The long-term prognosis of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality for metabolically healthy obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health

Volumn 70, Issue 10, 2016, Pages 1024-1031

  Zheng, Ruizhi ^a   Zhou, Dan ^b   Zhu, Yimin ^a  

^a ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b ZHEJIANG UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (China)

Author keywords

Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease; META ANALYSIS; OBESITY

Indexed keywords

ABNORMALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HEALTH RISK; HETEROGENEITY; LITERATURE REVIEW; LONG-TERM CHANGE; META-ANALYSIS; METABOLISM; MORTALITY; OBESITY;

AISEN; CHILE; COCHRANE;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CAUSE OF DEATH; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; METABOLICALLY BENIGN OBESITY; MORTALITY; PHENOTYPE; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTOR;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CAUSE OF DEATH; HUMANS; OBESITY, METABOLICALLY BENIGN; PHENOTYPE; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84966430237     PISSN: 0143005X     EISSN: 14702738     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-206948     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. Boonchaya-anant P, Apovian CM. Metabolically healthy obesity-does it exist? Curr Atheroscler Rep 2014;16:441.
2. Phillips CM. Metabolically healthy obesity: definitions, determinants and clinical implications. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2013;14:219-27.
3. Katzmarzyk PT, Church TS, Janssen I, et al. Metabolic syndrome, obesity, and mortality: impact of cardiorespiratory fitness. Diabetes Care 2005;28:391-7.
4. Kip KE, Marroquin OC, Kelley DE, et al. Clinical importance of obesity versus the metabolic syndrome in cardiovascular risk in women: a report from the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. Circulation 2004;109:706-13.
5. Song Y, Manson JE, Meigs JB, et al. Comparison of usefulness of body mass index versus metabolic risk factors in predicting 10-year risk of cardiovascular events in women. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:1654-8.
6. Meigs JB, Wilson PW, Fox CS, et al. Body mass index, metabolic syndrome, and risk of type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:2906-12.
7. Kuk JL, Ardern CI. Are metabolically normal but obese individuals at lower risk for all-cause mortality? Diabetes Care 2009;32:2297-9.
8. Arnlöv J, Ingelsson E, Sundström J, et al. Impact of body mass index and the metabolic syndrome on the risk of cardiovascular disease and death in middle-aged men. Circulation 2010;121:230-6.
9. Hosseinpanah F, Barzin M, Sheikholeslami F, et al. Effect of different obesity phenotypes on cardiovascular events in Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). Am J Cardiol 2011;107:412-16.
10. Appleton SL, Seaborn CJ, Visvanathan R, et al. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease outcomes in the metabolically healthy obese phenotype: a cohort study. Diabetes Care 2013;36:2388-94.
11. Choi KM, Cho HJ, Choi HY, et al. Higher mortality in metabolically obese normal-weight people than in metabolically healthy obese subjects in elderly Koreans. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf ) 2013;79:364-70.
12. Hinnouho GM, Czernichow S, Dugravot A, et al. Metabolically healthy obesity and risk of mortality does the definition of metabolic health matter? Diabetes Care 2013;36:2294-300.
13. Ortega FB, Lee DC, Katzmarzyk PT, et al. The intriguing metabolically healthy but obese phenotype: cardiovascular prognosis and role of fitness. Eur Heart J 2013;34:389-97.
14. Aung K, Lorenzo C, Hinojosa MA, et al. Risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease in metabolically unhealthy normal-weight and metabolically healthy obese individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:462-8.
15. Kramer CK, Zinman B, Retnakaran R. Are metabolically healthy overweight and obesity benign conditions?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2013;159:758-69.
16. Hill JO, Wyatt HR. The myth of healthy obesity. Ann Intern Med 2013;159:789-90.
17. Lavie CJ, Archer E, Shook RP, et al. Letters to the editor. Ochsner J 2015;15:122-3.
18. Kamel HK, Iqbal MA. Body mass index and mortality among hospitalized elderly patients. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1459-60.
19. Bagheri M, Speakman JR, Shabbidar S, et al. A dose-response meta-analysis of the impact of body mass index on stroke and all-cause mortality in stroke patients: a paradox within a paradox. Obes Rev 2015;16:416-23.
20. Wang ZJ, Zhou YJ, Galper BZ, et al. Association of body mass index with mortality and cardiovascular events for patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart 2015;101:1631-8.
21. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA 2000;283:2008-12.
22. Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:2486-97.
23. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J, et al. The metabolic syndrome-a new worldwide definition. Lancet 2005;366:1059-62.
24. Bo S, Musso G, Gambino R, et al. Prognostic implications for insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant normal-weight and obese individuals from a population-based cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:962-9.
25. Calori G, Lattuada G, Piemonti L, et al. Prevalence, metabolic features, and prognosis of metabolically healthy obese Italian Individuals: The Cremona Study. Diabetes Care 2011;34:210-15.
26. Hamer M, Stamatakis E. Metabolically healthy obesity and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:2482-8.
27. Voulgari C, Tentolouris N, Dilaveris P, et al. Increased heart failure risk in normal-weight people with metabolic syndrome compared with metabolically healthy obese individuals. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:1343-50.
28. Mørkedal B, Vatten LJ, Romundstad PR, et al. Risk of myocardial infarction and heart failure among metabolically healthy but obese individuals: HUNT (Nord-Trøndelag Health Study), Norway. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:1071-8.
29. Lee SK, Kim SH, Cho GY, et al. Obesity phenotype and incident hypertension: a prospective community-based cohort study. J Hypertens 2013;31:145-51.
30. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327:557-60.
31. Luo D, Liu F, Li X, et al. Comparison of the effect of 'metabolically healthy but obese' and 'metabolically abnormal but not obese' phenotypes on development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in Chinese. Endocrine 2015;49:130-8.
32. Bell JA, Kivimaki M, Hamer M. Metabolically healthy obesity and risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Obes Rev 2014;15:504-15.
33. Ogorodnikova AD, Kim M, McGinn AP, et al. Incident cardiovascular disease events in metabolically benign obese individuals. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012;20:651-9.
34. Al Suwaidi J. Is there an increased cardiovascular risk in metabolically healthy obese individuals? Lessons from the HUNT (Nord-Trondelag Health) study. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2014;2014:44-7.
35. Mirbolouk M, Asgari S, Sheikholeslami F, et al. Different obesity phenotypes, and incident cardiovascular disease and mortality events in elderly Iranians: Tehran lipid and glucose study. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015;15:449-56.
36. Thomsen M, Nordestgaard BG. Myocardial infarction and ischemic heart disease in overweight and obesity with and without metabolic syndrome. JAMA Intern Med 2014;174:15-22.
37. Hinnouho GM, Czernichow S, Dugravot A, et al. Metabolically healthy obesity and the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: the Whitehall II cohort study. Eur Heart J 2015;36:551-9.
38. Sung KC, Ryu S, Cheong ES, et al. All-cause and cardiovascular mortality among Koreans: effects of obesity and metabolic health. Am J Prev Med 2015;49:62-71.
39. Durward CM, Hartman TJ, Nickols-Richardson SM. All-cause mortality risk of metabolically healthy obese individuals in NHANES III. J Obes 2012;2012:460321.
40. van der A DL, Nooyens AC, van Duijnhoven FJ, et al. All-cause mortality risk of metabolically healthy abdominal obese individuals: the EPIC-MORGEN study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014;22:557-64.
41. Keihani S, Hosseinpanah F, Barzin M, et al. Abdominal obesity phenotypes and risk of cardiovascular disease in a decade of follow-up: the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Atherosclerosis 2015;238:256-63.
42. Fan J, Song Y, Chen Y, et al. Combined effect of obesity and cardio-metabolic abnormality on the risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Cardiol 2013;168:4761-8.
43. Chang Y, Kim BK, Yun KE, et al. Metabolically-healthy obesity and coronary artery calcification. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:2679-86.
44. Khan UI, Wang D, Thurston RC, et al. Burden of subclinical cardiovascular disease in "metabolically benign" and "at-risk" overweight and obese women: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Atherosclerosis 2011;217:179-86.
45. Lotta LA, Abbasi A, Sharp SJ, et al. Definitions of Metabolic Health and Risk of Future Type 2 Diabetes in BMI Categories: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2015;38:2177-87.
46. Bell JA, Hamer M, Sabia S, et al. The natural course of healthy obesity over 20 years. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;65:101-2.
47. Ortega FB, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Sui X, et al. Role of fitness in the metabolically healthy but obese phenotype: a review and update. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2015;58:76-86.
48. Lavie CJ, De Schutter A, Parto P, et al. Obesity and prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and prognosis-the obesity paradox updated. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2016.
49. Primeau V, Coderre L, Karelis AD, et al. Characterizing the profile of obese patients who are metabolically healthy. Int J Obes (Lond) 2011;35:971-81.
50. Lavie CJ, De Schutter A, Milani RV. Healthy obese versus unhealthy lean: the obesity paradox. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015;11:55-62.
51. Winter JE, MacInnis RJ, Wattanapenpaiboon N, et al. BMI and all-cause mortality in older adults: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;99:875-90.
52. Veronese N, Cereda E, Solmi M, et al. Inverse relationship between body mass index and mortality in older nursing home residents: a meta-analysis of 19,538 elderly subjects. Obes Rev 2015;16:1001-15.
53. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing 2010;39:412-23.
54. Goel K, Lopez-Jimenez F, De Schutter A, et al. Obesity paradox in different populations: evidence and controversies. Future Cardiol 2014;10:81-91.
55. Lavie CJ, McAuley PA, Church TS, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular diseases: implications regarding fitness, fatness, and severity in the obesity paradox. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:1345-54.
56. Flegal KM, Kit BK, Orpana H, et al. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2013;309:71-82.
57. Barry VW, Baruth M, Beets MW, et al. Fitness vs. fatness on all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2014;56:382-90.
58. McAuley PA, Beavers KM. Contribution of cardiorespiratory fitness to the obesity paradox. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2014;56:434-40.
59. Twig G, Afek A, Derazne E, et al. Diabetes risk among overweight and obese metabolically healthy young adults. Diabetes Care 2014;37:2989-95.
60. Bell JA, Hamer M, Batty GD, et al. Incidence of Metabolic Risk Factors Among Healthy Obese Adults: 20-Year Follow-Up. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;66:871-3.
61. Wildman RP, Muntner P, Reynolds K, et al. The obese without cardiometabolic risk factor clustering and the normal weight with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering: prevalence and correlates of 2 phenotypes among the US population (NHANES 1999-2004). Arch Intern Med 2008;168:1617-24.