diameter trees in a temperate mixed-conifer forest. PloS One 7(5):e0036131.
    • (2012) Plos One , vol.7 , Issue.5
    • Lutz, J.A.1    Larson, A.J.2    Swanson, M.E.3    Freund, J.A.4
  • 46
    • 84878704761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying spatial patterns of tree groups and gaps in mixed-conifer forests: Reference conditions and long-term changes following fire suppression and logging
    • Lydersen, J.M., M.P. North, E.E. Knapp, and B.M. Collins. 2013. Quantifying spatial patterns of tree groups and gaps in mixed-conifer forests: Reference conditions and long-term changes following fire suppression and logging. For. Ecol. Manage. 304:370-382.
    • (2013) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.304 , pp. 370-382
    • Lydersen, J.M.1    North, M.P.2    Knapp, E.E.3    Collins, B.M.4
  • 48
    • 0033081819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restoration of presettlement age structure of an Arizona ponderosa pine forest
    • Mast, J.N., P.Z. Fule, M.M. Moore, W.W. Covington, and A.E. Waltz. 1999. Restoration of presettlement age structure of an Arizona ponderosa pine forest. Ecol. Appl. 9(1):228-239.
    • (1999) Ecol. Appl , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 228-239
    • Mast, J.N.1    Fule, P.Z.2    Moore, M.M.3    Covington, W.W.4    Waltz, A.E.5
  • 49
    • 0033045908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree spatial patterns and stand development along the pine-grassland ecotone in the Colorado Front Range
    • Mast, J.N., and T.T. Veblen. 1999. Tree spatial patterns and stand development along the pine-grassland ecotone in the Colorado Front Range. Can. J. For. Res. 29(5):575-584.
    • (1999) Can. J. For. Res , vol.29 , Issue.5 , pp. 575-584
    • Mast, J.N.1    Veblen, T.T.2
  • 50
    • 1842430909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecotonal changes and altered tree spatial patterns in lower mixed-conifer forests, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, USA
    • Mast, J.N., and J.J. Wolf. 2004. Ecotonal changes and altered tree spatial patterns in lower mixed-conifer forests, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, USA. Land. Ecol. 19(2):167-180.
    • (2004) Land. Ecol , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 167-180
    • Mast, J.N.1    Wolf, J.J.2
  • 51
    • 0001277389 scopus 로고
    • Spatial variation: Stochastic models and their application to some problems in forest surveys and other sampling investigations
    • Matern, B. 1960. Spatial variation: Stochastic models and their application to some problems in forest surveys and other sampling investigations. Rep. Swed. Inst. Exp. For. 49(5):1-144.
    • (1960) Rep. Swed. Inst. Exp. For , vol.49 , Issue.5 , pp. 1-144
    • Matern, B.1
  • 53
    • 0035680608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microclimatic changes induced by ecological restoration of ponderosa pine forests in northern Arizona
    • Meyer, C.L., T.D. Sisk, and W.W. Covington. 2001. Microclimatic changes induced by ecological restoration of ponderosa pine forests in northern Arizona. Restor. Ecol. 9(4):443-452.
    • (2001) Restor. Ecol , vol.9 , Issue.4 , pp. 443-452
    • Meyer, C.L.1    Sisk, T.D.2    Covington, W.W.3
  • 54
    • 39349090781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change and forests of the future: Managing in the face of uncertainty
    • Millar, C.I., N.L. Stephenson, and S.L. Stephens. 2007. Climate change and forests of the future: Managing in the face of uncertainty. Ecol.Applic. 17(8):2145-2151.
    • (2007) Ecol.Applic. , vol.17 , Issue.8 , pp. 2145-2151
    • Millar, C.I.1    Stephenson, N.L.2    Stephens, S.L.3
  • 57
    • 2642577694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of historical and contemporary forest structure and composition on permanent plots in southwestern ponderosa pine forests
    • Moore, M.M., D.W. Huffman, P.Z. Fule, and W.W. Covington. 2004b. Comparison of historical and contemporary forest structure and composition on permanent plots in southwestern ponderosa pine forests. For. Sci. 50(2):162-176.
    • (2004) For. Sci , vol.50 , Issue.2 , pp. 162-176
    • Moore, M.M.1    Huffman, D.W.2    Fule, P.Z.3    Covington, W.W.4
  • 58
    • 84974841596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural Resources Conservation Service, last accessed Feb. 15, 2015
    • Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2015. US Department of Agriculture web soil survey. Available online at websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/; last accessed Feb. 15, 2015.
    • (2015) US Department of Agriculture Web Soil Survey
  • 59
    • 3543034638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest stand structure and pattern of old-growth western hemlock/Douglas-fir and mixed-conifer forests
    • North, M.P., J. Chen, B. Oakley, B. Song, M. Rudnicki, A. Gray, and J. INNES. 2004. Forest stand structure and pattern of old-growth western hemlock/Douglas-fir and mixed-conifer forests. For. Sci. 50(3):299-311.
    • (2004) For. Sci , vol.50 , Issue.3 , pp. 299-311
    • North, M.P.1    Chen, J.2    Oakley, B.3    Song, B.4    Rudnicki, M.5    Gray, A.6    Innes, J.7
  • 60
    • 34547520694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of thinning and prescribed fire restoration treatments to Sierran mixed-conifer historic conditions
    • North, M.P., J. Innes, and H. Zald. 2007. Comparison of thinning and prescribed fire restoration treatments to Sierran mixed-conifer historic conditions. Can. J. For. Res. 37(2):331-342.
    • (2007) Can. J. For. Res , vol.37 , Issue.2 , pp. 331-342
    • North, M.P.1    Innes, J.2    Zald, H.3
  • 61
    • 84904490622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire severity, size, and climate associations diverge from historical precedent along an ecological gradient in the Pinaleno Mountains, Arizona, USA
    • O’connor, C.D., D.A. Falk, A.M. Lynch, and T.W. Swetnam. 2014. Fire severity, size, and climate associations diverge from historical precedent along an ecological gradient in the Pinaleno Mountains, Arizona, USA. For. Ecol. Manage. 329:264-278.
    • (2014) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.329 , pp. 264-278
    • O’Connor, C.D.1    Falk, D.A.2    Lynch, A.M.3    Swetnam, T.W.4
  • 62
    • 33744989738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A functional comparison of productivity in even-aged and multiaged stands: A synthesis for Pinus ponderosa
    • O’Hara, K.L., and L.M. NAGEL. 2006. A functional comparison of productivity in even-aged and multiaged stands: A synthesis for Pinus ponderosa. For. Sci. 52(3):290-303.
    • (2006) For. Sci , vol.52 , Issue.3 , pp. 290-303
    • O’Hara, K.L.1    Nagel, L.M.2
  • 65
    • 80055017753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing ponderosa pine regeneration in the southwestern USA
    • Puhlick, J.J., D.C. Laughlin, and M.M. Moore. 2012. Factors influencing ponderosa pine regeneration in the southwestern USA. For. Ecol. Manage. 264:10-19.
    • (2012) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.264 , pp. 10-19
    • Puhlick, J.J.1    Laughlin, D.C.2    Moore, M.M.3
  • 66
    • 84880841073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing height-age relationships and recruitment of ponderosa pine regeneration in northern Arizona
    • Puhlick, J.J., M.M. Moore, and A.R. Weiskittel. 2013. Factors influencing height-age relationships and recruitment of ponderosa pine regeneration in northern Arizona. West. J. Appl. For. 28(3):91-96.
    • (2013) West. J. Appl. For , vol.28 , Issue.3 , pp. 91-96
    • Puhlick, J.J.1    Moore, M.M.2    Weiskittel, A.R.3
  • 67
  • 69
    • 0000135848 scopus 로고
    • Modeling spatial patterns (With discussion)
    • Ripley, B.D. 1977. Modeling spatial patterns (with discussion). J.R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B. 39(2):172-212.
    • (1977) J.R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B , vol.39 , Issue.2 , pp. 172-212
    • Ripley, B.D.1
  • 73
    • 3543040900 scopus 로고
    • Writing meta-analytic reviews
    • Rosenthal, R. 1995. Writing meta-analytic reviews. Psychol. Bull. 118(2):183-192.
    • (1995) Psychol. Bull , vol.118 , Issue.2 , pp. 183-192
    • Rosenthal, R.1
  • 74
    • 77953173673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lessons from long-term studies of harvest methods in southwestern ponderosa pine-Gambel oak forests on the Fort Valley Experimental Forest, Arizona, USA. For
    • Sanchez Meador, A.J., and M.M. Moore. 2010. Lessons from long-term studies of harvest methods in southwestern ponderosa pine-Gambel oak forests on the Fort Valley Experimental Forest, Arizona, USA. For. Ecol. Manage. 260:193-206.
    • (2010) Ecol. Manage , vol.260 , pp. 193-206
    • Sanchez Meador, A.J.1    Moore, M.M.2
  • 75
    • 70249151017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 108 years of change in spatial pattern following selective harvest of a Pinusponderosa stand in northern Arizona
    • Sanchez Meador, A.J., M.M. Moore, J.D. Bakker, and P.F. Parysow. 2009. 108 years of change in spatial pattern following selective harvest of a Pinusponderosa stand in northern Arizona, USA. J. Veg. Sci. 20(1):79-90.
    • (2009) USA. J. Veg. Sci , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 79-90
    • Sanchez Meador, A.J.1    Moore, M.M.2    Bakker, J.D.3    Parysow, P.F.4
  • 76
    • 79959798783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new method for delineating tree patches and assessing spatial reference conditions of ponderosa pine forests in northern Arizona. Restor
    • Sanchez Meador, A.J., P.F. Parysow, and M.M. Moore. 2011. A new method for delineating tree patches and assessing spatial reference conditions of ponderosa pine forests in northern Arizona. Restor. Ecol. 19(4):490-499.
    • (2011) Ecol , vol.19 , Issue.4 , pp. 490-499
    • Sanchez Meador, A.J.1    Parysow, P.F.2    Moore, M.M.3
  • 77
    • 84959887588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reference conditions and historical changes in an unharvested ponderosa pine stand on sedimentary soil
    • press
    • Schneider, E.E., A.J. Sanchez Meador, and W.W. Covington. 2016. Reference conditions and historical changes in an unharvested ponderosa pine stand on sedimentary soil. Restor. Ecol. In press. doi: 10.1111/rec.12296.
    • (2016) Restor. Ecol
    • Schneider, E.E.1    Sanchez Meador, A.J.2    Covington, W.W.3
  • 78
    • 3242669153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interaction of fire, fuels and climate across Rocky Mountain forests
    • Schoennagel, T., T.T. Veblen, and W.H. Romme. 2004. The interaction of fire, fuels and climate across Rocky Mountain forests. BioScience 54(7):661-676.
    • (2004) Bioscience , vol.54 , Issue.7 , pp. 661-676
    • Schoennagel, T.1    Veblen, T.T.2    Romme, W.H.3
  • 79
    • 29244460852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial distribution of regeneration patches in an old-growth Pinus jeffreyi-mixed-conifer forest in northwestern Mexico
    • Stephens, S.L., and D.L. Fry. 2005. Spatial distribution of regeneration patches in an old-growth Pinus jeffreyi-mixed-conifer forest in northwestern Mexico. J. Veg. Sci. 16(6):693-702.
    • (2005) J. Veg. Sci , vol.16 , Issue.6 , pp. 693-702
    • Stephens, S.L.1    Fry, D.L.2
  • 80
    • 0016689445 scopus 로고
    • A model for clustering
    • Strauss, D.J. 1975. A model for clustering. Biometrik 63:467-475.
    • (1975) Biometrik , vol.63 , pp. 467-475
    • Strauss, D.J.1
  • 83
    • 0002237844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical fire regime patterns in the Southwest since AD 1700
    • 1994 March 29—31, Los Alamos, NM, Allen, C.D. (ed.). USDA For. Serv., Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-286, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO
    • Swetnam, T.W., and C. H. Baisan. 1996. Historical fire regime patterns in the Southwest since AD 1700. P. 11-32 in Fire effects in southwestern forests: Proc. of the Second La Mesa Fire symposium; 1994 March 29—31, Los Alamos, NM, Allen, C.D. (ed.). USDA For. Serv., Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-286, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO. 216 p.
    • (1996) Fire Effects in Southwestern Forests: Proc. of the Second La Mesa Fire Symposium , pp. 11-32
    • Swetnam, T.W.1    Baisan, C.H.2
  • 84
    • 0032427248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesoscale disturbance and ecological response to decadal climatic variability in the American Southwest
    • Swetnam, T.W., and J.L. Betancourt. 1998. Mesoscale disturbance and ecological response to decadal climatic variability in the American Southwest. J. Climate 11:3128-3147.
    • (1998) J. Climate , vol.11 , pp. 3128-3147
    • Swetnam, T.W.1    Betancourt, J.L.2
  • 85
    • 0027332469 scopus 로고
    • Multicentury, regional-scale patterns of western spruce budworm outbreaks
    • Swetnam, T.M., and A.M. Lynch. 1993. Multicentury, regional-scale patterns of western spruce budworm outbreaks. Ecol. Monogr. 63:399-424.
    • (1993) Ecol. Monogr , vol.63 , pp. 399-424
    • Swetnam, T.M.1    Lynch, A.M.2
  • 86
    • 33646727521 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Small-scale fuel variation alters fire intensity and shrub abundance in a pine savanna
    • Thaxton, J.M., and W.J. Platt. 2006. Small-scale fuel variation alters fire intensity and shrub abundance in a pine savanna. Ecology 87(5):1331-1337.
    • (2006) Ecology , vol.87 , Issue.5 , pp. 1331-1337
    • Thaxton, J.M.1    Platt, W.J.2
  • 87
    • 0024897596 scopus 로고
    • Landscape ecology: The effect of pattern on process
    • Turner, M.G. 1989. Landscape ecology: The effect of pattern on process. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20:171-197.
    • (1989) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst , vol.20 , pp. 171-197
    • Turner, M.G.1
  • 88
    • 84927555688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological restoration and fine-scale structural regulation in southwestern ponderosa pine forests
    • Tuten, M.C., A.J. Sanchez Meador, and P.Z. Fule. 2015. Ecological restoration and fine-scale structural regulation in southwestern ponderosa pine forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 348:57-67.
    • (2015) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.348 , pp. 57-67
    • Tuten, M.C.1    Sanchez Meador, A.J.2    Fule, P.Z.3
  • 89
    • 84974783386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USDA Forest Service, last accessed Mar. 12, 2014
    • USDA Forest Service. 2014. Coconino National Forest GIS data. Available online at www.fs.usda.gov/detail/r3/landmanagement/gis/? cid=stelprdb5209303; last accessed Mar. 12, 2014.
    • (2014) Coconino National Forest GIS Data
  • 90
    • 85095440551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USDA Forest Service, last accessed Feb. 5, 2015
    • USDA Forest Service. 2015. Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). Available online at www.feis-crs.org/; last accessed Feb. 5, 2015.
    • (2015) Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)
  • 93
    • 78651261183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Post-1935 changes in forest vegetation of Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, USA: Part 2—Mixed conifer, spruce-fir, and quaking aspen forests
    • Vankat, J.L. 2011. Post-1935 changes in forest vegetation of Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, USA: Part 2—Mixed conifer, spruce-fir, and quaking aspen forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 261:326-341.
    • (2011) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.261 , pp. 326-341
    • Vankat, J.L.1
  • 94
    • 84974823738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Western Regional Climate Center, 5/1/1959 to 3/31/2005, last accessed Apr. 15, 2015
    • Western Regional Climate Center. 2005. Chevelon R S, Arizona: Period of record monthly climate summary. 5/1/1959 to 3/31/2005. Available online at www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?azchev; last accessed Apr. 15, 2015.
    • (2005) Chevelon R S, Arizona: Period of Record Monthly Climate Summary
  • 95
    • 84864748185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatially extensive reconstructions show variable-severity fire and heterogeneous structure in historical western United States dry forests
    • Williams, M.A., and W.L. Baker. 2012. Spatially extensive reconstructions show variable-severity fire and heterogeneous structure in historical western United States dry forests. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 21(10):1042-1052.
    • (2012) Global Ecol. Biogeogr , vol.21 , Issue.10 , pp. 1042-1052
    • Williams, M.A.1    Baker, W.L.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.