Design Features of Explicit Values Clarification Methods: A Systematic Review

Medical Decision Making

Volumn 36, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 453-471

  Witteman, Holly O ^a,b   Scherer, Laura D ^c   Gavaruzzi, Teresa ^d   Pieterse, Arwen H ^e,f   Fuhrel Forbis, Andrea ^g   Chipenda Dansokho, Selma ^a   Exe, Nicole ^g,h   Kahn, Valerie C ^g,h   Feldman Stewart, Deb ^i,j   Col, Nananda F ^k,l   Turgeon, Alexis F ^a,b   Fagerlin, Angela ^g,h,m  

^a UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

^b Université Laval   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^e LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^f Dutch Cancer Society   (Netherlands)

^g UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

ⁱ QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^j QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^k Shared Decision Making Resources   (United States)

^l UNIVERSITY OF NEW ENGLAND   (United States)

^m Center for Clinical Management Research   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

clarify; decision AIDS; decision making; design; preferences; shared decision making; values; values clarification; values clarification exercise; values clarification method

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL DECISION MAKING; DECISION MAKING; DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM; HUMAN; PATIENT PARTICIPATION; PATIENT PREFERENCE; PROCEDURES;

CHOICE BEHAVIOR; CLINICAL DECISION-MAKING; DECISION SUPPORT TECHNIQUES; HUMANS; PATIENT PARTICIPATION; PATIENT PREFERENCE;

EID: 84964010088     PISSN: 0272989X     EISSN: 1552681X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0272989X15626397     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. Llewellyn-Thomas HA,. Patients' health-care decision making: a framework for descriptive and experimental investigations. Med Decis Making 1995; 15: 101-6.
2. Barrett B, McKenna P,. Communicating benefits and risks of screening for prostate, colon, and breast cancer. Fam Med. 2011; 43: 248-53.
3. Mulley AG, Trimble C, Elwyn G,. Stop the silent misdiagnosis: patients' preferences matter. BMJ. 2012; 345: e6572.
4. Llewellyn-Thomas HA, Crump RT,. Decision support for patients: values clarification and preference elicitation. Med Care Res Rev. 2013; 70: 50S-79S.
5. Marteau TM, Dormandy E, Michie S,. A measure of informed choice. Health Expect. 2001; 4: 99-108.
6. Michie S, Dormandy E, Marteau TM,. The multi-dimensional measure of informed choice: a validation study. Patient Educ Couns. 2002; 48: 87-91.
7. Epstein RM, Alper BS, Quill TE,. Communicating evidence for participatory decision making. JAMA. 2004; 291: 2359-66.
8. Gaston C, Mitchell G,. Information giving and decision-making in patients with advanced cancer: a systematic review. Soc Sci Med. 2005; 61: 2252-64.
9. Stacey D, Bennett CL, Barry MJ, et al. Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; CD001431.
10. Fagerlin A, Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Ubel PA,. Helping patients decide: ten steps to better risk communication. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011; 103: 1436-43.
11. Fischhoff B, Brewer NT, Downs JS, eds. Communicating Risks and Benefits. Rockville, MD: Food and Drug Administration (FDA), US Department of Health and Human Services; 2011.
12. Elwyn G, O'Connor A, Stacey D, et al. Developing a quality criteria framework for patient decision aids: online international Delphi consensus process. BMJ. 2006; 333: 417.
13. O'Connor AM, Tugwell P, Wells GA, et al. A decision aid for women considering hormone therapy after menopause: decision support framework and evaluation. Patient Educ Couns. 1998; 33: 267-79.
14. Pieterse AH, de Vries M, Kunneman M, et al. Theory-informed design of values clarification methods: a cognitive psychological perspective on patient health-related decision making. Soc Sci Med. 2013; 77: 156-63.
15. Elwyn G, O'Connor AM, Bennett C, et al. Assessing the quality of decision support technologies using the International Patient Decision Aid Standards instrument (IPDASi). PLoS One. 2009; 4: e4705.
16. de Vries M, Fagerlin A, Witteman HO, et al. Combining deliberation and intuition in patient decision support. Patient Educ Couns. 2013; 91: 154-60.
17. Fagerlin A, Pignone MP, Abhyankar P, et al. Clarifying values: an updated review. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2013; 13: S8.
18. van Peperstraten AM, Hermens RPMG, Nelen WLDM, et al. Deciding how many embryos to transfer after in vitro fertilisation: development and pilot test of a decision aid. Patient Educ Couns. 2010; 78: 124-9.
19. Sheridan SL, Griffith JM, Behrend L, et al. Effect of adding a values clarification exercise to a decision aid on heart disease prevention: a randomized trial. Med Decis Making. 2010; 30: E28-39.
20. Feldman-Stewart D, Brennenstuhl S, Brundage MD, et al. An explicit values clarification task: development and validation. Patient Educ Couns. 2006; 63: 350-6.
21. Volk RJ, Jibaja-Weiss ML, Hawley ST, et al. Entertainment education for prostate cancer screening: a randomized trial among primary care patients with low health literacy. Patient Educ Couns. 2008; 73: 482-9.
22. Hunter A, Cappelli M, Humphreys L, et al. A randomized trial comparing alternative approaches to prenatal diagnosis counseling in advanced maternal age patients. Clin Genet. 2005; 67: 303-13.
23. O'Connor AM, Bennett CL, Stacey D, et al. Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(3): CD001431.
24. Microsoft Excel 2008 for Mac. Redmond, WA: Microsoft.
25. R Development Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.
26. Linzer DA, Lewis JB,. poLCA: an R package for polytomous variable latent class analysis. J Stat Software. 2011; 42: 1-29.
27. Abhyankar P, Bekker HL, Summers BA, et al. Why values elicitation techniques enable people to make informed decisions about cancer trial participation. Health Expect. 2010; 14: 20-32.
28. De Abreu MM, Gafni A, Ferraz MB,. Development and testing of a decision board to help clinicians present treatment options to lupus nephritis patients in Brazil. Arthritis Rheum. 2009; 61: 37-45.
29. de Achaval S, Fraenkel L, Volk RJ, et al. Impact of educational and patient decision aids on decisional conflict associated with total knee arthroplasty. Arthritis Care Res. 2012; 64: 229-37.
30. Akl EA, Grant BJ, Guyatt GH, et al. A decision aid for COPD patients considering inhaled steroid therapy: development and before and after pilot testing. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2007; 7: 12.
31. AlFaleh KM, Al Luwaimi E, AlKharfi TM, et al. A decision aid for considering indomethacin prophylaxis vs. symptomatic treatment of PDA for extreme low birth weight infants. BMC Pediatr. 2011; 11: 78.
32. Allen JD, Othus MKD, Hart A, et al. A randomized trial of a computer-tailored decision aid to improve prostate cancer screening decisions: results from the Take the Wheel trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010; 19: 2172-86.
33. Bastian LA, McBride CM, Fish L, et al. Evaluating participants' use of a hormone replacement therapy decision-making intervention. Patient Educ Couns. 2002; 48: 283-91.
34. Bekker HL, Hewison J, Thornton JG,. Applying decision analysis to facilitate informed decision making about prenatal diagnosis for Down syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Prenat Diagn. 2004; 24: 265-75.
35. Berger B, Hopp JW, Raettig V,. Values clarification and the cardiac patient. Health Educ Behav. 1975; 3: 191-9.
36. Brenner A, Howard K, Lewis C, et al. Comparing 3 values clarification methods for colorectal cancer screening decision-making: a randomized trial in the US and Australia. J Gen Intern Med. 2013; 29: 507-13.
37. Breslin MA, Mullan RJ, Montori VM,. The design of a decision aid about diabetes medications for use during the consultation with patients with type 2 diabetes. Patient Educ Couns. 2008; 73: 465-72.
38. Mullan RJ, Montori VM, Shah ND, et al. The diabetes mellitus medication choice decision aid: a randomized trial. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169: 1560-8.
39. Brundage MD, Feldman-Stewart D, Dixon P, et al. A treatment trade-off based decision aid for patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Health Expect. 2000; 3: 55-68.
40. Brundage MD, Feldman-Stewart D, Cosby R, et al. Phase I study of a decision aid for patients with locally advanced non- small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2001; 19: 1326-35.
41. Chiew KS, Shepherd H, Vardy J, et al. Development and evaluation of a decision aid for patients considering first-line chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Health Expect. 2008; 11: 35-45.
42. Clancy CM, Cebul RD, Williams SV,. Guiding individual decisions: a randomized, controlled trial of decision analysis. Am J Med. 1988; 84: 283-8.
43. Costanza ME, Luckmann RS, Rosal M, et al. Helping men make an informed decision about prostate cancer screening: a pilot study of telephone counseling. Patient Educ Couns. 2011; 82: 193-200.
44. Culver JO, MacDonald DJ, Thornton AA, et al. Development and evaluation of a decision aid for BRCA carriers with breast cancer. J Genet Couns. 2011; 20: 294-307.
45. Dolan JG, Frisina S,. Randomized controlled trial of a patient decision aid for colorectal cancer screening. Med Decis Making. 2002; 22: 125-39.
46. Dolan JG, Veazie PJ, Russ AJ,. Development and initial evaluation of a treatment decision dashboard. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2013; 13: 51.
47. Dorfman CS, Williams RM, Kassan EC, et al. The development of a web- and a print-based decision aid for prostate cancer screening. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2010; 10: 12.
48. Drake ER, Engler-Todd L, O'Connor AM, et al. Development and evaluation of a decision aid about prenatal testing for women of advanced maternal age. J Genet Couns. 1999; 8: 217-33.
49. Durand M-A, Wegwarth O, Boivin J, et al. Design and usability of heuristic-based deliberation tools for women facing amniocentesis. Health Expect. 2011; 15: 32-48.
50. Emmett CL, Murphy DJ, Patel RR, et al. Decision-making about mode of delivery after previous caesarean section: development and piloting of two computer-based decision aids. Health Expect. 2007; 10: 161-72.
51. Evans R, Joseph-Williams N, Edwards A, et al. Supporting informed decision making for prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing on the web: an online randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2010; 12: e27.
52. Feldman-Stewart D, Brundage MD, Van Manen L,. A decision aid for men with early stage prostate cancer: theoretical basis and a test by surrogate patients. Health Expect 2001; 4: 221-234.
53. Feldman-Stewart D, Tong C, Siemens R, et al. The impact of explicit values clarification exercises in a patient decision aid emerges after the decision is actually made: evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Med Decis Making. 2012; 32: 616-26.
54. Fraenkel L, Rabidou N, Wittink D, et al. Improving informed decision-making for patients with knee pain. J Rheumatol. 2007; 34: 1894-8.
55. Fraenkel L, Street RL Jr, Fried TR,. Development of a tool to improve the quality of decision making in atrial fibrillation. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2011; 11: 59.
56. Fraenkel L, Street RL Jr, Towle V, et al. A pilot randomized controlled trial of a decision support tool to improve the quality of communication and decision-making in individuals with atrial fibrillation. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012; 60: 1434-41.
57. Frosch DL, Bhatnagar V, Tally S, et al. Internet patient decision support: a randomized controlled trial comparing alternative approaches for men considering prostate cancer screening. Arch Intern Med. 2008; 168: 363-9.
58. Bhatnagar V, Frosch DL, Tally SR, et al. Evaluation of an internet-based disease trajectory decision tool for prostate cancer screening. Value Health. 2009; 12: 101-8.
59. Garvelink MM, Kuile ter MM, Fischer MJ, et al. Development of a decision aid about fertility preservation for women with breast cancer in the Netherlands. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2013; 34: 170-8.
60. Gattellari M, Ward JE,. Does evidence-based information about screening for prostate cancer enhance consumer decision-making? A randomised controlled trial. J Med Screen. 2003; 10: 27-39.
61. Goodlin SJ, Quill TE, Arnold RM,. Communication and decision-making about prognosis in heart failure care. J Card Fail. 2008; 14: 106-13.
62. Green MJ, Levi BH,. Development of an interactive computer program for advance care planning. Health Expect. 2009; 12: 60-9.
63. Hawley ST, Volk RJ, Krishnamurthy P, et al. Preferences for colorectal cancer screening among racially/ethnically diverse primary care patients. Med Care. 2008; 46: S10-6.
64. Jackson C, Cheater FM, Peacock R, et al. Evaluating a web-based MMR decision aid to support informed decision-making by UK parents: a before-and-after feasibility study. Health Educ J. 2010; 69: 74-83.
65. Shourie S, Jackson C, Cheater FM, et al. A cluster randomised controlled trial of a web based decision aid to support parents' decisions about their child's (MMR) vaccination. Vaccine. 2013; 31: 6003-10.
66. Jibaja-Weiss ML, Volk RJ, Friedman LC, et al. Preliminary testing of a just-in-time, user-defined values clarification exercise to aid lower literate women in making informed breast cancer treatment decisions. Health Expect. 2006; 9: 218-31.
67. Jibaja-Weiss ML, Volk RJ,. Utilizing computerized entertainment education in the development of decision aids for lower literate and naïve computer users. J Health Commun. 2007; 12: 681-97.
68. Jibaja-Weiss ML, Volk RJ, Granchi TS, et al. Entertainment education for breast cancer surgery decisions: a randomized trial among patients with low health literacy. Patient Educ Couns. 2011; 84: 41-8.
69. Karel MJ, Powell J, Cantor MD,. Using a values discussion guide to facilitate communication in advance care planning. Patient Educ Couns. 2004; 55: 22-31.
70. Karel MJ, Moye J, Bank A, et al. Three methods of assessing values for advance care planning: comparing persons with and without dementia. J Aging Health. 2007; 19: 123-51.
71. Kasper J, Köpke S, Mühlhauser I, et al. Informed shared decision making about immunotherapy for patients with multiple sclerosis (ISDIMS): a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Neurol. 2008; 15: 1345-52.
72. Kennedy ADM, Sculpher MJ, Coulter A, et al. Effects of decision aids for menorrhagia on treatment choices, health outcomes, and costs: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002; 288: 2701-8.
73. Labrecque M, Paunescu C, Plesu I, et al. Evaluation of the effect of a patient decision aid about vasectomy on the decision-making process: a randomized trial. Contraception. 2010; 82: 556-62.
74. Lalonde L, O'Connor AM, Drake E, et al. Development and preliminary testing of a patient decision aid to assist pharmaceutical care in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Pharmacotherapy. 2004; 24: 909-22.
75. Lalonde L, O'Connor AM, Duguay P, et al. Evaluation of a decision aid and a personal risk profile in community pharmacy for patients considering options to improve cardiovascular health: the OPTIONS pilot study. Int J Pharm Pract. 2006; 14: 51-62.
76. Legare F, Stacey D, Dodin S, et al. Women's decision making about the use of natural health products at menopause: a needs assessment and patient decision aid. J Altern Complement Med. 2007; 13: 741-50.
77. Leighl NB, Shepherd FA, Zawisza D, et al. Enhancing treatment decision-making: pilot study of a treatment decision aid in stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer. 2008; 98: 1769-73.
78. Lepore SJ, Wolf RL, Basch CE, et al. Informed decision making about prostate cancer testing in predominantly immigrant black men: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Behav Med. 2012; 44: 320-30.
79. Lerman C, Biesecker B, Benkendorf JL, et al. Controlled trial of pretest education approaches to enhance informed decision-making for BRCA1 gene testing. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997; 89: 148-57.
80. Lewis CL, Golin CE, DeLeon C, et al. A targeted decision aid for the elderly to decide whether to undergo colorectal cancer screening: development and results of an uncontrolled trial. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2010; 10: 54.
81. Llewellyn-Thomas HA, Williams JI, Levy L, et al. Using a trade-off technique to assess patients' treatment preferences for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Med Decis Making. 1996; 16: 262-82.
82. Llewellyn-Thomas HA,. Investigating patients' preferences for different treatment options. Can J Nurs Res. 1997; 29: 45-64.
83. Matheis-Kraft C, Roberto KA,. Influence of a values discussion on congruence between elderly women and their families on critical health care decisions. J Women Aging. 1997; 9: 5-22.
84. Mathieu E, Barratt A, Davey HM, et al. Informed choice in mammography screening: a randomized trial of a decision aid for 70-year-old women. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167: 2039-46.
85. Mathieu E, Barratt AL, McGeechan K, et al. Helping women make choices about mammography screening: an online randomized trial of a decision aid for 40-year-old women. Patient Educ Couns. 2010; 81: 63-72.
86. Montgomery AA, Fahey T, Peters TJ,. A factorial randomised controlled trial of decision analysis and an information video plus leaflet for newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. Br J Gen Pract. 2003; 53: 446-53.
87. Moumjid N, Carrère M-O, Charavel M, et al. Clinical issues in shared decision-making applied to breast cancer. Health Expect. 2003; 6: 222-7.
88. Myers RE,. Decision counseling in cancer prevention and control. Health Psychol. 2005; 24 S71-7.
89. Nassar N, Roberts CL, Raynes-Greenow CH, et al. Development and pilot-testing of a decision aid for women with a breech-presenting baby. Midwifery. 2007; 23: 38-47.
90. Nassar N, Roberts CL, Raynes-Greenow CH, et al. Evaluation of a decision aid for women with breech presentation at term: a randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN14570598]. BJOG. 2007; 114: 325-33.
91. O'Connor AM, Wells G, Tugwell P, et al. The effects of an 'explicit" values clarification exercise in a woman's decision aid regarding postmenopausal hormone therapy. Health Expect. 1999; 2: 21-32.
92. O'Connor AM, Tugwell P, Wells GA, et al. Randomized trial of a portable, self-administered decision aid for postmenopausal women considering long-term preventive hormone therapy. Med Decis Making. 1998; 18: 295-303.
93. Dodin S, Legare F, Daudelin G, et al. Prise de décision en matière d'hormonothérapie de remplacement. Essai clinique randomisé. Can Fam Physician. 2001; 47: 1586.
94. Peshkin BN, DeMarco TA, Tercyak KP,. On the development of a decision support intervention for mothers undergoing BRCA1/2 cancer genetic testing regarding communicating test results to their children. Fam Cancer. 2010; 9: 89-97.
95. Pieterse AH, Berkers F, Baas-Thijssen MCM, et al. Adaptive conjoint analysis as individual preference assessment tool: Feasibility through the internet and reliability of preferences. Patient Educ Couns. 2010; 78: 224-33.
96. Pignone MP, Brenner AT, Hawley S, et al. Conjoint analysis versus rating and ranking for values elicitation and clarification in colorectal cancer screening. J Gen Intern Med. 2012; 27: 45-50.
97. Pignone MP, Howard K, Brenner AT, et al. Comparing 3 techniques for eliciting patient values for decision making about prostate-specific antigen screening: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2013; 173: 362-8.
98. Protheroe J, Bower P, Chew-Graham C, et al. Effectiveness of a computerized decision aid in primary care on decision making and quality of life in menorrhagia: results of the MENTIP randomized controlled trial. Med Decis Making. 2007; 27: 575-84.
99. Raats CJI, van Veenendaal H, Versluijs MM, et al. A generic tool for development of decision aids based on clinical practice guidelines. Patient Educ Couns. 2008; 73: 413-7.
100. Rimer BK, Halabi S, Sugg Skinner C, et al. The short-term impact of tailored mammography decision-making interventions. Patient Educ Couns. 2001; 43: 269-85.
101. Rimer BK, Halabi S, Sugg Skinner C, et al. Effects of a mammography decision-making intervention at 12 and 24 months. Am J Prev Med. 2002; 22: 247-57.
102. van Roosmalen MS, Stalmeier PFM, Verhoef LCG, et al. Randomized trial of a shared decision-making intervention consisting of trade-offs and individualized treatment information for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. J Clin Oncol. 2004; 22: 3293-301.
103. Rothert ML, Holmes-Rovner M, Rovner D, et al. An educational intervention as decision support for menopausal women. Res Nurs Health. 1997; 20: 377-88.
104. Ruffin MT IV, Fetters MD, Jimbo M,. Preference-based electronic decision aid to promote colorectal cancer screening: results of a randomized controlled trial. Prev Med. 2007; 45: 267-73.
105. Sawka CA, Goel V, Mahut CA, et al. Development of a patient decision aid for choice of surgical treatment for breast cancer. Health Expect. 1998; 1: 23-36.
106. Goel V, Sawka CA, Thiel EC, et al. Randomized trial of a patient decision aid for choice of surgical treatment for breast cancer. Med Decis Making. 2001; 21: 1-6.
107. Schapira MM, Gilligan MA, McAuliffe T, et al. Decision-making at menopause: a randomized controlled trial of a computer-based hormone therapy decision-aid. Patient Educ Couns. 2007; 67: 100-7.
108. Schonberg MA, Hamel MB, Davis RB, et al. Development and evaluation of a decision aid on mammography screening for women 75 years and older. JAMA Intern Med. 2014; 174: 417.
109. Schwalm J-D, Stacey D, Pericak D, et al. Radial artery versus femoral artery access options in coronary angiogram procedures: randomized controlled trial of a patient-decision aid. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2012; 5: 260-6.
110. Segal I, Shahar Y,. A distributed system for support and explanation of shared decision-making in the prenatal testing domain. J Biomed Inform. 2009; 42: 272-86.
111. Shorten A, Chamberlain M, Shorten B, et al. Making choices for childbirth: development and testing of a decision-aid for women who have experienced previous caesarean. Patient Educ Couns. 2004; 52: 307-13.
112. Shorten A, Shorten B, Keogh J, et al. Making choices for childbirth: a randomized controlled trial of a decision-aid for informed birth after Cesarean. Birth. 2005; 32: 252-61.
113. Singer J,. Options counseling: techniques for caring for women with unintended pregnancies. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2004; 49: 235-42.
114. Smith SK, Trevena LJ, Barratt A, et al. Development and preliminary evaluation of a bowel cancer screening decision aid for adults with lower literacy. Patient Educ Couns. 2009; 75: 358-67.
115. Smith SK, Trevena LJ, Simpson JM, et al. A decision aid to support informed choices about bowel cancer screening among adults with low education: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010; 341: c5370.
116. Sorenson JR, Lakon C, Spinney T, et al. Assessment of a decision aid to assist genetic testing research participants in the informed consent process. Genet Test. 2004; 8: 336-46.
117. Thomson R, Robinson A, Greenaway J, et al. Development and description of a decision analysis based decision support tool for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. Qual Saf Health Care. 2002; 11: 25-31.
118. Thomson P, Dowding D, Swanson V, et al. A computerised guidance tree (decision aid) for hypertension, based on decision analysis: development and preliminary evaluation. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2006; 5: 146-9.
119. Tiller K, Meiser B, Reeson E, et al. A decision aid for women at increased risk for ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2003; 13: 15-22.
120. Tiller K, Meiser B, Gaff C, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a decision aid for women at increased risk of ovarian cancer. Med Decis Making. 2006; 26: 360-72.
121. Vandemheen KL, O'Connor A, Bell SC, et al. Randomized trial of a decision aid for patients with cystic fibrosis considering lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009; 180: 761-8.
122. Vandemheen KL, Aaron SD, Poirier C, et al. Development of a decision aid for adult cystic fibrosis patients considering referral for lung transplantation. Prog Transplant. 2010; 20: 81-7.
123. Wakefield CE, Meiser B, Homewood J, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a decision aid for women considering genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007; 107: 289-301.
124. Wakefield CE, Meiser B, Homewood J, et al. Randomized trial of a decision aid for individuals considering genetic testing for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer risk. Cancer. 2008; 113: 956-65.
125. Wakefield CE, Meiser B, Homewood J, et al. Development and pilot testing of two decision aids for individuals considering genetic testing for cancer risk. J Genet Couns. 2007; 16: 325-39.
126. Wallace C, Leask J, Trevena LJ,. Effects of a web based decision aid on parental attitudes to MMR vaccination: a before and after study. BMJ. 2006; 332: 146-9.
127. Wong J, D'Alimonte L, Angus J, et al. Development of patients' decision aid for older women with stage I breast cancer considering radiotherapy after lumpectomy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012; 84: 30-8.
128. Wroe AL, Turner N, Owens RG,. Evaluation of a decision-making aid for parents regarding childhood immunizations. Health Psychol. 2005; 24: 539-47.
129. Llewellyn-Thomas HA,. Values clarification. In: Elwyn G, Edwards A, eds. Shared Decision Making in Health Care: Achieving Evidence Based Patient Choice. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2009. p 123-33.
130. Grundstein-Amado R,. Values education: a new direction for medical education. J Med Ethics. 1995; 21: 174-8.
131. Coward DD, Kahn DL,. Transcending breast cancer: making meaning from diagnosis and treatment. J Holist Nurs. 2005; 23: 264-83.
132. Redelmeier DA, Shafir E,. Medical decision making in situations that offer multiple alternatives. JAMA. 1995; 273: 302-5.