Nobel prizes and life sciences

Nobel Prizes and Life Sciences

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-318

  Norrby, Erling ^a  

^a ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84967642853     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1142/7677     Document Type: Book

References (337)

1. Espmark, K. (1991) The Nobel Prize in Literature-A Study of the Criteria behind the Choices. G. K. Hall & Co., Boston, MA.
2. Holl, K. and Kjelling A. C. (1994) The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates-The Meaning and Acceptance of the Nobel Peace Prize in the Prize Winners' Countries.Peter Lang GmbH, Europäischer Verlag der Wissenschaften, Frankfurt am Main.
3. Stenersen, O., Libaek, I. and Sveen, A. (2001) The Nobel Peace Prize. One Hundred Years for Peace. J. W. Cappelens Forlag AS, Oslo.
4. Schück, H. and Sohlman, R. (1983) The Legacy of Alfred Nobel. The Bodley Head, London.
5. Odelberg, W., coordinating editor (1972) Nobel, the Man and His Prizes. Elsevier, New York.
6. Fant, K. (1993) Alfred Bernhard Nobel. Arcade Publishing, New York.
7. Tolf, R. W. (1976) The Russian Rockefellers. The Saga of the Nobel Family and the Russian Oil Industry. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford, CA.
8. Crawford, E. (1984) The Beginnings of the Nobel Institution. The Science Prizes, 1901-1915. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
9. Ljunggren, B. and Bruyn, G. W. (2002) The Nobel Prize in Medicine and the Karolinska Institute. The Story of Axel Key and Alfred Nobel. Karger AG.
10. Jangfeldt, B. (1998) Svenska vägar till S:t Petersburg (in Swedish). Wahlström & Widstrand, Stockholm.
11. Crawford, E. (1992) Nationalism and Internationalism in Science, 1880-1939: Four Studies of the Nobel Population. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
12. Zuckerman, H. (1996) Scientific Elite. Nobel Laureates in the United States. New edition with a new introduction. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick.
13. Hollingsworth, J. R. and Hollingsworth, E. L. (2000) Major discoveries and biomedical research organizations: Perspectives on interdisciplinarity, nurturing leadership and integrated structure and cultures. In Practising Interdisciplinarity. Weingart, P. and Stehr, N. (eds.). University of Toronto Press, pp. 215-244.
14. Hollingsworth, J. R. (2004) Institutionalizing excellence in biomedical research: The case of the Rockefeller University. In Creating a Tradition of Biomedical Research, Stapleton D. H. (ed.). The Rockefeller University Press, New York, pp. 17-63.
15. Bergström, S. (1977) Opening address at the 1976 Nobel Prize ceremony. In Les Prix Nobel en 1976. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 17-18.
16. Cannon, W. B. (1984) The Way of an Investigator: A Scientists Experiences in Medical Research. W. W. Norton, New York.
17. Van Loon, H. W. (1944) The Arts. Simon & Schuster, New York.
18. Merton, R. K. (1993) On the Shoulders of Giants. A Shandean Postscript. University of Chicago Press, London.
19. Merton, R. K. and Barber, E. (2004) The Travels and Adventures of Serendipity. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
20. Roberts, R. M. (1989) Serendipity: Accidental Discoveries in Science. John Wiley & Sons.
21. Zuckerman, H. (1996) Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States. New edition with a new introduction. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick.
22. Lagerkvist, U. (2005) The Enigma of Ferment. World Scientific, Singapore.
23. Blumberg, B. S. (2002) Hepatitis B: The Hunt for a Killer Virus. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
24. Kuhn, T. (1962) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
25. Beadle, G. W. (1966) Biochemical genetics: Some recollections. In Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology. Cairns, J., Stent, G. S. and Watson, J. D. (eds.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, pp. 23-32.
26. Feynman, R. P. (1966) The development of the space-time view of quantum electrodynamics. In Les Prix Nobel en 1965. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 172-191.
27. Hoffmann, R. (1988) Under the surface of the chemical article. Angewandte Chemie 27:1593-1602.
28. van Regenmortel, M. H. V. (2010) Nature of Viruses. In Desk Encyclopedia of Virology, Mahy, B. W. J. and Regenmortel, M. H. V. (eds.). Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 19-23.
29. Hughes, S. S. (1977) The Virus: A History of the Concept. Heinemann Educational Books, London.
30. Waterson, A. P. and Wilkinson, L. (1978) An Introduction to the History of Virology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
31. Fenner, F. and Gibbs, A. (eds.) (1988) Portraits of Virology: A History of Virology. Karger, Basel.
32. van Helvoort, T. (1994) History of virus research in the twentieth century: The problem of conceptual continuity. Hist. Sci. 32:185-235.
33. Horzinek, M. C. (1997) The birth of virology. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 71:15-20.
34. Calisher, C. H. and Horzinek, M. C. (eds.) (1999) 100 Years of Virology. The Birth and Growth of a Discipline. Springer Verlag, Vienna.
35. Cairns, J., Stent, G. S. and Watson, J. D. (eds.) (1966) Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.
36. Olby, R. (1974) The Path to the Double Helix. Dover Publications, New York.
37. Lwoff, A. (1957) The concept of virus. J. Gen. Microbiol. 17:239-253.
38. Stanley, W. M. (1935) Isolation of a crystalline protein possessing the properties of tobacco-mosaic virus. Science 81:644-645.
39. van Helvoort, T. (1991) What is a virus? The case of tobacco mosaic virus. Stud. Hist. Phil. Sci. 22:557-588.
40. Creager, A. N. H. (2002). The Life of a Virus. Tobacco Mosaic Virus as an Experimental Model, 1930-45. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
41. van Regenmortel, M. H. V. (2010). Tobacco mosaic virus. In Desk Encyclopedia of Virology. Mahy, B. W. J. and Regenmortel, M. H. V. (eds.). Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 324-340.
42. Klug, A. (1983) From macromolecules to biological assemblies. In Les Prix Nobel en 1982. Odelberg, W. (ed.). P. A. Norstedt and Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 89-125.
43. Norrby, E. (2007) Yellow fever and Max Theiler: The only Nobel Prize for a virus vaccine. J. Exp. Med. 204:2779-2784.
44. Norrby, E. and Prusiner, B. S. (2007) Polio and Nobel Prizes: Looking back 50 years. Ann. Neurol. 61:385-295.
45. Prusiner, S. B. (1998) Prions. In Les Prix Nobel en 1997. Frängsmyr, T. (ed.). Almquist & Wiksell International, Stockholm, pp. 268-323.
46. Crawford, E. (1990) The secrecy of Nobel Prize selections in the sciences and its effects on documentation and research. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 134:408-419.
47. Eriksson-Quensel, I.-B. and Svedberg, T. (1936) Sedimentation and electrophoresis of the tobacco-mosaic virus protein. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 58:1863-1867.
48. Reichard, P. (2002) Oswald T. Avery and the Nobel Prize in Medicine. J. Biol. Chem. 277:13355-13362.
49. Kay, L. E. (1986) W. M. Stanley's crystallization of the tobacco mosaic virus, 19301940. ISIS 77:450-472.
50. Bawden, F. C., Pirie, N. W., Bernal, J. D. and Fankuchen, I. (1936) Liquid crystalline substances from virus infected plants. Nature 138:1051-1052.
51. Stanley, W. M. (1949) The isolation and properties of crystalline tobacco mosaic virus. In Les Prix Nobel en 1947 (delayed publication). P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 196-215.
52. van Helvoort, T. (1992) The controversy between John H. Northrop and Max Delbrück on the formation of bacteriophage: Bacterial synthesis or autonomous multiplication? Ann. Sci. 49:545-575.
53. Northrop, J. H. (1948) The preparation of pure enzymes and virus proteins. In Les Prix Nobel en 1946. Odelberg, W. (ed.). P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 193-203.
54. Fraenkel-Conrat, H. (1956) The role of the nucleic acid in the reconstruction of active tobacco mosaic virus. J. Am Chem. Soc. 78:882-883.
55. Gierer, A. and Schramm, G. (1956) Infectivity of ribonucleic acid from tobacco mosaic virus. Nature 177:702-703.
56. Delbrück, M. (1970) A physicist's renewed look at biology-twenty years later. In Les Prix Nobel en 1969. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 145-156.
57. Bohr, N. (1933) Light and life. Nature 131:421-423, 457-459.
58. van Helvoort, T. (1992) Bacteriological and physiological research styles in the early controversy on the nature of the bacteriophage phenomenon. Med. Hist.36:243-270.
59. Hershey, A. D. and Chase, M. (1952) Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage. J. Gen. Physiol. 36:39-56.
60. Lwoff, A. (1966) Interactions entre virus, cellule et organisme. In Les Prix Nobel en 1965. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 233-243.
61. Norrby, E., Magnusson, P., Falksveden, L. G. and Grönberg, M. (1964) Separation of measles virus in CsCl gradients. II. Studies on the large and small hemagglutinin. Arch. Ges. Virusforsch. 14:462-473.
62. Lederberg, J. (1959) A view of genetics. In Les Prix Nobel en 1958. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 170-189.
63. Rivers, T. M. (ed.) (1932) The nature of viruses. Physiol. Rev. 12:423-452.
64. Hoyle, L. (1968) The influenza viruses. Virology Monographs 4:15-54.
65. Gard, S. (1955) Presentation speech to the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954. In Les Prix Nobel en 1954. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 33-37.
66. Burnet, F. M. and Andrewes, C. H. (1933) Über die Natur der filtrierbaren Vira. Zentralbl. Bakt. Parasit. Infektionsk. Abt I, Orig. 130:161-183.
67. Dubos, R. J. (1976) The Professor, the Institute and DNA. Oswald T. Avery: His Life and Scientific Achievements. The Rockefeller University Press, New York, pp. 156-157.
68. Burnet, F. M. (1955) Viruses and Man, 2nd edition. Penguin Books, Harmondworth, Middlesex.
69. Westgren, A. (1972) The Prize in Chemistry. In Nobel, the Man and His Prizes. 3rd ed. Odelberg, W. (ed.). Elsevier, New York, pp. 281-385.
70. Hershey, A. D. (1970) Idiosyncrasies of DNA structure. In Les Prix Nobel en 1969. Odelberg, W. (ed.). P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 157-163.
71. Raoult, D., Audic, S., Robert, C. et al. (2004) The 1.2-megabase genome sequence of mimivirus. Science 306: 1344-1350.
72. Villarreal, L. P. (2005) Viruses and the Evolution of Life. ASM Press, Washington.
73. Crawford, E. (1990) The secrecy of Nobel Prize selections in the sciences and its effects on documentation and research. Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 134:408-419.
74. Powell, J. H. (1993) Bring Out Your Dead. The Great Plague of Philadelphia in 1793. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1949 (reprinted with a new Foreword).
75. Bowers, J. Z. and King, E. E. (1981) The conquest of yellow fever. J. Med. Soc.78:539-541.
76. Strode, G. K. (ed.) (1951) Yellow Fever. McGraw-Hill, New York.
77. Monath, T. P. (2004) Yellow fever: An update. Lancet Infect. Dis. 1:11-20.
78. Lefeuvre, A., Marianneau, P. and Deubel, V. (2004) Current assessment of yellow fever and yellow fever vaccine. Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. 6:96-104.
79. Monath, T. P. (1991) Yellow fever: Victor, Victoria? Conqueror, conquest? Epidemics and research in the last forty years and prospects for the future. Amer. J. Trop. Med.45:1-43.
80. Reed, W. and Carroll, J. (1902) The etiology of yellow fever. Amer. Med. 3:301-305.
81. Plesset, I. (1980) Noguchi and His Patrons. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, Madison, New Jersey.
82. Stokes, A., Bauer, J. H. and Hudson, N. P. (1928) Transmission of yellow fever to Macacas rhesus, preliminary note. J. Amer. Med. Ass. 90:253-254.
83. Bauer, J. H. and Mahaffy, A. F. (1930) Studies of the filtrability of yellow fever virus. Am. J. Hyg. 12:175-195.
84. Theiler, M. and Gard, S. (1940) Encephalomyelitis of mice. I. Characterization and pathogenesis of the virus. J. Exp. Med. 72:49-67.
85. Theiler, M. and Gard, S. (1940) Encephalomyelitis of mice. III. Epidemiology. J. Exp. Med. 72: 79-90.
86. Fox, J. P. and Gard, S. (1940) Preservation of yellow fever virus. Am. J. Trop. Med.20:447-451.
87. Hollingsworth, J. R. (2004) Excellence in biomedical research: The case of Rockefeller University. In Creating a Tradition of Biomedical Research: The RockefellerUniversity Centennial History Conference. Darwin H. Stapleton (ed.). Rockefeller University Press, New York, pp. 17-63.
88. Zuckerman, H. (1996, new edition). Scientific Elite. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick.
89. Zuckerman, H. (1963) Interview with M. Theiler on October 21, 1963. Oral History Research Office, Columbia University, New York.
90. Mathis, C., Sellards, A. W. and Laigret, J. (1928) Sensibilité du Macacus rhesus au virus fievre jaune. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 186:604-606.
91. Theiler, M. and Sellards, A. W. (1926) Relationship of L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. icteroides as determined by Pfeiffer phenomenon in guinea pigs. Am. J. Trop. Med. 6:383-402.
92. Theiler, M. and Sellards, A. W. (1928) Immunological relationship of yellow fever as it occurs in West Africa and South America. Ann. Trop. Med. 22:449-460.
93. Theiler, M. (1930) Susceptibility of white mice to the virus of yellow fever. Science71:367.
94. Theiler, M. (1930) Studies on the action of yellow fever virus in mice. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 24:249-272.
95. Lemmel, B. (2001) Nomination and selection of the Nobel laureates. In The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years. Wallin-Levinovitz, A. and Ringertz, N. (eds.). Imperial College Press, London, pp. 25-28.
96. Sabin, A. B. (1949) Antigenic relationships of dengue and yellow fever viruses with those of West-Nile and Japanese B encephalitis. Fed. Proc. 8:410.
97. Theiler, M. (1933) A yellow fever protection test in mice by intracerebral injection. Amer. Trop. Med. Parasit. 25:57-77.
98. Theiler, M. and Haagen, E. (1932) Studies of yellow fever virus in tissue culture. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 29:435-436.
99. Theiler, M. and Haagen, E. (1932) Untersuchungen über das Verhalten des Gelbfiebervirus in der Gewebekultur. Zbl. Bakt. I Orig. 125:145-158.
100. Theiler, M. and Whitman, L. (1935) The danger with vaccination with neurotropic yellow fever virus alone. Bull. mens. de l'Offic. Inst. Hyg. Publ. 27:1342-1347.
101. Theiler, M. and Whitman, L. (1935) Quantitative studies of the virus and immune serum used in vaccination against yellow fever. Amer. J. Trop. Med. 15:347-356.
102. Lloyd, W., Theiler, M. and Ricci, N. I. (1936) Modification of yellow fever virus by cultivation in tissues in vitro. Trans. Roy. Soc. Med. Hyg. 29:481-529.
103. Theiler, M. and Smith, H. H. (1937) The effect of prolonged cultivation in vitro upon the pathogenicity of yellow fever virus. J. Exp. Med. 65:767-786.
104. Theiler, M. and Smith, H. H. (1937) The use of yellow fever modified by in vitro cultivation for human immunization. J. Exp. Med. 65:787-800.
105. WHO (2003) Yellow fever vaccine: WHO position paper. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec.78:349-360.
106. Fox, J. P., Manso, C., Penna, H. A. and Para, M. (1942) Observations on the occurrence of icterus in Brazil following vaccination against yellow fever. Am. J. Hyg. 36:68-114.
107. Sawyer, W. A., Meyer, K. F., Eaton, M. D. et al. (1944) Jaundice in army personnel in the western region of the United States and its relation to vaccination against yellow fever (Parts II, III and IV). Am. J. Hyg. 40:35-104.
108. Bartholomew, J. R. (2002) Katsusaburo Yamagiwa's Nobel candidacy: Physiology or medicine in the 1920s. In Historical Studies in the Nobel Archives. The Prizes in Science and Medicine. Crawford, E. (ed.). Universal Academy Press, Tokyo, pp. 107-131.
109. Norrby, E. and Prusiner, S. B. (2007). Polio and Nobel Prizes: Looking back fifty years. Ann. Neurol. 61:385-395.
110. Offit, P. A. (2007) Vaccinated. One Mans Quest to Defeat the World's Deadliest Diseases. Harper Collins, New York.
111. Allen, A. (2007) Vaccine. The Controversial Story of Medicines Greatest Lifesaver.W. W. Norton, New York, pp. 221-222.
112. Kurth, R. (2005). Obituary. Maurice R. Hilleman (1919-2005). Nature 434:1083.
113. Norrby, E. (2007) Yellow fever and Max Theiler: The only Nobel Prize for a virus vaccine. J. Exp. Med. 204:2779-2784.
114. Bergstrand, H. (1952) Introductory speech to the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine 1951. In Les Prix Nobel en 1951. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale. Stockholm, pp. 40-43.
115. Rice, C. M., Lenches, E. M., Eddy, S. R. et al. (1985) Nucleotide sequence of yellow fever virus: Implications for flavivirus gene expression and evolution. Science229:726-735.
116. Van Epps, H. L. (2005) Broadening the horizons for yellow fever: New uses for an old vaccine. J. Exp. Med. 201:165-168.
117. Chambers, T. J., Nestorowicz, A., Mason, P. W. and Rice, C. M. (1999) Yellow fever/Japanese encephalitis chimeric viruses: Construction and biological properties. J. Virol. 73:3095-3101.
118. Monath, T. P., Guirakhoo, F., Nichols, R. et al. (2003) Chimeric live, attenuated vaccine against Japanese encephalitis (ChimeriVax-JE): Phase 2 clinical trials for safety and immunogenicity, effect of virus dose and schedule, and memory response to challenge with Japanese encephalitis antigen. J. Infect. Dis. 188:1213-1230.
119. Guirakhoo, F., Pugachev, K., Zhang, Z. et al. (2004) Safety and efficacy of chimeric yellow fever-dengue virus tetravalent vaccine formulations in non-human primates. J. Virol. 78:4761-4775.
120. Bonaldo, M. C., Garratt, M. S., Caufour, P. S. et al. (2002) Surface expression of an immunodominant malaria protein B cell epitope by yellow fever virus. J. Mol. Biol. 315:873-885.
121. Tao, D., Barba-Spaeth, G., Rai, U. et al. (2005) Yellow fever 17D as a vaccine vector for microbial CTL epitopes: Protection in a rodent malaria model. J. Exp. Med.201:201-209.
122. Theiler, M. (1952) Speech at the Nobel Banquet. In Les Prix Nobel en 1951. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 63-64.
123. Salk, J. E., Bazeley, P. L., Bennett, B. L. et al. (1954) Studies in human subjects on active immunization against poliomyelitis. II. A practical means for inducing and maintaining antibody formation. Am. J. Public Health. 44:994-1009.
124. Salk, J. E., Youngner, J. S. and Ward, E. N. (1954) Use of color change of phenol red as the indicator in titrating poliomyelitis virus or its antibody in a tissue-culture system. Am. J. Hyg. 60:214-230.
125. Salk, J. E. (1955) Considerations in the preparation and use of poliomyelitis virus vaccine. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 158:1239-1248.
126. Koprowski, H., Jervis, G. A. and Norton, T. W. (1952) Immune responses in human volunteers upon oral administration of a rodent-adapted strain of poliomyelitis virus. Am. J. Hyg. 55:108-124.
127. Cox, H. R., Jervis, G. A., Koprowski, H. et al. (1956) Immunization of humans with a chick embryo adapted strain of MEF1 poliomyelitis virus. J. Immunol.77:123-131.
128. Koprowski, H. (2006) First decade (1950-1960) of studies and trials with the polio vaccine. Biologicals 34:81-86.
129. Sabin, A. B. (1957) Present status of attenuated live virus poliomyelitis vaccine. Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. 33:17-39.
130. Francis, T, Jr., Napier, J. A., Voight, R. B. et al. (1957) Evaluation of the 1954 Field Trial of Poliomyelitis Vaccine: Final Report. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
131. Norrby, E. and Prusiner, S. B. (2007) Polio and Nobel Prizes: Looking back 50 years. Ann. Neurol. 61:385-395.
132. Paul, J. R. (1971) A History of Poliomyelitis. Yale University Press, New Haven.
133. Nathanson, N. and Martin, J. R. (1979) The epidemiology of poliomyelitis: Enigmas surrounding its appearance, epidemicity, and disappearance. Am. J. Epidemiol. 110:672-692.
134. Landsteiner, K. and Popper, E. (1908) Mikroskopische preparate von einen menschlichen und zwei affenmunckenmarken. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 21:1830.
135. Brodie, M., Goldberg, S. A. and Stanley, P. (1935) Transmission of the virus of poliomyelitis to mice. Science 29:319-320.
136. Armstrong, C. (1939) The experimental transmission of poliomyelitis to the Eastern cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus hispidus. Public Health Rep. 54:1719-1721.
137. Armstrong, C. (1939) Successful transfer of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus from the cotton rat to the white mouse. Public Health Rep. 54:2302-2305.
138. Enders, J. F., Weller, T. H. and Robbins, F. C. (1949) Cultivation of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of various human embryonic tissues. Science 109:85-87.
139. Weller, T. H., Robbins, F. C. and Enders, J. F. (1949) Cultivation of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of human foreskin and embryonic tissues. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 72:153-155.
140. Robbins, F. C., Enders, J. F. and Weller, T. H. (1950) Cytopathogenic effect of poliomyelitis viruses in vitro on human embryonic tissues. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 75:370-374.
141. Robbins, F. C., Weller, T. H. and Enders, J. F. (1952) Studies on the cultivation of poliomyelitis viruses in tissue culture. II. The propagation of the poliomyelitis viruses in roller-tube cultures of various human tissues. J. Immunol. 69:673-694.
142. Koprowski, H., Norton, T. W., Jervis, G. A. et al. (1956) Clinical investigations on attenuated strains of poliomyelitis virus; use as a method of immunization of children with living virus. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 160:954-966.
143. Koprowski, H. (1957) Vaccination with modified active viruses. In Congress, I. P. (ed.), Poliomyelitis: Papers and discussionspresented at the Fourth International Poliomyelitis Conference. J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp. 112-123.
144. Flexner, S. and Lewis, P. A. (1910) Experimental epidemic poliomyelitis in monkeys. J. Exp. Med. 12:227-255.
145. Flexner, S. and Clark, P. F. (1912) A note on the mode of infection in epidemic poliomyelitis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 10:1-4.
146. Sabin, A. B. and Olitsky, P. K. (1936) Cultivation of poliomyelitis virus in vitro in human embryonic nervous tissue. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 34:357-359.
147. Feller, A. E., Enders, J. F. and Weller, T. H. (1940) The prolonged coexistence of vaccinia virus in high titre and living cells in roller-tube cultures of chick embryonic tissues. J. Exp. Med. 72:367-388.
148. Weller, T. H. and Enders, J. F. (1949) Propagation of hemagglutinin by mumps and influenza A viruses in suspended cell tissue cultures. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 69:124-128.
149. Weller, T. H. (1953) Serial propagation in vitro of agents producing inclusion bodies derived from varicella and herpes zoster. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 83:340-346.
150. Enders, J. F. and Peebles, T. C. (1954) Propagation in tissue cultures of cytopathogenic agents from patients with measles. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.86:277-286.
151. Weller, T. H. (2004) GrowingPathogens in Tissue Cultures: Fifty Years in Academic Tropical Medicine, Pediatrics, and Virology. Boston Medical Library, Science History Publications, USA.
152. Zuckerman, H. (1964) Interview with Frederick C. Robbins on April 2, 1964. Oral History Research Office, Columbia University, New York.
153. Hargittai, I. (2002) Candid Science II: Conversations with Famous Biomedical Scientists. Imperial College Press, London.
154. Theiler, M. and Gard, S. (1940) Encephalomyelitis of mice. I. Characteristics and pathogenesis of the virus. J. Exp. Med. 72:49-67.
155. Theiler, M. and Gard, S. (1940) Encephalomyelitis of mice. III. Epidemiology. J. Exp. Med. 72:79-90.
156. Gard, S. (1943) Purification of poliomyelitis virus. Thesis, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology, University of Uppsala.
157. Salk, J. E., Krech, U., Youngner, J. S. et al. (1954) Formaldehyde treatment and safety testing of experimental poliomyelitis vaccines. Am. J. Public Health. 44:563-570.
158. Gard, S. (1956) Aspects on production and control of formol-treated poliovirus vaccines. European Association of Poliomyelitis, IV Symposium, pp. 22-25.
159. Gard, S., Lycke, E., Olin, G. and Wesslen, T. (1957) Inactivation of poliomyelitis virus by formaldehyde. Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch. 7:125-135.
160. Gard, S. and Lycke, E. (1957) Inactivation of poliovirus by formaldehyde; analysis of inactivation curves. Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch. 7:471-482.
161. Lycke, E. (1958) Studies of the inactivation of poliomyelitis virus by formaldehyde; inactivation of partially purified virus material and the effect upon the rate of inactivation by addition of glycine. Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch. 8:23-41.
162. Salk, J. E. and Gori, J. B. (1960) A review of theoretical, experimental, and practical considerations in the use of formaldehyde for the inactivation of poliovirus. Ann. NYAcad. Sci. 83:609-637.
163. Nathanson, N. and Langmuir, A. D. (1963) The Cutter Incident. Poliomyelitis following formaldehyde-inactivated poliovirus vaccination in the United States during the Spring of 1955. I. Background. Am. J. Hyg. 78:16-28.
164. Nathanson, N. and Langmuir, A. D. (1963) The Cutter Incident. Poliomyelitis following formaldehyde-inactivated poliovirus vaccination in the United States during the Spring of 1955. II. Relationship of poliomyelitis to Cutter vaccine. Am. J. Hyg. 78:29-60.
165. Nathanson, N. and Langmuir, A. D. (1963) The Cutter Incident. Poliomyelitis following formaldehyde-inactivated poliovirus vaccination in the United States during theSpring of 1955. III. Comparison of the clinical character of vaccinated and contact cases occurring after use of high rate lots of Cutter vaccine. Am. J. Hyg. 78:61-81.
166. Offit, P. A. (2005) The Cutter Incident: How Americas First Polio Vaccine Led to the Growing Vaccine Crisis. Yale University Press, New Haven.
167. Gard, S. (1957) Chemical inactivation of viruses. Ciba Foundation Symposium on the Nature of Viruses. Churchill, London.
168. Böttiger, M. (1966) Studies on immunization with inactivated and live poliovirus vaccines. Acta Paediatr. Scand. Suppl. 164:1-42.
169. Böttiger, M., Arro, L., Lundbäck, H. and Salenstedt, C. R. (1966) The immune response to vaccination with inactivated poliovirus vaccine in Sweden. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 66:239-256.
170. Böttiger, M., Lycke, E., Melén, B. and Wrange, G. (1958) Inactivation of poliomyelitis virus by formaldehyde; incubation time in tissue culture of formalin-treated virus. Arch. Gesamte Virusforsch. 8:259-266.
171. Böttiger, M. (1981) Experiences ofvaccination with inactivated poliovirus vaccine in Sweden. Dev. Biol. Stand. 47:227-232.
172. Enders, J. F., Robbins, F. C. and Weller, T. H. (1955) The cultivation of the poliomyelitis viruses in tissue culture. In Les Prix Nobel en 1954. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Stockholm, pp. 100-118.
173. Nathanson, N. and Bodian, D. (1961) Experimental poliomyelitis following intramuscular virus injection. II. Viremia and the effect of antibody. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 108:320-333.
174. Nathanson, N. and Bodian, D. (1961) Experimental poliomyelitis following intramuscular virus injection. I. The effect of neural block on a neurotropic and a pantropic strain. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 108:308-319.
175. Rosen, F. S. (2004) Isolation of poliovirus-John Enders and the Nobel Prize. N. Engl. J. Med. 351:1481-1483.
176. Roca-Garcia, M., Moyer, A. W. and Cox, H. R. (1952) Poliomyelitis. II. Propagation of MEF1 strain of poliomyelitis virus in developing chick embryo by yolk sac inoculation. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 81:519-525.
177. Cabasso, V. J., Stebbins, M. R., Dutcher, R. M. et al. (1952) Poliomyelitis. III. Propagation of MEF1 strain of poliomyelitis virus in developing chick embryo by allantoic cavity inoculation. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 81:525-529.
178. Lemmel, B. (2001) Nomination and selection of the Nobel Laureates. In Wallin-Levinovitz, A. and Ringertz, N. (eds.), The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years. London: Imperial College Press, pp. 25-28.
179. Crawford, E. (1990) The secrecy of Nobel Prize selections in the sciences and its effect on documentation and research. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 134:408-419.
180. Special to The New York Times (1954). 3 U.S. doctors win Nobel award for work in growing polio virus. The New York Times, New York.
181. Enders, J. F., Weller, T. H. and Robbins, F. C. (1952) Alterations in pathogenicity for monkeys of Brunhilde strain of poliomyelitis virus following cultivation in human tissues. Fed. Proc. 11:467.
182. Enders, J. F., Katz, S. L., Milovanovic, M. V. and Holloway, A. (1960) Studies on an attenuated measles-virus vaccine. I. Development and preparations of the vaccine: Technics for assay of effects of vaccination. N. Engl. J. Med. 263:153-159.
183. Salk, J. E. (1953) Studies in human subjects on active immunization against poliomyelitis. I. A preliminary report of experiments in progress. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 151:1081-1098.
184. Dulbecco, R. and Vogt, M. (1954) Plaque formation and isolation of pure lines with poliomyelitis viruses. J. Exp. Med. 99:167-182.
185. Rous, P. and Jones, F. S. (1916) A method for obtaining suspensions of living cells from the fixed tissues, and for the plating out of individual cells. J. Exp. Med.23:549-555.
186. Youngner, J. S. (1954) Monolayer tissue cultures. II. Poliomyelitis virus assay in roller-tube cultures of trypsin-dispersed monkey kidney. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 85:527-530.
187. Youngner, J. S. (1954) Monolayer tissue cultures. I. Preparation and standardization of suspensions of trypsin-dispersed monkey kidney cells. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 85:202-205.
188. Sabin, A. B., Hennessen, W. A. and Winsser, J. (1954) Studies on variants of poliomyelitis virus. I. Experimental segregation and properties of avirulent variants of three immunologic types. J. Exp. Med. 99:551-576.
189. Gard, S. (1955) Introductory speech to the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine 1954. In Les Prix Nobel en 1954. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Stockholm, pp. 38-42.
190. Liljestrand, G. (1960) Karolinska Institutet och Nobelprisen (in Swedish). In Karolinska Mediko-Kirurgiska Institutets Historia 1910-1960, Kapitel XI, Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm, pp. 536-590.
191. Liljestrand, G. (1972) The Prize in Physiology or Medicine. In Nobel, The Man and His Prizes, 3rd edition. Odelberg, W. (ed). Elsevier, New York, pp. 139-278.
192. Norrby, E. (2007) Yellow fever and Max Theiler: The only Nobel Prize for a virus vaccine. J. Exp. Med. 204:2779-2784.
193. Norrby, E. and Prusiner, S. B. (2007) Polio and Nobel Prizes: Looking back 50 years. Ann. Neurol. 61:385-395.
194. Lagerkvist, U. (2003) Pioneers of Microbiology and the Nobel Prize. World Scientific, Singapore.
195. Salamon-Bayet, C. (1982) Bacteriology and Nobel Prize selections. 1901-1920. In Science, Technology and Society in the Time of Alfred Nobel. Bernard, C. G., Crawford, E. and Sörbom, P. (eds.). Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 377-400.
196. Hessenbruch, A. and Petersen, F. (2001) Niels Finsen (Physiology or Medicine 1903) "Banishing darkness and disease". In The History of Thirteen Danish Nobel Prizes. Neighbouring Nobel. Nielsen, H. and Nielsen, K. (eds.). Aarhus University Press, pp. 393-429.
197. Crawford, E. (1996) Arrhenius. From Ionic Theory to the Greenhouse Effect. Watson Publishing International, Canton, MA.
198. Âkerman, J. (1913) Introductory speech to the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912. In Les Prix Nobel en 1912. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royal, Stockholm, pp. 25-29.
199. Carrel, A. (1913) Suture of blood-vessels and transplantation of organs. In Les Prix Nobel en 1912. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royal, Stockholm, pp. 15-25.
200. McKellar, S. (2004) Innovation in modern surgery: Alexis Carrel and blood vessel repair. In Creating a Tradition of Biomedical Research. Stapleton, D. H. (ed.). Rockefeller University Press, New York, pp. 135-150.
201. Edwards, W. S. and Edwards, P. D. (1974) Alexis Carrel: Visionary surgeon. Charles
202. C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.
203. Reggiani, A. H. (2006) Gods Eugenicist: Alexis Carrel and the Sociobiology of Decline. Berghahn Books, New York.
204. Friedman, D. M. (2008) The Immortalists: Charles Lindbergh, Dr Alexis Carrel, and Their Daring Quest to Live Forever. Tantor Media, Connecticut.
205. Newton, J. D. (1989) Uncommon Friends: Life with Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, Harvey Firestone, Alexis Carrel, and Charles Lindbergh. Harcourt, Florida.
206. Landecker, H. (2004) Building "A new type of body in which to grow a cell": Tissue culture at the Rockefeller Institute, 1910-1914. In Creating a Tradition of Biomedical Research. Stapleton, D. H. (ed.). Rockefeller University Press, New York, pp. 151-174.
207. Takahashi, A. (2004) Hideyo Noguchi, the pursuit of immunity and the persistence of fame: A reappraisal. In Creating a Tradition of Biomedical Research. Stapleton, D. H. (ed.). Rockefeller University Press, New York, pp. 227-239.
208. Carrel, A. (1948) Man the Unknown. Penguin Books, West Drayton.
209. Nielsen, A. K. (2001) August Krogh (Physiology or Medicine 1920) "Scientist explains blushing of girls" In The History of Thirteen Danish Nobel Prizes. Neighbouring Nobel. Nielsen, H. and Nielsen K. (eds.). Aarhus University Press, Aarhus, pp. 430-460.
210. Nielsen, H. and Nielsen, K. (2002) Neighbouring Nobel: A look at the Danish laureates. In Historical Studies in the Nobel Archives. The Prizes in Science and Medicine. Crawford, E. (ed.). Universal Academy Press, Tokyo, pp. 133-154.
211. Nielsen, A. K. and Thorling, E. B. (2002) Johannes Fibiger (Physiology or Medicine 1926). Backing the wrong horse? In The History of Thirteen Danish Nobel Prizes. Neighbouring Nobel. Nielsen, H. and Nielsen, K. (eds.). Aarhus University Press, Aarhus, pp. 461-493.
212. Stolt, C. M., Klein, G. and Jansson, A. T. R. (2004) An analysis of a wrong Nobel Prize-Johannes Fibiger, 1926: A study in the Nobel archives. Adv. Cancer Res.92:1-12.
213. Needham, D. M. (1971) Machina Carnis: The Biochemistry of Muscular Contraction in Its Historical Development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
214. Johansson, J. E. (1924) Introductory speech to the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922. In Les Prix Nobel en 1923. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royal, Stockholm, pp. 31-37.
215. Bliss, M. (1982) The Discovery of Insulin. McClelland and Stewart Limited, Toronto.
216. Sjöquist, J. (1924) Introductory speech to the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923. In Les Prix Nobel en 1923. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royal, Stockholm, pp. 46-50.
217. MacLeod, J. J. R. (1926) The physiology of insulin and its source in the animal body. In Les Prix Nobel en 1924-1925. Les conferénces Nobel. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royal, Stockholm, pp. 1-12.
218. Banting, F. G. (1926) Diabetes and insulin. In Les Prix Nobel en 1924-1925. Les conferénces Nobel. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royal, Stockholm, pp. 1-20.
219. Bliss, M. (1993) Rewriting medical history: Charles Best and the Banting and Best myth. J. Med. Hist. All. Sci. 48:253-274.
220. Kragh, H. and Möller, M. K. (2001) Henrik Dam (Physiology or Medicine 1943). The anonymous laureate. The History of Thirteen Danish Nobel Prizes. Neighbouring Nobel. Nielsen, H. and Nielsen, K. (eds.). Aarhus University Press, Aarhus, pp. 494-522.
221. Liljestrand, G. (1947) Introductory speech to the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945. In Les Prix Nobel en 1945. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royal, Stockholm, pp. 31-36.
222. Macfarlane, G. (1979) Howard Florey: Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
223. Stapleton, D. H. (2005) A lost chapter in the early history of DDT. The development of anti-typhus technologies by the Rockefeller Foundation's Louse laboratory, 1942-1944. Technology and Culture 46:513-540.
224. Perkins, J. H. (1978) Reshaping technology in wartime: The effect of military goals on entomological research and insect control practises. Technology and Culture19:169-182.
225. Fischer, G. (1949) Introductory speech to the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1948. In Les Prix Nobel en 1948. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royal, Stockholm, pp. 35-38.
226. Müller, P. (1949) Dichlordiphenyltrichloräthan und neuere insektizide. In Les Prix Nobel en 1948. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royal, Stockholm, pp. 122-132.
227. Carson, R. (1962) Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, New York.
228. Stapleton, D. H. (2000) The short-lived miracle of DDT. American Heritage of Invention and Technology 15:34-41.
229. Lundberg, I. E., Grundtman, C., Larsson, E. and Klareskog, L. (2004) Cor-ticosteroid-from an idea to clinical use. Best Practise and Research Clinical Rheumatology 18:7-19.
230. Liljestrand, G. (1951) Introductory speech to the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950. In Les Prix Nobel en 1950. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royal, Stockholm, pp. 34-40.
231. Ragnarsson, U. (2007) The Nobel trail of Vincent du Vigneaud. J. Peptide Sci. 13:431-433.
232. Norrby, E. (2008) Nobel Prizes and the emerging virus concept. Arch. Virol. 153:1109-1123.
233. Lederberg, J. (1959) A view of genetics. In Les Prix Nobel en 1958. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 170-189.
234. Monod, J. (1971) Chance and Necessity: An Essay of the Natural Philosophy of Modern Biology, Penguin Books, St. Ives.
235. Olby, R. (1974) The Path to the Double Helix. The Discovery of DNA. Dover Publications, New York.
236. Portugal, F. H. and Cohen, J. S. (1977) A Century of DNA. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
237. Jacob, F. (1976) The Logic of Life. A History of Heredity. Vintage Books, Random House, New York.
238. Brock, T. D. (1990) The Emergence of Bacterial Genetics. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.
239. Kay, L. E. (1993) The Molecular Vision of Life. Oxford University Press, New York.
240. Pollack, R. (1994) Signs of Life. The Language and Meaning of DNA. Houghton Mifflin, New York.
241. Judson, H. F. (1996) The Eight Days of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
242. Reichard, P. (2002) Osvald T. Avery and the Nobel Prize in Medicine. J. Biol. Chem. 277:13355-13362.
243. Watson, J. D. (1980) The Double Helix. A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA. Atheneum, New York.
244. Crick, F. (1990) What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery. Basic Books, New York.
245. Wilkins, M. (2003) The Third Man of the Double Helix. Oxford University Press.
246. Dahm, R. (2008). Discovering DNA: Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research. Hum. Genet. 122:565-581.
247. Lagerkvist, U. (1998) DNA Pioneers and Their Legacy. Yale University Press, New Haven
248. Mörner, K. A. H. (1911) Introductory speech to the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. In Les Prix Nobel en 1910. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royal, Stockholm, pp. 22-27.
249. Wilson, E. B. (1896) The Cell in Development and Inheritance. 1st edition. Macmillan, New York.
250. Avery, O. T., MacLeod, C. M., and McCarty, M. (1944) Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types. Induction of transformation by a deoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from pneumococcus type. III. J. Exp. Med. 79:137-157.
251. Wyatt, H. V. (1972) When does information become knowledge? Nature235:86-89.
252. Dubos, R. J. (1976) The Professor, the Institute and DNA. Rockefeller University Press, New York.
253. Deichmann, U. (2004) Early responses to Avery et al.'s paper on DNA as hereditary material. Hist. Stud. Phys. Biol. Sci. 34:207-232.
254. Prusiner, S. B. and McCarty, M. (2006) Discovering DNA encodes heredity and prions are infectious proteins. Ann. Rev. Genet. 40:25-45.
255. Watson, A. D. and Crick, F. H. C. (1953) Molecular structure of nucleic acids. A structure for deoxyribos nucleic acid. Nature 171:737-738.
256. Westgren, A. (1972) The Prize in Chemistry. In Nobel, the Man and His Prizes, 3rd edition. Odelberg, W. (ed.). Elsevier, New York, pp. 281-385.
257. Todd, A. (1958) Synthesis in the study of nucleotides. In Les Prix Nobel en 1957. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 119-133.
258. Caspersson, T., Zech, L. and Johansson, C. (1970) Differential banding of alkylating flurochromes in human chromosomes. Exp. Cell Res. 60:315-319.
259. Koestler, A. (1964) The Act of Creation. Hutchinson & Co., London.
260. McCarty, M. (1985) The TransformingPrinciple. W. W. Norton, New York.
261. Liljestrand, G. (1972) The Prize in Physiology or Medicine. In Nobel, the Man and His Prizes, 3rd edition. Odelberg, W. (ed.). Elsevier, New York, pp. 139-278.
262. Caspersson, T. (1948) Introductory speech to the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine 1946. In Les Prix Nobel en 1946. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 35-38.
263. Caspersson, T. (1959) Introductory speech to the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine 1958. In Les Prix Nobel en 1958. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 28-31.
264. Berg, P. and Singer, M. (2003) George Beadle. An Uncommon Farmer. The Emergence of Genetics in the 20th Century. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.
265. Beadle, G. W. (1959) Genes and chemical reactions in Neurospora. In Les Prix Nobelen 1958. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 147-159.
266. Tatum, E. L. (1959) A case history in biological research. In Les Prix Nobel en 1958. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 160-169.
267. Watson, J. D. (2007) Avoid BoringPeople. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
268. Theorell, H. (1960) Introductory speech to the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959. In Les Prix Nobel en 1959. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royal, Stockholm, pp. 30-33.
269. Ochoa, O. (1960) Enzymatic synthesis of ribonucleic. In Les PrizNobel en 1959. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 146-164.
270. Kornberg, A. (1989) For the Love of Enzymes: The Odyssey of a Biochemist. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
271. Ridley, M. (2006) Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code. Harper Collins, New York.
272. Crick, F. H. C. (1963) On the genetic code. In Les Prix Nobel en 1962. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 179-187.
273. Watson, J. D. (1963) The involvement of RNA in the synthesis of proteins. In Les Prix Nobel en 1962. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 155-178.
274. Brenner, S., Jacob, F. and Meselson, M. (1961) An unstable intermediate carrying information from genes to ribosomes for protein synthesis. Nature 190:576-581.
275. Nirenberg, M. and Leder, P. (1964) RNA codewords and protein synthesis. The effect of trinucleotides upon the binding of sRNA to ribosomes. Science 145:1399-1407.
276. Fleischmann, R. D., Adams, M. D., White, O. et al. (1995) Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of haemophilus influenzae Rd. Science 269:496-512.
277. Myers, E. W., Sutton, G. G., Delcher, A. L. et al. (2000) A whole-genome assembly of Drosophila. Science 287:2196-2204.
278. International Human Genome Consortium (2004) Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. Nature 431:931-945.
279. Levy, S., Sutton, G., Ng, C. P. et al. (2007) The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. PLoS Biol. 5:3-34.
280. Green, R. E., Krause, J., Briggs, A., W. et al. (2010) A draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome. Science 328:710-722.
281. Brenner, S. (2003) Nature's gift to science. In Les Prix Nobel 2002. Almqvist & Wiksell International, Stockholm, pp. 274-282.
282. Venter, J. C., Remington, K., Heidelberg, J. F. et al. (2004) Environmental genome shotgun sequencing of the Sargasso Sea. Science 304:66-74.
283. Yooseph, S., Sutton, G., Rusch, D. B. et al. (2007) The Sorcerer II global ocean sampling expedition: Expanding the universe of protein families. PLoS Biology5:432-466.
284. Cello, J., Paul, A. V. and Wimmer, E. (2002) Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: Generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template. Science297:1016-1018.
285. Tumpey, T. M., Basler, C. F., Aguilar, P. V. et al. (2005) Characterization of the reconstructed 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic virus. Science 310:77-80.
286. Smith, H. O., Hutchinson, C. A., Pfannkoch, C. and Venter, J. C. (2003) Generating a synthetic genome by whole-genome assembly: ipX174 bacteriophage from synthetic oligonucleotides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:15440-15445.
287. Gibson, D. G., Glass, J. I., Lartigue, C. et al. (2010). Creation of a bacterial cell controlled only by a chemically synthesized genome. Science 329:52-56.
288. Gesteland, R. F., Cech, T. R., Atkins, J. F. (eds.) (2005) The RNA World, 3rd edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
289. Joyce, G. F. (2002) The antiquity of RNA-based evolution. Nature 418:214-221.
290. ENCODE Project Consortium (2007) Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project. Nature447:799-816.
291. Prusiner, S. B. (1982) Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie. Science 216:195-206.
292. Farquhar, J. and Gajdusek, D. G. (eds.) (1981) Kuru. Early Letters and Field-notes from the Collection of D. Carleton Gajdusek. Raven Press, New York.
293. Gajdusek, C. (1977) Les Prix Nobel en 1976. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 161-166.
294. Klein, G. (1997) Live Now. Prometheus, New York, pp. 85-164.
295. Rhodes, R. (1997) Deadly Feasts: Tracking the Secrets of a Terrifying New Plague. Simon & Schuster, New York.
296. Redfield Jamison, K. (2004) Exuberance. Random House, New York, pp. 206-211.
297. Anderson, W. (2008) The Collectors of Lost Souls. Turning Kuru Scientists into Whitemen. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
298. de Kruif, P. (1926) Microbe Hunters. Harcourt, New York.
299. Zuckerman, H. (1996) Scientific Elite. Nobel Laureates in the United States. New edition with a new introduction. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick.
300. Watson, J. D. (2007) Avoid BoringPeople. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
301. Gajdusek, C. and Zigas, V. (1957) Degenerative disease of the central nervous system in New Guinea: The endemic occurrence of "kuru" in the native population. New Engl. J. Med. 257:974-978.
302. Hadlow, W. J. (1959) Scrapie and kuru. Lancet 2:289-290.
303. Gajdusek, D. C., Gibbs, C. J., and Alpers, M. (1966) Experimental transmission of a kuru-like syndrome to chimpanzees. Nature 209:794-796.
304. Gibbs, C. J., Gajdusek, D. C., Asher, D. M. et al. (1968) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (spongiform encephalopathy): Transmission to the chimpanzee. Science161:388-389.
305. Glasse, R. M. (1967) Cannibalism in the kuru region of New Guinea. Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 29:748-754.
306. Collinge, J., Whitfield, J., McKintosh E. et al. (2006) Kuru in the 21st century-an acquired human prion disease with very long incubation periods. Lancet367:2068-2074.
307. Brown, P., Brandel, J.-P., Preece, M. and Sato, T. (2006) Iatrogenic CreutzfeldtJakob disease: The waning of an era. Neurology 67:389-393.
308. Dorsey, K. A., Zou, S., Schonberger, L. B. et al. (2009) Lack of evidence of transfusion transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a U.S. surveillance study. Transfusion 49:977-984.
309. Houston, F., McCutcheon, S., Goldmann, W. et al. (2008) Prion diseases are effectively transmitted by blood transfusion in sheep. Blood 112:4739-4745.
310. Gajdusek, D. C. (1977) Unconventional viruses and the origin and disappearance of kuru. In Les Prix Nobel en 1976. P. A. Norstedt & Söner, Imprimerie Royale, Stockholm, pp. 67-216.
311. Alper, T., Cramp, W. A., Haig, D. A. and Clarke, M. C. (1967) Does the agent of scrapie replicate without nucleic acid? Nature 214:764-766.
312. Griffith, J. S. (1967) Self-replication and scrapie. Nature 215:1043-1044.
313. Prusiner, S. B. (1998) Prions. In Les Prix Nobel en 1997. Almqvist & Wiksell International, Stockholm, pp. 268-323.
314. Prusiner, S. B., Groth, D. F., Bolton, D. C. et al. (1984) Purification and structural studies of a major scrapie prion protein. Cell 38:127-134.
315. Buchan, J. (2003) Crowded with Genius. The Scottish Enlightenment: Edinburghs Moment of the Mind. HarperCollins, New York.
316. Oesch, B., Westaway, D., Wälchli, M. et al. (1986) A cellular gene encodes scrapie PrP 27-30 protein. Cell 46:417-428.
317. Büeler, H., Fischer, M., Lang, Y. et al. (1992) Normal development and behaviour of mice lacking the neuronal cell-surface PrP protein. Nature 356:577-582.
318. Büeler, H., Aguzzi, A., Sailer, A. et al. (1993) Mice devoid of PrP are resistant to scrapie. Cell 73:1339-1347.
319. Prusiner, S. B., Groth, D., Serban, A. et al. (1993) Ablation of the prion protein (PrP) gene in mice prevents scrapie and facilitates production of anti-PrP antibodies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:10608-10612.
320. Colby, D. W., Giles, K., Wille, H. et al. (2009) Design and construction of diverse mammalian prion strains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106:20417-20422.
321. Chesebro, B., Race, B., Meade-Whit, K. et al. (2010) Fatal transmissible amyloid encephalopathy: A new type of prion disease associated with lack of prion membrane anchoring. PLoS Pathogens 6:1-14.
322. National hormone and pituitary program: Information for people treated with pituitary human growth hormone (summary). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. August 2009. www.endocrine.niddk.nih.gov
323. Will, R. G., Ironside, J. W., Zeidler, M. et al. (1996) A new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the U.K. Lancet 347:921-925.
324. The National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit (NCJDSU), University of Edinburgh, U.K., www.cjd.ed.ac.uk.(2009).
325. Llewelyn, C. A., Hewitt, R. E., Knight, R. S. G. et al. (2004) Possible transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by blood transfusion. Lancet 363:417-421.
326. Donne, D. G., Viles, J. H., Groth, D. et al. (1997) Structure of the recombinant full-length hamster protein protein PrP (29-231): The N terminus is highly flexible. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:7279-7282.
327. Riek, R., Hornemann, S., Wider, G. et al. (1997) NMR characterization of the full-length recombinant murine prion protein, mPrP (23-231). FEBS Lett. 413:282-288.
328. Prusiner, S. (2001) Shattuck lecture-Neurodegenerative diseases and prions. New Engl. J. Med. 344:1516-1526.
329. Kyle, R. A. (2001) Amyloidosis: A convoluted story. Brit. J. Haem. 114:529-538.
330. Aguzzi, A. (2009) Beyond the prion principle. Nature 459:924-925.
331. Wickner, R. B., Edskes, H. K., Shewmaker, F. and Nakayashiki, T. (2007) Prions of fungi: Inherited structures and biological roles. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 5:611-618.
332. Alberti, S., Halfmann, R., King, O. et al. (2009) A systematic survey identifies prions and illuminates sequence features of prionogenic proteins. Cell 137:146-158.
333. Johnson, P. (1988) Intellectuals. Harper & Row, New York.
334. Redfield Jamison, K. (1993) Touched with Fire. Simon & Schuster, New York.
335. Brown, P. (2009) Daniel Carleton Gajdusek (1923-2008). Neurology 72:1204.
336. Goudsmit, J. (2009) Daniel Carleton Gajdusek (1923-2008). Nature 457:394.
337. Prusiner, S. B. and McCarty, M. (2006) Discovering DNA encodes heredity and prions are infectious proteins. Ann. Rev. Genet. 49:25-45.