Effects of a community-based salt reduction program in a regional Australian population

BMC Public Health

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2016, Pages

  Land, Mary Anne ^a,b   Wu, Jason H Y ^a,b   Selwyn, Adriana ^a,b   Crino, Michelle ^a,b   Woodward, Mark ^a,b,c,d,e   Chalmers, John ^a,b   Webster, Jacqui ^a,b   Nowson, Caryl ^f   Jeffery, Paul ^g   Smith, Wayne ^b   Flood, Victoria ^b,h   Neal, Bruce ^a,b,e  

^a GEORGE INSTITUTE FOR GLOBAL HEALTH   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^e ROYAL PRINCE ALFRED HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^f DEAKIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^g New South Wales Health ^*  (Australia)

^h ST VINCENT S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

Author keywords

24 hour urine; Cardiovascular disease prevention; Salt; Sodium

Indexed keywords

SALT INTAKE;

ADULT; AGED; AUSTRALIA; COMMUNITY CARE; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; FOOD PACKAGING; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROCEDURES; SALT INTAKE; SODIUM RESTRICTION; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; URINE; VERY ELDERLY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AUSTRALIA; COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES; DIET, SODIUM-RESTRICTED; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; FOOD LABELING; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; SODIUM CHLORIDE, DIETARY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84969242709     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712458     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3064-3     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, Obarzanek E, Conlin PR, Miller ER, 3rd, Simons-Morton DG et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(1):3-10.
2. He FJ, Li J, Macgregor GA. Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2013;346:f1325.
3. World Health Organization. Formal Meeting of Member States to Conclude the Work on the Comprehensive Global Monitoring Framework, Including Indicators, and a set of Voluntary Global Targets for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.
4. Aburto NJ, Ziolkovska A, Hooper L, Elliott P, Cappuccio FP, Meerpohl JJ. Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 2013;346:f1326.
5. Cook NR, Cutler JA, Obarzanek E, Buring JE, Rexrode KM, Kumanyika SK, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP). BMJ. 2007;334(7599):885-8.
6. He FJ, Li J, Macgregor GA. Effect of longer-term modest salt reduction on blood pressure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;4:CD004937.
7. What is Cardiovascular disease? [ http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/chronic-cardio ].
8. Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Salt intake and health in the Australian population. Med J Aust. 2008;189(9):526.
9. Brown IJ, Tzoulaki I, Candeias V, Elliott P. Salt intakes around the world: implications for public health. Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38(3):791-813.
10. He FJ, Brinsden HC, Macgregor GA. Salt reduction in the United Kingdom: a successful experiment in public health. J Hum Hypertens. 2014;28(6):345-52.
11. Tuomilehto J, Puska P, Nissinen A, Salonen J, Tanskanen A, Pietinen P, Wolf E. Community-based prevention of hypertension in North Karelia, Finland. Ann Clin Res. 1984;16 Suppl 43:18-27.
12. Food and Health Dialogue Website [ http://www.foodhealthdialogue.gov.au/internet/foodandhealth/publishing.nsf ].
13. Ireland DM, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. Achieving the salt intake target of 6 g/day in the current food supply in free-living adults using two dietary education strategies. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010;110(5):763-7.
14. Cobiac LJ, Vos T, Veerman JL. Cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce dietary salt intake. Heart. 2010;96(23):1920-5.
15. Merzel C, D'Afflitti J. Reconsidering community-based health promotion: promise, performance, and potential. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(4):557-74.
16. Yokota K, Harada M, Wakabayashi Y, Inagawa M, Oshima M, Toriumi S, Hirose K, Shiina Y, Yamagishi K, Renshe C et al. Evaluation of a community-based health education program for salt reduction through media campaigns. [Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi] Japanese J Public Health. 2006;53(8):543-53.
17. Forte JG, Miguel JM, Miguel MJ, de Padua F, Rose G. Salt and blood pressure: a community trial. J Hum Hypertens. 1989;3(3):179-84.
18. Johnston YA, McFadden M, Lamphere M, Buch K, Stark B, Salton JL. Working with grocers to reduce dietary sodium: lessons learned from the Broome County Sodium Reduction in Communities pilot project. J Public Health Manage Practice. 2014;20(1 Suppl 1):S54-8.
19. Land MA, Jeffery P, Webster J, Crino M, Chalmers J, Woodward M, Nowson C, Smith W, Flood V, Neal B. Protocol for the implementation and evaluation of a community-based intervention seeking to reduce dietary salt intake in Lithgow, Australia. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):357.
20. Campbell NR, Appel LJ, Cappuccio FP, Correa-Rotter R, Hankey GJ, Lackland DT, MacGregor G, Neal B, Niebylski ML, Webster J et al. A call for quality research on salt intake and health: from the World Hypertension League and supporting organizations. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2014;16(7):469-71.
21. Campbell N, Lackland D, Chockalingam A, Lisheng L, Schiffrin EL, Harrap S, Touyz RM, Burrell L, Ramirez A, Schmieder R et al. The World Hypertension League and International Society of Hypertension call on governments, nongovernmental organizations, and the food industry to work to reduce dietary sodium. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2014;16(2):99-100.
22. Des Jarlais DC, Lyles C, Crepaz N, Group T. Improving the reporting quality of nonrandomized evaluations of behavioral and public health interventions: the TREND statement. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(3):361-6.
23. Hosein E, Parks W, Schiavo R. Communication for behavioral impact: an integrated model for health and social change. In: Emerging Theories in Health Promotion Practice and Research. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2009.
24. Dunford E, Trevena H, Goodsell C, Webster J, Millis A, Goldstein S, Hugueniot O, Neal B. FoodSwitch: A Mobile Phone App to Enable Consumers to Make Healthier Food Choices and Crowdsourcing of National Food Composition Data. JMIR MHealth UHealth. 2014;2(3):e37.
25. Nu-Tek Salt Australasia and Salt for Life [ https://nuteksalt.com/ ]
26. WHO/PAHO Regional Expert Group for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention through Population wide Dietary Salt Reduction: Protocol for population level sodium determination in 24 hour urine samples. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2010.
27. Perloff D, Grim C, Flack J, Frohlich ED, Hill M, McDonald M, Morgenstern BZ. Human blood pressure determination by sphygmomanometry. Circulation. 1993;88(5 Pt 1):2460-70.
28. Staessen J, Bulpitt C, Fagard R, Joossens JV, Lijnen P, Amery A. Four urinary cations and blood pressure. A population study in two Belgian towns. Am J Epidemiol. 1983;117(6):676-87.
29. Charlton KE, Steyn K, Levitt NS, Zulu JV, Jonathan D, Veldman FJ, Nel JH. Diet and blood pressure in South Africa: Intake of foods containing sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in three ethnic groups. Nutrition. 2005;21(1):39-50.
30. Huggins CE, O'Reilly S, Brinkman M, Hodge A, Giles GG, English DR, Nowson CA. Relationship of urinary sodium and sodium-to-potassium ratio to blood pressure in older adults in Australia. Med J Aust. 2011;195(3):128-32.
31. Land MA, Webster J, Christoforou A, Praveen D, Jeffery P, Chalmers J, Smith W, Woodward M, Barzi F, Nowson C et al. Salt intake assessed by 24 h urinary sodium excretion in a random and opportunistic sample in Australia. BMJ Open. 2014;4(1):e003720.
32. Land MA, Webster J, Christoforou A, Johnson C, Trevena H, Hodgins F, Chalmers J, Woodward M, Barzi F, Smith W et al. The association of knowledge, attitudes and behaviours related to salt with 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. Int J Behav Nutrition Physical Activity. 2014;11(1):47.
33. Zou G. A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(7):702-6.
34. Yelland LN, Salter AB, Ryan P. Performance of the modified Poisson regression approach for estimating relative risks from clustered prospective data. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;174(8):984-92.
35. Lackland DT, Roccella EJ, Deutsch AF, Fornage M, George MG, Howard G, Kissela BM, Kittner SJ, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD et al. Factors influencing the decline in stroke mortality: a statement from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke J Cerebral Circulation. 2014;45(1):315-53.
36. Weber MA, Schiffrin EL, White WB, Mann S, Lindholm LH, Kenerson JG, Flack JM, Carter BL, Materson BJ, Ram CV et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community a statement by the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2014;32(1):3-15.
37. Mozaffarian D, Fahimi S, Singh GM, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Engell RE, Lim S, Danaei G, Ezzati M, Powles J et al. Global sodium consumption and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(7):624-34.
38. World Health Organization. Communication for Behavioural Impact (COMBI) - A toolkit for behavioural and social communication in outbreak response. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.
39. Cialdini R. Influence Science and Practice. New York, NY: Pearsons Education, Inc, 2009.
40. Anderson C, Cobb LK, Miller ER, Woodward M, Chang A, Mongraw-Chaffin M, Appel LJ. Effects of a Behavioral Intervention that Emphasizes Spices and Herbs on Adherence to Recommended Sodium Intake. Circulation. 2014;129(12):AMP37.
41. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Household Expenditure Survey, Australia: summary of results, 2009-10. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics; 2011. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/6530.0 (accessed April 2015).
42. Garcia J, Dunford EK, Sundstrom J, Neal BC. Changes in the sodium content of leading Australian fast-food products between 2009 and 2012. Med J Aust. 2014;200(6):340-4.
43. Trevena H, Neal B, Dunford E, Wu JH. An evaluation of the effects of the Australian Food and Health Dialogue targets on the sodium content of bread, breakfast cereals and processed meats. Nutrients. 2014;6(9):3802-17.
44. Nowson C, Lim K, Grimes C, OHalloran S, Land M, Webster J, Shaw J, Chalmers J, Smith W, Flood V et al. Dietary Salt Intake and Discretionary Salt Use in Two General Population Samples in Australia: 2011 and 2014. Nutrients. 2015;7(12):10501-12.
45. Beard TC, Woodward DR, Ball PJ, Hornsby H, von Witt RJ, Dwyer T. The Hobart Salt Study 1995: few meet national sodium intake target. Med J Aust. 1997;166(8):404-7.
46. Cumming RG, Mitchell P, Smith W. Dietary sodium intake and cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2000;151(6):624-6.
47. Nowson CA, Morgan TO, Gibbons C. Decreasing dietary sodium while following a self-selected potassium-rich diet reduces blood pressure. J Nutr. 2003;133(12):4118-23.
48. Charlton K, Yeatman H, Houweling F, Guenon S. Urinary sodium excretion, dietary sources of sodium intake and knowledge and practices around salt use in a group of healthy Australian women. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2010;34(4):356-63.
49. Webster JL, Li N, Dunford EK, Nowson CA, Neal BC. Consumer awareness and self-reported behaviours related to salt consumption in Australia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2010;19(4):550-4.
50. Grimes CA, Riddell LJ, Nowson CA. Consumer knowledge and attitudes to salt intake and labelled salt information. Appetite. 2009;53(2):189-94.
51. Graudal NA, Hubeck-Graudal T, Jurgens G. Effects of low-sodium diet vs. high-sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterol, and triglyceride (Cochrane Review). Am J Hypertens. 2012;25(1):1-15.