Host-microbiome interactions in acute and chronic respiratory infections

Cellular Microbiology

Volumn 18, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 652-662

  Taylor, Steven L ^a   Wesselingh, Steve ^a   Rogers, Geraint B ^a  

^a SOUTH AUSTRALIAN HEALTH AND MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHRONIC RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; DISEASE CLEARANCE; DYSBIOSIS; HOST; HUMAN; INTESTINE FLORA; MICROBIOME; NONHUMAN; ORGANISMAL INTERACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY MICROBIOME; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; CHRONIC DISEASE; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; GENETICS; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; IMMUNOLOGY; MICROBIOLOGY; MICROFLORA; PATHOLOGY;

CHRONIC DISEASE; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; HUMANS; MICROBIOTA; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS;

EID: 84963865443     PISSN: 14625814     EISSN: 14625822     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12589     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Abrahamsson, T.R., Jakobsson, H.E., Andersson, A.F., Bjorksten, B., Engstrand, L., and Jenmalm, M.C. (2012) Low diversity of the gut microbiota in infants with atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 129: 434-440 440 e431-432.
2. Abreu, N.A., Nagalingam, N.A., Song, Y., Roediger, F.C., Pletcher, S.D., Goldberg, A.N., and Lynch, S.V. (2012) Sinus microbiome diversity depletion and Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum enrichment mediates rhinosinusitis. Sci Transl Med 4: 151ra124.
3. Abt, M.C., Osborne, L.C., Monticelli, L.A., Doering, T.A., Alenghat, T., Sonnenberg, G.F., et al. (2012) Commensal bacteria calibrate the activation threshold of innate antiviral immunity. Immunity 37: 158-170.
4. Adriaanse, M.P., van der Sande, L.J., van den Neucker, A.M., Menheere, P.P., Dompeling, E., Buurman, W.A., and Vreugdenhil, A.C. (2015) Evidence for a cystic fibrosis enteropathy. PLoS One 10: e0138062.
5. Atarashi, K., Tanoue, T., Ando, M., Kamada, N., Nagano, Y., Narushima, S., et al. (2015) Th17 cell induction by adhesion of microbes to intestinal epithelial cells. Cell 163: 367-380.
6. Atarashi, K., Tanoue, T., Oshima, K., Suda, W., Nagano, Y., Nishikawa, H., et al. (2013) Treg induction by a rationally selected mixture of Clostridia strains from the human microbiota. Nature 500: 232-236.
7. Audfray, A., Varrot, A., and Imberty, A. (2013) Bacteria love our sugars: interaction between soluble lectins and human fucosylated glycans, structures, thermodynamics and design of competing glycocompounds. Comptes Rendus Chimie 16: 482-490.
8. Bartlett, J.G. (2002) Clinical practice. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. N Engl J Med 346: 334-339.
9. den Besten, G., van Eunen, K., Groen, A.K., Venema, K., Reijngoud, D.-J., and Bakker, B.M. (2013) The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism. J Lipid Res 54: 2325-2340.
10. Biagi, E., Nylund, L., Candela, M., Ostan, R., Bucci, L., Pini, E., et al. (2010) Through ageing, and beyond: gut microbiota and inflammatory status in seniors and centenarians. PLoS One 5: e10667.
11. Biesbroek, G., Tsivtsivadze, E., Sanders, E.A., Montijn, R., Veenhoven, R.H., Keijser, B.J., and Bogaert, D. (2014) Early respiratory microbiota composition determines bacterial succession patterns and respiratory health in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 190: 1283-1292.
12. Bisgaard, H., Li, N., Bonnelykke, K., Chawes, B.L., Skov, T., Paludan-Muller, G., et al. (2011) Reduced diversity of the intestinal microbiota during infancy is associated with increased risk of allergic disease at school age. J Allergy Clin Immunol 128: 646-652 e641-645.
13. Bjorksten, B., Sepp, E., Julge, K., Voor, T., and Mikelsaar, M. (2001) Allergy development and the intestinal microflora during the first year of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108: 516-520.
14. Bogaert, D., Keijser, B., Huse, S., Rossen, J., Veenhoven, R., van Gils, E., et al. (2011) Variability and diversity of nasopharyngeal microbiota in children: a metagenomic analysis. PLoS One 6: e17035.
15. Bosch, A.A., Biesbroek, G., Trzcinski, K., Sanders, E.A., and Bogaert, D. (2013) Viral and bacterial interactions in the upper respiratory tract. PLoS Pathog 9: e1003057.
16. Boukerb, A.M., Rousset, A., Galanos, N., Mear, J.B., Thepaut, M., Grandjean, T., et al. (2014) Antiadhesive properties of glycoclusters against Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. J Med Chem 57: 10275-10289.
17. Boursier, J., Mueller, O., Barret, M., Machado, M., Fizanne, L., Araujo-Perez, F., et al. (2015) The severity of NAFLD is associated with gut dysbiosis and shift in the metabolic function of the gut microbiota. Hepatology.
18. Brotman, R.M., Shardell, M.D., Gajer, P., Tracy, J.K., Zenilman, J.M., Ravel, J., and Gravitt, P.E. (2014) Interplay between the temporal dynamics of the vaginal microbiota and human papillomavirus detection. J Infect Dis 210: 1723-1733.
19. Bruzzese, E., Raia, V., Spagnuolo, M.I., Volpicelli, M., De Marco, G., Maiuri, L., and Guarino, A. (2007) Effect of Lactobacillus GG supplementation on pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study. Clin Nutr 26: 322-328.
20. Charlson, E.S., Bittinger, K., Haas, A.R., Fitzgerald, A.S., Frank, I., Yadav, A., et al. (2011) Topographical continuity of bacterial populations in the healthy human respiratory tract. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 184: 957-963.
21. Cole, P.J. (1986) Inflammation: a two-edged sword-the model of bronchiectasis. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl 147: 6-15.
22. Cryan, J.F., and O'Mahony, S.M. (2011) The microbiome-gut-brain axis: from bowel to behavior. Neurogastroenterol Motil: Off J Eur Gastrointestinal Motil Soc 23: 187-192.
23. Devaraj, N., Sheykhnazari, M., Warren, W.S., and Bhavanandan, V.P. (1994) Differential binding of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to normal and cystic fibrosis tracheobronchial mucins. Glycobiology 4: 307-316.
24. Dickson, R.P., Erb-Downward, J.R., Freeman, C.M., McCloskey, L., Beck, J.M., Huffnagle, G.B., and Curtis, J.L. (2015) Spatial variation in the healthy human lung microbiome and the adapted island model of lung biogeography. Ann Am Thorac Soc 12: 821-830.
25. Dilantika, C., Sedyaningsih, E.R., Kasper, M.R., Agtini, M., Listiyaningsih, E., Uyeki, T.M., et al. (2010) Influenza virus infection among pediatric patients reporting diarrhea and influenza-like illness. BMC Infect Dis 10: 3-3.
26. Duan, K., Dammel, C., Stein, J., Rabin, H., and Surette, M.G. (2003) Modulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa gene expression by host microflora through interspecies communication. Mol Microbiol 50: 1477-1491.
27. Duboc, H., Rajca, S., Rainteau, D., Benarous, D., Maubert, M.A., Quervain, E., et al. (2013) Connecting dysbiosis, bile-acid dysmetabolism and gut inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases. Gut 62: 531-539.
28. El-Solh, A.A. (2011) Association between pneumonia and oral care in nursing home residents. Lung 189: 173-180.
29. Elizur, A., Cannon, C.L., and Ferkol, T.W. (2008) Airway inflammation in cystic fibrosis. Chest 133: 489-495.
30. Elmore, S.A. (2006) Enhanced histopathology of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Toxicol Pathol 34: 687-696.
31. Erb-Downward, J.R., Thompson, D.L., Han, M.K., Freeman, C.M., McCloskey, L., Schmidt, L.A., et al. (2011) Analysis of the lung microbiome in the "healthy" smoker and in COPD. PLoS One 6: e16384.
32. Fahy, J.V., and Dickey, B.F. (2010) Airway mucus function and dysfunction. N Engl J Med 363: 2233-2247.
33. Foster, J.A., and McVey Neufeld, K.-A. (2013) Gut-brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. Trends Neurosci 36: 305-312.
34. Freitas, M., Axelsson, L.G., Cayuela, C., Midtvedt, T., and Trugnan, G. (2002) Microbial-host interactions specifically control the glycosylation pattern in intestinal mouse mucosa. Histochem Cell Biol 118: 149-161.
35. Galiana, A., Aguirre, E., Rodriguez, J.C., Mira, A., Santibanez, M., Candela, I., et al. (2014) Sputum microbiota in moderate versus severe patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 43: 1787-1790.
36. Gan, W., Man, S., Senthilselvan, A., and Sin, D. (2004) Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Thorax 59: 574-580.
37. Giovannini, M., Agostoni, C., Riva, E., Salvini, F., Ruscitto, A., Zuccotti, G.V., et al. (2007) A randomized prospective double blind controlled trial on effects of long-term consumption of fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei in pre-school children with allergic asthma and/or rhinitis. Pediatr Res 62: 215-220.
38. Gollwitzer, E.S., Saglani, S., Trompette, A., Yadava, K., Sherburn, R., McCoy, K.D., et al. (2014) Lung microbiota promotes tolerance to allergens in neonates via PD-L1. Nat Med 20: 642-647.
39. Goulet, O. (2015) Potential role of the intestinal microbiota in programming health and disease. Nutr Rev 73(Suppl 1): 32-40.
40. Grice, E.A. (2015) The intersection of microbiome and host at the skin interface: genomic- and metagenomic-based insights. Genome Res 25: 1514-1520.
41. Guarner, F., and Malagelada, J.-R. (2003) Gut flora in health and disease. Lancet 361: 512-519.
42. Hansel, T.T., Johnston, S.L., and Openshaw, P.J. (2013) Microbes and mucosal immune responses in asthma. Lancet 381: 861-873.
43. Haq, K., and McElhaney, J.E. (2014) Immunosenescence: influenza vaccination and the elderly. Curr Opin Immunol 29: 38-42.
44. Hauber, H.P., Schulz, M., Pforte, A., Mack, D., Zabel, P., and Schumacher, U. (2008) Inhalation with fucose and galactose for treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients. Int J Med Sci 5: 371-376.
45. Hill, D.A., Hoffmann, C., Abt, M.C., Du, Y., Kobuley, D., Kirn, T.J., et al. (2010) Metagenomic analyses reveal antibiotic-induced temporal and spatial changes in intestinal microbiota with associated alterations in immune cell homeostasis. Mucosal Immunol 3: 148-158.
46. Holt, P.G., Rowe, J., Kusel, M., Parsons, F., Hollams, E.M., Bosco, A., et al. (2010) Toward improved prediction of risk for atopy and asthma among preschoolers: a prospective cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125: 653-659 659 e651-659 e657.
47. Holt, P.G., Strickland, D.H., Wikstrom, M.E., and Jahnsen, F.L. (2008) Regulation of immunological homeostasis in the respiratory tract. Nat Rev Immunol 8: 142-152.
48. Hubbard, T.D., Murray, I.A., Bisson, W.H., Lahoti, T.S., Gowda, K., Amin, S.G., et al. (2015) Adaptation of the human aryl hydrocarbon receptor to sense microbiota-derived indoles. Sci Rep 5: 12689.
49. Ichinohe, T., Pang, I.K., Kumamoto, Y., Peaper, D.R., Ho, J.H., Murray, T.S., and Iwasaki, A. (2011) Microbiota regulates immune defense against respiratory tract influenza A virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108: 5354-5359.
50. Itoh, Z., Suzuki, T., Nakaya, M., Inoue, M., and Mitsuhashi, S. (1984) Gastrointestinal motor-stimulating activity of macrolide antibiotics and analysis of their side effects on the canine gut. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 26: 863-869.
51. Jackson, D.J., Gangnon, R.E., Evans, M.D., Roberg, K.A., Anderson, E.L., Pappas, T.E., et al. (2008) Wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in early life predict asthma development in high-risk children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178: 667-672.
52. Johansson, M.E., Jakobsson, H.E., Holmen-Larsson, J., Schutte, A., Ermund, A., Rodriguez-Pineiro, A.M., et al. (2015) Normalization of host intestinal mucus layers requires long-term microbial colonization. Cell Host Microbe 18: 582-592.
53. Johansson, M.E., Phillipson, M., Petersson, J., Velcich, A., Holm, L., and Hansson, G.C. (2008) The inner of the two Muc2 mucin-dependent mucus layers in colon is devoid of bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105: 15064-15069.
54. Johnson, C.C., Ownby, D.R., Alford, S.H., Havstad, S.L., Williams, L.K., Zoratti, E.M., et al. (2005) Antibiotic exposure in early infancy and risk for childhood atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115: 1218-1224.
55. Kaplan, J.L., Shi, H.N., and Walker, W.A. (2011) The role of microbes in developmental immunologic programming. Pediatr Res 69: 465-472.
56. Karmarkar, D., and Rock, K.L. (2013) Microbiota signalling through MyD88 is necessary for a systemic neutrophilic inflammatory response. Immunology 140: 483-492.
57. Keely, S., Talley, N.J., and Hansbro, P.M. (2012) Pulmonary-intestinal cross-talk in mucosal inflammatory disease. Mucosal Immunol 5: 7-18.
58. Koenig, J.E., Spor, A., Scalfone, N., Fricker, A.D., Stombaugh, J., Knight, R., et al. (2011) Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(Suppl 1): 4578-4585.
59. Kolaczkowska, E., and Kubes, P. (2013) Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 13: 159-175.
60. Kusel, M.M., de Klerk, N.H., Kebadze, T., Vohma, V., Holt, P.G., Johnston, S.L., and Sly, P.D. (2007) Early-life respiratory viral infections, atopic sensitization, and risk of subsequent development of persistent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 119: 1105-1110.
61. Lawrence, T. (2009) The nuclear factor NF-κB pathway in inflammation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 1: a001651.
62. Liu, Y.Y., Chiang, C.H., Chuang, C.H., Liu, S.L., Jheng, Y.H., and Ryu, J.H. (2014) Spillover of cytokines and reactive oxygen species in ventilator-induced lung injury associated with inflammation and apoptosis in distal organs. Respir Care 59: 1422-1432.
63. Lurie, I., Yang, Y.X., Haynes, K., Mamtani, R., and Boursi, B. (2015) Antibiotic exposure and the risk for depression, anxiety, or psychosis: a nested case-control study. J Clin Psychiatry 76: 1522-1528.
64. Madan, J.C., Koestler, D.C., Stanton, B.A., Davidson, L., Moulton, L.A., Housman, M.L., et al. (2012) Serial analysis of the gut and respiratory microbiome in cystic fibrosis in infancy: interaction between intestinal and respiratory tracts and impact of nutritional exposures. mBio 3 e00251-12.
65. Marcobal, A., Southwick, A.M., Earle, K.A., and Sonnenburg, J.L. (2013) A refined palate: bacterial consumption of host glycans in the gut. Glycobiology 23: 1038-1046.
66. Marsland, B.J., and Gollwitzer, E.S. (2014) Host-microorganism interactions in lung diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 14: 827-835.
67. Medina, M., Villena, J., Salva, S., Vintiñi, E., Langella, P., and Alvarez, S. (2008) Nasal administration of Lactococcus lactis improves local and systemic immune responses against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microbiol Immunol 52: 399-409.
68. Meijer, K., de Vos, P., and Priebe, M.G. (2010) Butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids as modulators of immunity: what relevance for health? Curr Opin Clin NutrMetab Care 13: 715-721.
69. Mietto, C., Pinciroli, R., Patel, N., and Berra, L. (2013) Ventilator associated pneumonia: evolving definitions and preventive strategies. Respir Care 58: 990-1007.
70. Mira-Pascual, L., Cabrera-Rubio, R., Ocon, S., Costales, P., Parra, A., Suarez, A., et al. (2015) Microbial mucosal colonic shifts associated with the development of colorectal cancer reveal the presence of different bacterial and archaeal biomarkers. J Gastroenterol 50: 167-179.
71. Mirkovic, B., Murray, M.A., Lavelle, G.M., Molloy, K., Azim, A.A., Gunaratnam, C., et al. (2015) The role of short-chain fatty acids, produced by anaerobic bacteria, in the cystic fibrosis airway. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 192: 1314-1324.
72. Molyneaux, P.L., Mallia, P., Cox, M.J., Footitt, J., Willis-Owen, S.A., Homola, D., et al. (2013) Outgrowth of the bacterial airway microbiome after rhinovirus exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 188: 1224-1231.
73. Morrisey, E.E., and Hogan, B.L. (2010) Preparing for the first breath: genetic and cellular mechanisms in lung development. Dev Cell 18: 8-23.
74. Neish, A.S. (2014) Mucosal immunity and the microbiome. Ann Am Thoracic Soc 11(Suppl 1): S28-32.
75. de Oliveira-Maul, J.P., de Carvalho, H.B., Miyuki Goto, D., Mendonca Maia, R., Flo, C., Barnabe, V., et al. (2013) Aging, diabetes, and hypertension are associated with decreased nasal mucociliary clearance. Chest 143: 1091-1097.
76. Quinn, R.A., Phelan, V.V., Whiteson, K.L., Garg, N., Bailey, B.A., Lim, Y.W., et al. (2015) Microbial, host and xenobiotic diversity in the cystic fibrosis sputum metabolome. ISME J.
77. Robbe, C., Capon, C., Coddeville, B., and Michalski, J.C. (2004) Structural diversity and specific distribution of O-glycans in normal human mucins along the intestinal tract. Biochem J 384: 307-316.
78. Rogers, G.B. (2015) The human microbiome: opportunities and challenges for clinical care. Intern Med J 45: 889-898.
79. Rogers, G.B., Carroll, M.P., Hoffman, L.R., Walker, A.W., Fine, D.A., and Bruce, K.D. (2010) Comparing the microbiota of the cystic fibrosis lung and human gut. Gut microbes 1: 85-93.
80. Rogers, G.B., Carroll, M.P., Zain, N.M., Bruce, K.D., Lock, K., Walker, W., et al. (2013a) Complexity, temporal stability, and clinical correlates of airway bacterial community composition in primary ciliary dyskinesia. J Clin Microbiol 51: 4029-4035.
81. Rogers, G.B., van der Gast, C.J., Cuthbertson, L., Thomson, S.K., Bruce, K.D., Martin, M.L., and Serisier, D.J. (2013b) Clinical measures of disease in adult non-CF bronchiectasis correlate with airway microbiota composition. Thorax 68: 731-737.
82. Rose, M.C., and Voynow, J.A. (2006) Respiratory tract mucin genes and mucin glycoproteins in health and disease. Physiol Rev 86: 245-278.
83. Russell, S.L., Gold, M.J., Reynolds, L.A., Willing, B.P., Dimitriu, P., Thorson, L., et al. (2015) Perinatal antibiotic-induced shifts in gut microbiota have differential effects on inflammatory lung diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 135: 100-109.
84. Ryall, B., Mitchell, H., Mossialos, D., and Williams, H.D. (2009) Cyanogenesis by the entomopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas entomophila. Lett Appl Microbiol 49: 131-135.
85. Ryan, R.P., Fouhy, Y., Garcia, B.F., Watt, S.A., Niehaus, K., Yang, L., et al. (2008) Interspecies signalling via the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia diffusible signal factor influences biofilm formation and polymyxin tolerance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol Microbiol 68: 75-86.
86. Sagel, S.D., Thompson, V., Chmiel, J.F., Montgomery, G.S., Nasr, S.Z., Perkett, E., et al. (2015) Effect of treatment of cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations on systemic inflammation. Ann Am Thoracic Soc 12: 708-717.
87. Samuelson, D.R., Welsh, D.A., and Shellito, J.E. (2015) Regulation of lung immunity and host defense by the intestinal microbiota. Front Microbiol 6: 1085.
88. Scharfman, A., Degroote, S., Beau, J., Lamblin, G., Roussel, P., and Mazurier, J. (1999) Pseudomonas aeruginosa binds to neoglycoconjugates bearing mucin carbohydrate determinants and predominantly to sialyl-Lewis x conjugates. Glycobiology 9: 757-764.
89. Schaumburg, F., Alabi, A.S., Mombo-Ngoma, G., Kaba, H., Zoleko, R.M., Diop, D.A., et al. (2014) Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus between mothers and infants in an African setting. Clin Microbiol Infect 20: O390-O396.
90. Semic-Jusufagic, A., Belgrave, D., Pickles, A., Telcian, A.G., Bakhsoliani, E., Sykes, A., et al. (2014) Assessing the association of early life antibiotic prescription with asthma exacerbations, impaired antiviral immunity, and genetic variants in 17q21: a population-based birth cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2: 621-630.
91. Serino, M., Blasco-Baque, V., Nicolas, S., and Burcelin, R. (2014) Far from the eyes, close to the heart: dysbiosis of gut microbiota and cardiovascular consequences. Curr Cardiol Rep 16: 540.
92. Sibley, C.D., Duan, K., Fischer, C., Parkins, M.D., Storey, D.G., Rabin, H.R., and Surette, M.G. (2008a) Discerning the complexity of community interactions using a Drosophila model of polymicrobial infections. PLoS Pathog 4: e1000184.
93. Sibley, C.D., Parkins, M.D., Rabin, H.R., Duan, K., Norgaard, J.C., and Surette, M.G. (2008b) A polymicrobial perspective of pulmonary infections exposes an enigmatic pathogen in cystic fibrosis patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105: 15070-15075.
94. Siegel, S.J., Roche, A.M., and Weiser, J.N. (2014) Influenza promotes pneumococcal growth during coinfection by providing host sialylated substrates as a nutrient source. Cell Host Microbe 16: 55-67.
95. de Steenhuijsen Piters, W.A., Sanders, E.A., and Bogaert, D. (2015) The role of the local microbial ecosystem in respiratory health and disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 370. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0294.
96. Stressmann, F.A., Rogers, G.B., van der Gast, C.J., Marsh, P., Vermeer, L.S., Carroll, M.P., et al. (2012) Long-term cultivation-independent microbial diversity analysis demonstrates that bacterial communities infecting the adult cystic fibrosis lung show stability and resilience. Thorax 67: 867-873.
97. Sudo, N., Chida, Y., Aiba, Y., Sonoda, J., Oyama, N., Yu, X.N., et al. (2004) Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system for stress response in mice. J Physiol 558: 263-275.
98. Tappeiner, H.V. (1884) Untersuchungen über die Gärung der Cellulose, inbesondere über deren Lösung im Darmkanal. Z Biol 20: 52-134.
99. Taylor, S.L., Rogers, G.B., Chen, A.C., Burr, L.D., McGuckin, M.A., and Serisier, D.J. (2015) Matrix metalloproteinases vary with airway microbiota composition and lung function in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. Ann Am Thoracic Soc 12: 701-707.
100. Teichert, T., Vossoughi, M., Vierkotter, A., Sugiri, D., Schikowski, T., Hoffmann, B., et al. (2014) Investigating the spill-over hypothesis: analysis of the association between local inflammatory markers in sputum and systemic inflammatory mediators in plasma. Environ Res 134: 24-32.
101. Teo, S.M., Mok, D., Pham, K., Kusel, M., Serralha, M., Troy, N., et al. (2015) The infant nasopharyngeal microbiome impacts severity of lower respiratory infection and risk of asthma development. Cell Host Microbe.
102. Thornton, D.J., Rousseau, K., and McGuckin, M.A. (2008) Structure and function of the polymeric mucins in airways mucus. Annu Rev Physiol 70: 459-486.
103. Tomosada, Y., Chiba, E., Zelaya, H., Takahashi, T., Tsukida, K., Kitazawa, H., et al. (2013) Nasally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains differentially modulate respiratory antiviral immune responses and induce protection against respiratory syncytial virus infection. BMC Immunol 14: 40.
104. Trompette, A., Gollwitzer, E.S., Yadava, K., Sichelstiel, A.K., Sprenger, N., Ngom-Bru, C., et al. (2014) Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis. Nat Med 20: 159-166.
105. Vaishnava, S., Yamamoto, M., Severson, K.M., Ruhn, K.A., Yu, X., Koren, O., et al. (2011) The antibacterial lectin RegIIIgamma promotes the spatial segregation of microbiota and host in the intestine. Science 334: 255-258.
106. Vangay, P., Ward, T., Gerber, J.S., and Knights, D. (2015) Antibiotics, pediatric dysbiosis, and disease. Cell Host Microbe 17: 553-564.
107. Venkataraman, A., Bassis, C.M., Beck, J.M., Young, V.B., Curtis, J.L., Huffnagle, G.B., and Schmidt, T.M. (2015) Application of a neutral community model to assess structuring of the human lung microbiome. mBio 6: e02284-14.
108. Venkataraman, A., Rosenbaum, M.A., Werner, J.J., Winans, S.C., and Angenent, L.T. (2014) Metabolite transfer with the fermentation product 2, 3-butanediol enhances virulence by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ISME J 8: 1210-1220.
109. Verdam, F.J., Fuentes, S., de Jonge, C., Zoetendal, E.G., Erbil, R., Greve, J.W., et al. (2013) Human intestinal microbiota composition is associated with local and systemic inflammation in obesity. Obesity 21: E607-E615.
110. Vijay-Kumar, M., Aitken, J.D., Carvalho, F.A., Cullender, T.C., Mwangi, S., Srinivasan, S., et al. (2010) Metabolic syndrome and altered gut microbiota in mice lacking toll-like receptor 5. Science 328: 228-231.
111. Vissers, M., de Groot, R., and Ferwerda, G. (2014) Severe viral respiratory infections: are bugs bugging? Mucosal Immunol 7: 227-238.
112. Wang, J., Li, F., Wei, H., Lian, Z.X., Sun, R., and Tian, Z. (2014) Respiratory influenza virus infection induces intestinal immune injury via microbiota-mediated Th17 cell-dependent inflammation. J Exp Med 211: 2397-2410.
113. Wang, M.F., Lin, H.C., Wang, Y.Y., and Hsu, C.H. (2004) Treatment of perennial allergic rhinitis with lactic acid bacteria. Pediatr Allergy Immunol: Off Publ Eur Soc Pediatr Allergy Immunol 15: 152-158.
114. Weber, C. (2015) Neurogastroenterology: improving glucose tolerance via the gut-brain axis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol.
115. Weiss, B., Bujanover, Y., Yahav, Y., Vilozni, D., Fireman, E., and Efrati, O. (2010) Probiotic supplementation affects pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study. Pediatr Pulmonol 45: 536-540 sdsd.
116. West, J.B. (1968) Regional differences in the lung. Postgrad Med J 44: 120-122.
117. WHO (2014). World Health Organization, Available online at: http://www.who.int/en/ Accessed 29.01.2016.
118. Wood, N.J. (2012) Microbiota: dysbiosis driven by inflammasome deficiency exacerbates hepatic steatosis and governs rate of NAFLD progression. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 9: 123.
119. Zeissig, S., and Blumberg, R.S. (2014) Life at the beginning: perturbation of the microbiota by antibiotics in early life and its role in health and disease. Nat Immunol 15: 307-310.
120. Zhang, X., Zhang, D., Jia, H., Feng, Q., Wang, D., Liang, D., et al. (2015) The oral and gut microbiomes are perturbed in rheumatoid arthritis and partly normalized after treatment. Nat Med 21: 895-905.
121. Zhang, Z., Geng, J., Tang, X., Fan, H., Xu, J., Wen, X., et al. (2014) Spatial heterogeneity and co-occurrence patterns of human mucosal-associated intestinal microbiota. ISME J 8: 881-893.