Polio and nobel prizes: Looking back 50 years

Annals of Neurology

Volumn 61, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 385-395

  Norrby, Erling ^a   Prusiner, Stanley B ^b  

^a ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

POLIOMYELITIS VACCINE;

ANIMAL; AWARDS AND PRIZES; CELL CULTURE; EPIDEMIC; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HISTORY; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; POLIOMYELITIS; POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; CELLS, CULTURED; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; NOBEL PRIZE; POLIOMYELITIS; POLIOVIRUS; POLIOVIRUS VACCINES;

EID: 34249935835     PISSN: 03645134     EISSN: 15318249     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ana.21153     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Salk JE, Bazeley PL, Bennett BL, et al. Studies in human subjects on active immunization against poliomyelitis. II. A practical means for inducing and maintaining antibody formation. Am J Public Health 1954;44:994-1009.
2. Salk JE, Youngner JS, Ward EN. Use of color change of phenol red as the indicator in titrating poliomyelitis virus or its antibody in a tissue-culture system. Am J Hyg 1954;60:214-230.
3. Salk JE. Considerations in the preparation and use of poliomyelitis virus vaccine. J Am Med Assoc 1955;158:1239-1248.
4. Koprowski H, Jervis GA, Norton TW. Immune responses in human volunteers upon oral administration of a rodent-adapted strain of poliomyelitis virus. Am J Hyg 1952;55:108-124.
5. Cox HR, Jervis GA, Koprowski H, et al. Immunization of humans with a chick embryo adapted strain of MEF1 poliomyelitis virus. J Immunol 1956;77:123-131.
6. Koprowski H. First decade (1950-1960) of studies and trials with the polio vaccine. Biologicals 2006;34:81-86. (Pubitemid 43765783)
7. Sabin AB. Present status of attenuated live virus poliomyelitis vaccine. Bull NY Acad Med 1957;33:17-39.
8. Francis T Jr, Napier JA, Voight RB, et al. Evaluation of the 1954 field trial of poliomyelitis vaccine: final report. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1957.
9. Paul JR. A history of poliomyelitis. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971:486.
10. Nathanson N, Martin JR. The epidemiology of poliomyelitis: enigmas surrounding its appearance, epidemicity, and disappearance. Am J Epidemiol 1979;110:672-692.
11. Landsteiner K, Popper E. Mikroskopische preparate von einen menschlichen und zwei affenmunckenmarken. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1908;21:1830.
12. Brodie M, Goldberg SA, Stanley P. Transmission of the virus of poliomyelitis to mice. Science 1935;29:319-320.
13. Armstrong C. The experimental transmission of poliomyelitis to the Eastern cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus hispidus. Public Health Rep 1939;54:1719-1721.
14. Armstrong C. Successful transfer of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus from the cotton rat to the white mouse. Public Health Rep 1939;54:2302-2305.
15. Enders JF, Weller TH, Robbins FC. Cultivation of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of various human embryonic tissues. Science 1949;109:85-87.
16. Weller TH, Robbins FC, Enders JF. Cultivation of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of human foreskin and embryonic tissues. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1949;72:153-155.
17. Robbins FC, Enders JF, Weller TH. Cytopathogenic effect of poliomyelitis viruses in vitro on, human embryonic tissues. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1950;75:370-374.
18. Robbins FC, Weller TH, Enders JF. Studies on the cultivation of poliomyelitis viruses in tissue culture. II. The propagation of the poliomyelitis viruses in roller-tube cultures of various human tissues. J Immunol 1952;69:673-694.
19. Koprowski H, Norton TW, Jervis GA, et al. Clinical investigations on attenuated strains of poliomyelitis virus; use as a method of immunization of children with living virus. J Am Med Assoc 1956;160:954-966.
20. Koprowski H. Vaccination with modified active viruses. In: International Poliomyelitis Congress. Poliomyelitis: papers and discussions presented at the Fourth International Poliomyelitis Conference. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1957: 112-123.
21. Flexner S, Lewis PA. Experimental epidemic poliomyelitis in monkeys. J Exp Med 1910;12:227-255.
22. Flexner S, Clark PF. A note on the mode of infection in epidemic poliomyelitis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1912;10:1.
23. Sabin AB, Olitsky PK. Cultivation of poliomyelitis virus in vitro in human embryonic nervous tissue. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1936;34:357-359.
24. Feller AE, Enders JF, Weller TH. The prolonged coexistence of vaccinia virus in high titre and living cells in roller tube cultures of chick embryonic tissues. J Exp Med 1940;72:367-388.
25. The Reminiscences of Frederick C. Robbins (April 2, 1964), in the Oral History Collection of Columbia University.
26. Weller TH, Enders JF. Propagation of hemagglutinin by mumps and influenza A viruses in suspended cell tissue cultures. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1949;69:124-128.
27. Weller TH. Serial propagation in vitro of agents producing inclusion bodies derived from varicella and herpes zoster. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1953;83:340-346.
28. Enders JF, Peebles TC. Propagation in tissue cultures of cytopathogenic agents from patients with measles. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1954;86:277-286.
29. Weller TH. Growing pathogens in tissue cultures: fifty years in academic tropical medicine, pediatrics, and virology. Canton: Science History Publications, 2004:292.
30. Hargittai I. Candid science II: conversations with famous biomedical scientists. London: Imperial College Press, 2002:604.
31. Gard S. Encephalomyelitis of mice. II. A method for the measurement of virus activity. J Exp Med 1940;72:69-77.
32. Prusiner SB, Groth DF, Cochran SP, et al. Molecular properties, partial purification, and assay by incubation period measurements of the hamster scrapie agent. Biochemistry 1980;21: 4883-4891.
33. Prusiner SB. Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie. Science 1982;216:136-144. (Pubitemid 12089840)
34. Prusiner SB. Prions (Les Prix Nobel Lecture). In: Frängsmyr T, ed. Les Prix Nobel. Stockholm, Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1998:268-323.
35. Theiler M, Gard S. Encephalomyelitis of mice: I. Characteristics and pathogenesis of the virus. J Exp Med 1940;72:49-67.
36. Theiler M, Gard S. Encephalomyelitis of mice: III. epidemiology. J Exp Med 1940;72:79-90.
37. Gard S. Purification of poliomyelitis virus. Institute of Physical Chemistry, Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology. Uppsala, Sweden: University of Uppsala, 1943.
38. Salk JE, Krech U, Youngner JS, et al. Formaldehyde treatment and safety testing of experimental poliomyelitis vaccines. Am J Public Health 1954;44:563-570.
39. Gard S. Aspects on production and control of formol-treated poliovirus vaccines. European Association of Poliomyelitis, IV Symposium, 1956:22-25.
40. Gard S, Lycke E, Olin G, Wesslen T. Inactivation of poliomyelitis virus by formaldehyde. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1957;7: 125-135.
41. Gard S, Lycke E. Inactivation of poliovirus by formaldehyde; analysis of inactivation curves. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1957; 7:471-482.
42. Lycke E. Studies of the inactivation of poliomyelitis virus by formaldehyde; inactivation of partially purified virus material and the effect upon the rate of inactivation by addition of glycine. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1958;8:23-41.
43. Salk JE, Gori JB. A review of theoretical, experimental, and practical considerations in the use of formaldehyde for the inactivation of poliovirus. Ann NY Acad Sci 1960;83:609-637.
44. Nathanson N, Langmuir AD. The Cutter Incident. Poliomyelitis following formaldehyde-inactivated poliovirus vaccination in the United States during the Spring of 1955. I. Background. Am J Hyg 1963;78:16-28.
45. Nathanson N, Langmuir AD. The Cutter Incident. Poliomyelitis following formaldehyde-inactivated poliovirus vaccination in the United States during the Spring of 1955. II. Relationship of poliomyelitis to cutter vaccine. Am J Hyg 1963;78:29-60.
46. Nathanson N, Langmuir AD. The Cutter Incident. Poliomyelitis following formaldehyde-inactivated poliovirus vaccination in the United States during the Spring of 1955. III. Comparison of the clinical character of vaccinated and contact cases occurring after use of high rate lots of cutter vaccine. Am J Hyg 1963;78:61-81.
47. Offit PA. The Cutter Incident: how America's first polio vaccine led to the growing vaccine crisis. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005:238.
48. Gard S. Chemical inactivation of viruses. Ciba Foundation Symposium on The Nature of Viruses. London: Churchill, 1957:123.
49. Bottiger M. Studies on immunization with inactivated and liver poliovirus vaccines. Acta Paediatr Scand 1966;(supp 164):1-42.
50. Bottiger M, Arro L, Lundbeck H, Salenstedt CR. The immune response to vaccination with inactivated poliovirus vaccine in Sweden. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1966;66:239-256.
51. Bottiger M, Lycke E, Melen B, Wrange G. Inactivation of poliomyelitis virus by formaldehyde; incubation time in tissue culture of formalin treated virus. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1958; 8:259-266.
52. Bottiger M. Experiences of vaccination with inactivated poliovirus vaccine in Sweden. Dev Biol Stand 1981;47:227-232. (Pubitemid 11186764)
53. Enders JF, Robbins FC, Weller TH. The cultivation of the poliomyelitis viruses in tissue culture. Les Prix Nobel en 1954. Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt and Soner, 1955:100-118.
54. Nathanson N, Bodian D. Experimental poliomyelitis following intramuscular virus injection. II. Viremia and the effect of antibody. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1961;108:320-333.
55. Nathanson N, Bodian D. Experimental poliomyelitis following intramuscular virus injection. I. The effect of neural block on a neurotropic and a pantropic strain. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1961;108:308-319.
56. Rosen FS. Isolation of poliovirus-John Enders and the Nobel Prize. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1481-1483. (Pubitemid 39315311)
57. Roca-Garcia M, Moyer AW, Cox HR. Poliomyelitis. II. Propagation of MEFI strain of poliomyelitis virus in developing chick embryo by yolk sac inoculation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1952;81:519-525.
58. Cabasso VJ, Stebbins MR, Dutcher RM, et al. Poliomyelitis. III. Propagation of MEFI strain of poliomyelitis virus in developing chick embryo by allantoic cavity inoculation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1952;81:525-529.
59. Lemmel B. Nomination and selection of the Nobel Laureates. In: Wallin Levinovitz A, Ringertz N, eds. The Nobel Prize: the first 100 years. London: Imperial College Press, 2001:25-28.
60. Crawford E. The secrecy of Nobel Prize selections in the sciences and its effect on documentation and research. Proc Am Philos Soc 1990;134:408-419.
61. Special to The New York Times. 3 U.S. doctors win Nobel award for work in growing polio virus. The New York Times. New York, 1954:2.
62. Enders JF, Weller TH, Robbins FC. Alterations in pathogenicity for monkeys of Brunhilde strain of poliomyelitis virus following cultivation in human tissues. Fed Proc 1952;11:467.
63. Enders JF, Katz SL, Milovanovic MV, Holloway A. Studies on an attenuated measles-virus vaccine. I. Development and preparations of the vaccine: technics for assay of effects of vaccination. N Engl J Med 1960;263:153-159.
64. Salk JE. Studies in human subjects on active immunization against poliomyelitis. I. A preliminary report of experiments in progress. J Am Med Assoc 1953;151:1081-1098.
65. Dulbecco R, Vogt M. Plaque formation and isolation of pure lines with poliomyelitis viruses. J Exp Med 1954;99:167-182.
66. Rous P, Jones FS. A method for obtaining suspensions of living cells from the fixed tissues, and for the plating out of individual cells. J Exp Med 1916;23:549-555.
67. Youngner JS. Monolayer tissue cultures. II. Poliomyelitis virus assay in roller tube cultures of trypsin-dispersed monkey kidney. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1954;85:527-530.
68. Youngner JS. Monolayer tissue cultures. I. Preparation and standardization of suspensions of trypsin-dispersed monkey kidney cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1954;85:202-205.
69. Sabin AB, Hennessen WA, Winsser J. Studies on variants of poliomyelitis virus. I. Experimental segregation and properties of avirulent variants of three immunologic types. J Exp Med 1954;99:551-576.
70. Gard S. The Nobel Prizes for Physiology or Medicine 1954. Les Prix Nobel en 1954. Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt and Soner, 1955:38-42.