메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 79-90

108 years of change in spatial pattern following selective harvest of a Pinus ponderosa stand in northern Arizona

Author keywords

Clark and evans' R; Fort Valley Experimental Forest; Gap model; Moran's I; Neyman scott process; Recruitment pattern; Residual stand; Ripley's K; Woolsey permanent plots

Indexed keywords

CONIFEROUS FOREST; DENDROCHRONOLOGY; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; HARVESTING; HOMOGENEITY; PATCHINESS; RECONSTRUCTION; RECRUITMENT (POPULATION DYNAMICS); STAND STRUCTURE;

EID: 70249151017     PISSN: 11009233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.05464.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (61)

References (89)
  • 1
    • 28444445926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R Development Core Team R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, AT
    • Anon. (R Development Core Team) 2005. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, AT. http: //www.Rproject.org.
    • (2005) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.
  • 3
    • 0000190767 scopus 로고
    • A simple pith locator for use with off-center increment cores
    • Applequist, M.B. 1958. A simple pith locator for use with off-center increment cores, Journal of Forestry 56: 141.
    • (1958) Journal of Forestry , vol.56 , pp. 141
    • Applequist, M.B.1
  • 4
    • 0036158080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating ponderosa pine regeneration rates following ecological restoration treatments in northern Arizona, USA
    • Bailey, J.D. & Covington, W.W. 2002. Evaluating ponderosa pine regeneration rates following ecological restoration treatments in northern Arizona, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 155: 271-278.
    • (2002) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.155 , pp. 271-278
    • Bailey, J.D.1    Covington, W.W.2
  • 6
    • 38449117547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controls on vegetation structure in southwestern ponderosa pine forests, 1941 and 2004
    • doi: 10.1890/061775.1
    • Bakker, J.D. & Moore, M.M. 2007. Controls on vegetation structure in southwestern ponderosa pine forests, 1941 and 2004. Ecology 88: 2305-2319. doi: 10.1890/061775.1
    • (2007) Ecology , vol.88 , pp. 2305-2319
    • Bakker, J.D.1    Moore, M.M.2
  • 7
    • 70249146237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the representativeness of the oldest forest inventory plots in northern Arizona
    • In press.
    • Bell, D.M., Parysow, P. & Moore, M.M. In press. Assessing the representativeness of the oldest forest inventory plots in northern Arizona. Restoration Ecology
    • Restoration Ecology
    • Bell, D.M.1    Parysow, P.2    Moore, M.M.3
  • 8
    • 0030619518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of livestock grazing on stand dynamics and soils in upland forests of the Interior West
    • doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.95405.x
    • Belsky, A.J. & Blumenthal, D.M. 1997. Effects of livestock grazing on stand dynamics and soils in upland forests of the Interior West. Conservation Biology 11: 315-327. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.95405.x
    • (1997) Conservation Biology , vol.11 , pp. 315-327
    • Belsky, A.J.1    Blumenthal, D.M.2
  • 9
    • 0001222906 scopus 로고
    • Contributions to the discussion of Dr. Ripley's paper
    • Besag, L. 1977. Contributions to the discussion of Dr. Ripley's paper. Journal of the Royal Statistic Society B. 39: 193-195.
    • (1977) Journal of the Royal Statistic Society B , vol.39 , pp. 193-195
    • Besag, L.1
  • 10
    • 0028163383 scopus 로고
    • Geostatistically modeling stem size and increment in an old-growth forest
    • Biondi, F., Myers, D.E. & Avery, C.C. 1994. Geostatistically modeling stem size and increment in an old-growth forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24: 1354-1368.
    • (1994) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.24 , pp. 1354-1368
    • Biondi, F.1    Myers, D.E.2    Avery, C.C.3
  • 11
    • 0033786036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implementing functions for spatial statistical analysis using the R language
    • doi:10.1007/PL00011460
    • Bivand, R.S. & Gebhardt, A. 2000. Implementing functions for spatial statistical analysis using the R language. Journal of Geographical Systems 2: 307-317. doi:10.1007/PL00011460
    • (2000) Journal of Geographical Systems , vol.2 , pp. 307-317
    • Bivand, R.S.1    Gebhardt, A.2
  • 13
    • 27144551366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal patterns in structure, regeneration, and mortality of an old-growth ponderosa pine forest in the Colorado Front Range
    • doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.08.041
    • Boyden, S., Binkley, D. & Shepperd, W. 2005. Spatial and temporal patterns in structure, regeneration, and mortality of an old-growth ponderosa pine forest in the Colorado Front Range. Forest Ecology and Management 219: 43-55. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.08.041
    • (2005) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.219 , pp. 43-55
    • Boyden, S.1    Binkley, D.2    Shepperd, W.3
  • 14
    • 27944474720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate and disturbance forcing of episodic tree recruitment in a southwestern ponderosa pine landscape
    • doi:10.1890/05-0034
    • Brown, P.M. & Wu, R. 2005. Climate and disturbance forcing of episodic tree recruitment in a southwestern ponderosa pine landscape. Ecology 86: 3030-3038. doi:10.1890/05-0034
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 3030-3038
    • Brown, P.M.1    Wu, R.2
  • 15
    • 0000153536 scopus 로고
    • Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations
    • Clark, P.J. & Evans, F.C. 1954. Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations. Ecology 35: 445-453.
    • (1954) Ecology , vol.35 , pp. 445-453
    • Clark, P.J.1    Evans, F.C.2
  • 16
    • 0001291485 scopus 로고
    • Changes in vegetation, structure, and growth of southwestern pine forests since white settlement
    • Cooper, C.F. 1960. Changes in vegetation, structure, and growth of southwestern pine forests since white settlement. Ecological Monographs 30: 129-164.
    • (1960) Ecological Monographs , vol.30 , pp. 129-164
    • Cooper, C.F.1
  • 17
    • 0000765967 scopus 로고
    • Pattern in ponderosa pine forests
    • Cooper, C.F. 1961. Pattern in ponderosa pine forests. Ecology 42: 493-499.
    • (1961) Ecology , vol.42 , pp. 493-499
    • Cooper, C.F.1
  • 19
    • 0002705143 scopus 로고
    • Southwestern ponderosa pine forest structure: Changes since EuroAmerican settlement
    • Covington, W.W. & Moore, M.M. 1994. Southwestern ponderosa pine forest structure: changes since EuroAmerican settlement. Journal of Forestry 92: 39-47.
    • (1994) Journal of Forestry , vol.92 , pp. 39-47
    • Covington, W.W.1    Moore, M.M.2
  • 26
    • 0037232914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of landuse legacies to Ecology and conservation
    • doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0077:TIOLUL]2.0.CO;2
    • Foster, D., Swanson, F., Aber, J., Burke, I., Brokaw, N., Tilman, D. & Knapp, A. 2003. The importance of landuse legacies to ecology and conservation. BioScience 53: 77-88. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0077:TIOLUL] 2.0.CO;2
    • (2003) BioScience , vol.53 , pp. 77-88
    • Foster, D.1    Swanson, F.2    Aber, J.3    Burke, I.4    Brokaw, N.5    Tilman, D.6    Knapp, A.7
  • 27
    • 0030613978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determining reference conditions for ecosystem management of southwestern ponderosa pine forests
    • doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0895:DRCFEM]2.0.CO;2
    • Fulé, P.Z., Covington, W.W. & Moore, M.M. 1997. Determining reference conditions for ecosystem management of southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Ecological Applications 7: 895-908. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1997) 007[0895:DRCFEM]2.0.CO;2
    • (1997) Ecological Applications , vol.7 , pp. 895-908
    • Fulé, P.Z.1    Covington, W.W.2    Moore, M.M.3
  • 30
    • 0242371795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 12-function: Population independence vs. random labelling hypotheses
    • doi:10.1658/1100-9233(2003)014[0681:AMOBIW]2.0.CO;2
    • 12-function: population independence vs. random labelling hypotheses. Journal of Vegetation Science 14: 681-692. doi:10.1658/1100-9233(2003)014[0681:AMOBIW]2.0.CO;2
    • (2003) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.14 , pp. 681-692
    • Goreaud, F.1    Pélissier, R.2
  • 33
    • 0033593844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical stand reconstruction in ponderosa pine forests to guide silvicultural prescriptions
    • doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00373-9
    • Harrod, R.J., McRae, B.H. & Hartl, W.E. 1999. Historical stand reconstruction in ponderosa pine forests to guide silvicultural prescriptions. Forest Ecology and Management 114: 433-446. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00373-9
    • (1999) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.114 , pp. 433-446
    • Harrod, R.J.1    McRae, B.H.2    Hartl, W.E.3
  • 34
    • 0026499255 scopus 로고
    • Decomposition and nutrient dynamics in ponderosa pine needles in a Mediterranean-type climate
    • doi: 10.1139/x92-040
    • Hart, S.C., Paul, E.A. & Firestone, M.K. 1992. Decomposition and nutrient dynamics in ponderosa pine needles in a Mediterranean-type climate. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22: 306-314. doi: 10.1139/x92-040
    • (1992) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.22 , pp. 306-314
    • Hart, S.C.1    Paul, E.A.2    Firestone, M.K.3
  • 35
    • 0002349435 scopus 로고
    • Establishing natural regeneration of ponderosa pine in central Arizona
    • Heidmann, L.J., Johnson, Jr., T.N., Cole, Q.W. & Cullum, G. 1982. Establishing natural regeneration of ponderosa pine in central Arizona. Journal of Forestry 80: 77-79.
    • (1982) Journal of Forestry , vol.80 , pp. 77-79
    • Heidmann, L.J.1    Johnson Jr, T.N.2    Cole, Q.W.3    Cullum, G.4
  • 37
    • 0346503330 scopus 로고
    • Comparative study of decomposition rates of organic matter in temperate and tropical regions
    • doi:10.1097/00010694-194912000-00001
    • Jenny, H., Gessel, S.P. & Bingham, F.T. 1949. Comparative study of decomposition rates of organic matter in temperate and tropical regions. Soil Science 68: 419-432. doi:10.1097/00010694-194912000-00001
    • (1949) Soil Science , vol.68 , pp. 419-432
    • Jenny, H.1    Gessel, S.P.2    Bingham, F.T.3
  • 38
    • 0013653594 scopus 로고
    • The effect of grazing intensity on plant composition, vigor, and growth of pine-bunchgrass ranges in Central Colorado
    • doi: 10.2307/1933070
    • Johnson, W.M. 1956. The effect of grazing intensity on plant composition, vigor, and growth of pine-bunchgrass ranges in Central Colorado. Ecology 37: 790-798. doi: 10.2307/1933070
    • (1956) Ecology , vol.37 , pp. 790-798
    • Johnson, W.M.1
  • 39
    • 0003985513 scopus 로고
    • University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, US
    • Kearney, T.H. & Peebles, R.H. 1951. Arizona Flora. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, US.
    • (1951) Arizona Flora
    • Kearney, T.H.1    Peebles, R.H.2
  • 40
    • 0346269084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil properties associated with vegetation patches in a Pinus ponderosa-bunchgrass mosaic
    • Kerns, B.K., Moore, M.M., Timpson, M.E. & Hart, S.C. 2003. Soil properties associated with vegetation patches in a Pinus ponderosa-bunchgrass mosaic. Western North American Naturalist 63: 452-462.
    • (2003) Western North American Naturalist , vol.63 , pp. 452-462
    • Kerns, B.K.1    Moore, M.M.2    Timpson, M.E.3    Hart, S.C.4
  • 41
    • 0030434587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pinus ponderosa seedling establishment and the influence of competition with the bunchgrass Agropyron Spicatum
    • doi: 10.1086/297369
    • Kolb, P.F. & Robberecht, R. 1996. Pinus ponderosa seedling establishment and the influence of competition with the bunchgrass Agropyron spicatum. International Journal of Plant Science 157: 509-515. doi: 10.1086/297369
    • (1996) International Journal of Plant Science , vol.157 , pp. 509-515
    • Kolb, P.F.1    Robberecht, R.2
  • 42
    • 33749162138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing targets for the restoration of herbaceous vegetation in ponderosa pine forests
    • doi: 10.1111/J.1526-100X.2006.00166.x
    • Laughlin, D.C., Moore, M.M., Bakker, J.D., Casey, C.A., Springer, J.D., Fulé, P.Z. & Covington, W.W. 2006. Assessing targets for the restoration of herbaceous vegetation in ponderosa pine forests. Restoration Ecology 14: 548-560. doi: 10.1111/J.1526-100X.2006.00166.x
    • (2006) Restoration Ecology , vol.14 , pp. 548-560
    • Laughlin, D.C.1    Moore, M.M.2    Bakker, J.D.3    Casey, C.A.4    Springer, J.D.5    Fulé, P.Z.6    Covington, W.W.7
  • 43
    • 0027881344 scopus 로고
    • Spatial autocorrelation: Trouble or a new paradigm?
    • doi: 10.2307/1939924
    • Legendre, P. 1993. Spatial autocorrelation: trouble or a new paradigm? Ecology 74: 1659-1673. doi: 10.2307/1939924
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 1659-1673
    • Legendre, P.1
  • 45
    • 0027101175 scopus 로고
    • The problem of pattern and scale in cology
    • doi: 10.2307/1941447
    • Levin, S.A. 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in Ecology. Ecology 73: 1943-1967. doi: 10.2307/1941447
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 1943-1967
    • Levin, S.A.1
  • 47
    • 0020923619 scopus 로고
    • Livestock grazing fire regime interactions within montane forests of ZionNational-Park, Utah
    • Madany, M.H. & West, N.E. 1983. Livestock grazing fire regime interactions within montane forests of ZionNational-Park, Utah. Ecology 64: 661-667. doi:10.2307/1937186
    • (1983) Ecology , vol.64 , pp. 661-667
    • Madany, M.H.1    West, N.E.2
  • 48
    • 0033045908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree spatial patterns and stand development along the pine-grassland ecotone in the Colorado Front Range
    • doi:10.1139/cjfr-29-5-575
    • Mast, J.N. & Veblen, T.T. 1999. Tree spatial patterns and stand development along the pine-grassland ecotone in the Colorado Front Range. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29: 575-584. doi:10.1139/cjfr-29-5-575
    • (1999) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.29 , pp. 575-584
    • Mast, J.N.1    Veblen, T.T.2
  • 49
    • 0033081819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restoration of presettlement age structure of an Arizona ponderosa pine forest
    • doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0228:ROPASO]2.0.CO;2
    • Mast, J.N., Fulé, P.Z., Moore, M.M., Covington, W.W. & Waltz, A.E.M. 1999. Restoration of presettlement age structure of an Arizona ponderosa pine forest. Ecological Applications 9: 228-239. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(1999) 009[0228:ROPASO]2.0.CO;2
    • (1999) Ecological Applications , vol.9 , pp. 228-239
    • Mast, J.N.1    Fulé, P.Z.2    Moore, M.M.3    Covington, W.W.4    Waltz, A.E.M.5
  • 50
    • 0036260730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental correlates of oak decline and red maple increase in the North Carolina Piedmont
    • doi:10.1658/1100-9233(2003)014[0441:SPOQRL]2.0.CO;2
    • McDonald, R.L, Peet, R.K. & Urban, D.L. 2002. Environmental correlates of oak decline and red maple increase in the North Carolina Piedmont. Castanea 67: 84-95. doi:10.1658/1100-9233(2003)014[0441:SPOQRL]2.0.CO;2
    • (2002) Castanea , vol.67 , pp. 84-95
    • McDonald, R.L.1    Peet, R.K.2    Urban, D.L.3
  • 51
    • 0042284581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial pattern of Quercus regeneration limitation and Acer rubrum invasion in a Piedmont forest
    • McDonald, R.I., Peet, R.K. & Urban, D.L. 2003. Spatial pattern of Quercus regeneration limitation and Acer rubrum invasion in a Piedmont forest. Journal of Vegetation Science 14: 441-450.
    • (2003) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.14 , pp. 441-450
    • McDonald, R.I.1    Peet, R.K.2    Urban, D.L.3
  • 53
    • 0035688115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Butterfly response to microclimate conditions following ponderosa pine restoration
    • doi:10.1046/j.1526-100X.2001.94014.x
    • Meyer, C.L. & Sisk.T.D. 2001. Butterfly response to microclimate conditions following ponderosa pine restoration. Restoration Ecology 9: 453-461. doi:10.1046/j.1526-100X.2001.94014.x
    • (2001) Restoration Ecology , vol.9 , pp. 453-461
    • Meyer, C.L.1    Sisk, T.D.2
  • 55
    • 2642577694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of historical and contemporary forest structure and composition on permanent plots in southwestern ponderosa pine forests
    • Moore, M.M., Huffman, D.W., Fule, P.Z., Covington, W.W. & Crouse, J.E. 2004. Comparison of historical and contemporary forest structure and composition on permanent plots in southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Forest Science 50: 162-176.
    • (2004) Forest Science , vol.50 , pp. 162-176
    • Moore, M.M.1    Huffman, D.W.2    Fule, P.Z.3    Covington, W.W.4    Crouse, J.E.5
  • 56
    • 76549254593 scopus 로고
    • Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena
    • Moran, P.A.P. 1950. Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena. Biometrika 37: 17-37.
    • (1950) Biometrika , vol.37 , pp. 17-37
    • Moran, P.A.P.1
  • 57
    • 0002960942 scopus 로고
    • On a new class of 'contagious' distributions, applicable in entomology and bacteriology
    • Neyman, J. 1939. On a new class of 'contagious' distributions, applicable in entomology and bacteriology. Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 10: 35-37.
    • (1939) Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics , vol.10 , pp. 35-37
    • Neyman, J.1
  • 60
    • 0042804401 scopus 로고
    • Managing southwestern ponderosa pine for the Abert squirrel
    • Patton, D.R. 1977. Managing southwestern ponderosa pine for the Abert squirrel. Journal of Forestry 75: 264-267.
    • (1977) Journal of Forestry , vol.75 , pp. 264-267
    • Patton, D.R.1
  • 61
    • 0346805444 scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin 1105. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, US
    • Pearson, G.A. 1923. Natural reproduction of western yellow pine in the Southwest. U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin 1105. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, US.
    • (1923) Natural Reproduction of Western Yellow Pine in the Southwest.
    • Pearson, G.A.1
  • 62
    • 2642563677 scopus 로고
    • A twenty-year record of changes in an Arizona pine forest
    • doi: 10.2307/1932798
    • Pearson, G.A. 1933. A twenty-year record of changes in an Arizona pine forest. Ecology 4: 272-285. doi: 10.2307/1932798
    • (1933) Ecology , vol.4 , pp. 272-285
    • Pearson, G.A.1
  • 63
    • 0000875425 scopus 로고
    • Herbaceous vegetation a factor in natural regeneration of ponderosa pine in the Southwest
    • Pearson, G.A. 1942. Herbaceous vegetation a factor in natural regeneration of ponderosa pine in the Southwest. Ecological Monographs 12: 316-338. doi: 10.2307/1943545
    • (1942) Ecological Monographs , vol.12 , pp. 316-338
    • Pearson, G.A.1
  • 64
    • 0003680789 scopus 로고
    • Agriculture Monograph 6. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, US
    • Pearson, G.A. 1950. Management of ponderosa pine in the Southwest. Agriculture Monograph 6. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, US.
    • (1950) Management of Ponderosa Pine in the Southwest
    • Pearson, G.A.1
  • 66
    • 0002062430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GeoR: A package for geostatistical analysis
    • Ribeiro, P.J., Jr. & Diggle, P.J. 2001. geoR: A package for geostatistical analysis. R-News 1: 15-18.
    • (2001) R-News , vol.1 , pp. 15-18
    • Ribeiro Jr., P.J.1    Diggle, P.J.2
  • 67
    • 0000313850 scopus 로고
    • The second-order analysis of stationary point processes
    • doi: 10.2307/3212829
    • Ripley, B.D. 1976. The second-order analysis of stationary point processes. Journal of Applied Probability 13:255-266. doi: 10.2307/3212829
    • (1976) Journal of Applied Probability , vol.13 , pp. 255-266
    • Ripley, B.D.1
  • 70
    • 0026540034 scopus 로고
    • Geostatistical tools for modeling and interpreting ecological spatial dependence
    • doi: 10.2307/2937096
    • Rossi, R.E., Mulla, D.J., Journel, A.G. & Franz, E.H. 1992. Geostatistical tools for modeling and interpreting ecological spatial dependence. Ecological Monographs 62: 277-314. doi: 10.2307/2937096
    • (1992) Ecological Monographs , vol.62 , pp. 277-314
    • Rossi, R.E.1    Mulla, D.J.2    Journel, A.G.3    Franz, E.H.4
  • 71
    • 0027334806 scopus 로고
    • Splancs: Spatial point pattern analysis code in S-plus
    • doi:10.1016/0098-3004(93)90099-Q
    • Rowlingson, B.S. & Diggle, P.J. 1993. Splancs: spatial point pattern analysis code in S-plus. Computational Geosciences 19: 627-655. doi:10.1016/0098-3004(93)90099-Q
    • (1993) Computational Geosciences , vol.19 , pp. 627-655
    • Rowlingson, B.S.1    Diggle, P.J.2
  • 74
    • 0026290151 scopus 로고
    • Structural dynamics of a southwestern pine forest under chronic human influence
    • doi:10.1111/j.l467-8306.1991.tb01690.x
    • Savage, M. 1991. Structural dynamics of a southwestern pine forest under chronic human influence. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 81: 271-289. doi:10.1111/j.l467-8306.1991.tb01690.x
    • (1991) Annals of the Association of American Geographers , vol.81 , pp. 271-289
    • Savage, M.1
  • 75
    • 0001607480 scopus 로고
    • Early 19th century fire decline following sheep pasturing in a Navajo ponderosa pine forest
    • Savage, M. & Swetnam, T.W. 1990. Early 19th century fire decline following sheep pasturing in a Navajo ponderosa pine forest. Ecology 71: 2374-2378.
    • (1990) Ecology , vol.71 , pp. 2374-2378
    • Savage, M.1    Swetnam, T.W.2
  • 76
    • 0030433913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of climate in a pine forest regeneration pulse in the south-western United States
    • Savage, M., Brown, P.M. & Feddema, J. 1996. The role of climate in a pine forest regeneration pulse in the south-western United States. EcoScience 3: 310-318.
    • (1996) EcoScience , vol.3 , pp. 310-318
    • Savage, M.1    Brown, P.M.2    Feddema, J.3
  • 77
    • 0003995919 scopus 로고
    • Research Paper RM-123. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, US
    • Schubert, G.H. 1974. Silviculture of southwestern ponderosa pine: The-status-of-our-knowledge. Research Paper RM-123. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, US.
    • (1974) Silviculture of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine: The-status-of-our-knowledge.
    • Schubert, G.H.1
  • 78
    • 29244460852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial distribution of regeneration patches in an old-growth Pinus jeffreyimixed conifer forest in northwestern Mexico
    • doi: 10.1658/1100-9233(2005)016[0693:SDORPI]2.0.CO;2
    • Stephens, S.L. & Fry, D. R. 2005. Spatial distribution of regeneration patches in an old-growth Pinus jeffreyimixed conifer forest in northwestern Mexico. Journal of Vegetation Science 16: 693-702. doi: 10.1658/1100-9233(2005)016[0693:SDORPI]2.0.CO;2
    • (2005) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.16 , pp. 693-702
    • Stephens, S.L.1    Fry, D.R.2
  • 80
    • 0002084107 scopus 로고
    • Fire history of ponderosa pine forests in the Gila Wilderness, New Mexico
    • Lotan, J.E., Kilgore, B.M., Fischer, W.C. & Mutch, R.W. (technical coordinators) Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT, US
    • Swetnam, T. W. & Dieterich, J.H. 1985. Fire history of ponderosa pine forests in the Gila Wilderness, New Mexico. In: Lotan, J.E., Kilgore, B.M., Fischer, W.C. & Mutch, R.W. (technical coordinators) Proceedings Symposium and Workshop on Wilderness Fire, Forest Service General Technical Report. INT-182, pp. 390-397. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT, US.
    • (1985) Proceedings Symposium and Workshop on Wilderness Fire, Forest Service General Technical Report. INT-182 , pp. 390-397
    • Swetnam, T.W.1    Dieterich, J.H.2
  • 81
    • 11144278295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying forest reference conditions on early cut-over lands, Lake Tahoe Basin, USA
    • doi: 10.1890/02-5257
    • Taylor, A.H. 2004. Identifying forest reference conditions on early cut-over lands, Lake Tahoe Basin, USA. Ecological Applications 14: 1903-1920. doi: 10.1890/02-5257
    • (2004) Ecological Applications , vol.14 , pp. 1903-1920
    • Taylor, A.H.1
  • 83
    • 2142835940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological restoration treatments increase butterfly richness and abundance: Mechanisms of response
    • doi:10.1111/j.1061-2971.2004.00262.x
    • Waltz, A.E.M. & Covington, W.W. 2003. Ecological restoration treatments increase butterfly richness and abundance: mechanisms of response. Restoration Ecology 12: 85-96. doi:10.1111/j.1061-2971.2004.00262.x
    • (2003) Restoration Ecology , vol.12 , pp. 85-96
    • Waltz, A.E.M.1    Covington, W.W.2
  • 84
    • 0348011426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity in ponderosa pine forest structure following ecological restoration treatments
    • Waltz, A.E.M., Fulé, P.Z., Covington, W.W. & Moore, M.M. 2003. Diversity in ponderosa pine forest structure following ecological restoration treatments. Forest Science 49: 885-900.
    • (2003) Forest Science , vol.49 , pp. 885-900
    • Waltz, A.E.M.1    Fulé, P.Z.2    Covington, W.W.3    Moore, M.M.4
  • 85
    • 0001914344 scopus 로고
    • Pattern and process in the plant community
    • doi: 10.2307/2256497
    • Watt, A.S. 1947. Pattern and process in the plant community. Journal of Ecology 35: 1-22. doi: 10.2307/2256497
    • (1947) Journal of Ecology , vol.35 , pp. 1-22
    • Watt, A.S.1
  • 86
    • 0000345297 scopus 로고
    • Presettlement regeneration patterns in a southwestern ponderosa pine stand
    • doi: 10.2307/1940407
    • White, A.S. 1985. Presettlement regeneration patterns in a southwestern ponderosa pine stand. Ecology 66: 589-594. doi: 10.2307/1940407
    • (1985) Ecology , vol.66 , pp. 589-594
    • White, A.S.1
  • 87
    • 0003371164 scopus 로고
    • Western yellow pine in Arizona and New Mexico
    • United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, US
    • Woolsey, T.S., Jr. 1911. Western yellow pine in Arizona and New Mexico. USDA Forest Service Bulletin 101. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, US.
    • (1911) USDA Forest Service Bulletin 101
    • Woolsey Jr., T.S.1
  • 88
    • 0345650455 scopus 로고
    • Permanent sample plots
    • Woolsey, T.S., Jr. 1912. Permanent sample plots. Forest Quarterly 10: 38-44.
    • (1912) Forest Quarterly , vol.10 , pp. 38-44
    • Woolsey Jr., T.S.1
  • 89
    • 4444232102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stand structure in eastside old-growth ponderosa pine forests of Oregon and northern California
    • Youngblood, A., Max, T. & Coe, K. 2004. Stand structure in eastside old-growth ponderosa pine forests of Oregon and northern California. Forest Ecology and Management 199: 191-217.
    • (2004) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.199 , pp. 191-217
    • Youngblood, A.1    Max, T.2    Coe, K.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.